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氯化石蜡市场 - 2018-2028 年全球产业规模、份额、趋势、机会和预测，按等级、按应用、地区和竞争细分

Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, 2018-2028 Segmented By Grade, By Application, By Region and Competition

出版日期: 2023年10月03日 | 出版商:

TechSci Research | 英文 190 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

简介目录

2022 年全球氯化石蜡市场规模为 17.2 亿美元，预计在预测期内将强劲增长，到 2028 年复合CAGR为 4.24%。氯化石蜡被定义为多氯正烷烃的复杂混合物。它是通过氯气与石蜡馏分在约 100°C 的温度下合成而生产的。一旦达到所需的氯化程度，就用氮气去除残留的氯气和盐酸。为了增强高温下的稳定性，最终产品中添加了缩水甘油醚、环氧化植物油或有机磷化合物。这种多功能化合物广泛用于各种工业应用，包括阻燃剂、塑化剂、金属加工液、黏合剂、涂料等。

氯化石蜡在油漆和涂料领域具有多种用途。虽然油漆主要用于美观，但涂料用于防止基材降解并提供腐蚀保护。氯化石蜡在切削油和高压润滑油等不同聚氯乙烯 (PVC) 产品中充当增塑剂，偶尔也用作阻燃剂。这些添加剂可提高汽车、船舶、航空和工业领域润滑油的性能。当暴露在高温下时，氯化石蜡会产生盐酸，与金属表面结合，形成一层薄而固体的润滑涂层。此外，氯化石蜡的耐污染性使其成为各种应用的首选。

此外，建筑业的扩张预计将在未来几年推动市场成长。新兴地区人口的增加和住房需求的增加导致 PVC 在板材、薄膜、电缆、电线、管道和相关产品的生产中大量使用。氯化石蜡因其优越的技术性能而广泛应用于PVC产品。

市场概况
预测期	2024-2028
2022 年市场规模	17.2亿美元
2028 年市场规模	22.2亿美元
2023-2028 年CAGR	4.24%
成长最快的细分市场	中链
最大的市场	亚太地区

此外，预计工业应用中对金属加工液的需求不断增长将推动预测期内对氯化石蜡的需求。原料的容易取得进一步支持了对氯化石蜡的需求，特别是在亚太地区。然而，由于各种应用中存在替代品，市场成长面临挑战。为了解决这个问题，公司正在製造易于处置且不受严格法规约束的可生物降解替代品。此外，政府对氯化石蜡使用的严格规定以及预期在特定应用中禁止某些牌号的氯化石蜡预计将在不久的将来阻碍市场成长。

多佛化学公司
- Business Overview
- Company Snapshot
- Products & Services
- Current Capacity Analysis
- Financials (In case of listed)
- Recent Developments
- SWOT Analysis
洛纳-滕赛德有限公司
卡法罗工业有限公司
夸利斯有限责任公司
Altair Chimica SpA
汉迪化学有限公司
英力士氯美洲公司
NCP Chlorchem 有限公司
伊诺文有限公司
KLJ聚合物及化学品股份有限公司

第 15 章：策略建议

第 16 章：关于我们与免责声明

简介目录

Product Code: 4107

Global Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market stood at USD1.72 billion in 2022 and is anticipated to project robust growth in the forecast period with a CAGR of 4.24% through 2028. Chlorinated paraffin is defined as a complex mixture of polychlorinated n-alkanes. It is produced through the synthesis of chlorine gas with paraffin fractions at a temperature of about 100°C. The residues of chlorine and hydrochloric acid are removed using nitrogen once the desired degree of chlorination is achieved. To enhance stability at high temperatures, glycidyl ether, epoxidized vegetable oil, or organophosphorus compounds are added to the final product. This versatile compound finds extensive use in various industrial applications, including flame retardants, plasticizers, metal working fluids, adhesives, coatings, and more.

Chlorinated paraffin serves multiple purposes in the realm of paints and coatings. While paints are predominantly used for aesthetics, coatings are employed to prevent substrate degradation and provide corrosion protection. Chlorinated paraffins act as plasticizers in different polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, such as cutting oils and high-pressure lubricating oils, and are occasionally used as flame retardants. These additives enhance the performance of lubricants in automotive, marine, aviation, and industrial sectors. When exposed to high temperatures, chlorinated paraffin generates hydrochloric acid, which combines with the metal surface, creating a thin yet solid lubricant coating. Furthermore, the stain resistance of chlorinated paraffin makes it a preferred choice in various applications.

Moreover, the expansion of the construction sector is expected to drive market growth in the coming years. The increased population and rising housing needs in emerging regions contribute to the significant use of PVC in the production of sheets, films, cables, wires, pipes, and related items. Chlorinated paraffins are extensively used in PVC products due to their superior technical properties.

Market Overview
Forecast Period	2024-2028
Market Size 2022	USD 1.72 Billion
Market Size 2028	USD 2.22 Billion
CAGR 2023-2028	4.24%
Fastest Growing Segment	Medium Chain
Largest Market	Asia Pacific

Additionally, the rising demand for metalworking fluids in industrial applications is anticipated to propel the demand for chlorinated paraffin during the forecast period. The easy availability of raw materials further supports the demand for chlorinated paraffin, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. However, the market growth faces challenges due to the availability of substitutes in various applications. To address this, companies are manufacturing biodegradable alternatives that are easy to dispose of and not subject to stringent regulations. Moreover, stringent government regulations regarding the use of chlorinated paraffins and the anticipated ban on certain grades in specific applications are predicted to hinder market growth in the near future.

Key Market Drivers

Growing Demand of Chlorinated Paraffin Wax in Automotive Industry

Chlorinated paraffin wax, renowned for its flame-retardant properties, plasticizing effects, and compatibility with other substances, is increasingly finding applications in the production of various automotive components. From cable sheathing and hoses to underbody coatings and sealants, chlorinated paraffin wax is emerging as a vital and versatile material in the automotive manufacturing industry.

The shift towards the utilization of chlorinated paraffin wax in the automotive sector can be attributed to several key factors. Firstly, this advanced material offers excellent resistance to water and chemicals, making it highly suitable for application in harsh automotive environments where durability is crucial. Secondly, it provides cost-effective flame retardancy, meeting the critical safety requirements of the automotive industry.

Furthermore, the ongoing expansion of the automotive industry, driven by the increasing demand for vehicles, has further fueled the need for chlorinated paraffin wax. Its adaptability and performance characteristics make it suitable for a wide range of automotive applications, spanning from passenger cars to commercial vehicles.

In response to this growing trend, investments in research and development activities related to chlorinated paraffin wax are on the rise, further bolstering the market's growth. This increased focus on research and development promises to bring about continuous advancements in the properties and applications of chlorinated paraffin wax.

In conclusion, the growing demand for chlorinated paraffin wax in the automotive industry serves as a significant driver of the global chlorinated paraffin wax market. As the automotive industry continues to evolve and innovate, the demand for this versatile material is only expected to increase, ensuring a robust and prosperous future for the chlorinated paraffin wax market.

Growing Demand of Chlorinated Paraffin Wax in Paints Industry

Chlorinated paraffin wax, widely recognized for its exceptional flame-retardant properties and compatibility with various substances, is experiencing an upward trajectory in its applications within the paint production sector. Its versatility extends beyond just providing enhanced fire resistance and durability to paints; it also serves as a cost-effective plasticizer, making it an indispensable material in the realm of paint manufacturing.

The paints industry has been gravitating towards this advanced material due to several key factors. Firstly, chlorinated paraffin wax exhibits excellent resistance to water and chemicals, rendering it suitable for diverse environments and applications. Secondly, its cost-effectiveness and flame-retardant properties align perfectly with the stringent safety requirements of the paints sector.

Furthermore, the ongoing expansion of the construction industry, fueled by the rising demand for durable and fire-resistant paints, has significantly contributed to the increased demand for chlorinated paraffin wax. The exceptional performance characteristics of these materials make them highly suitable for a wide range of applications, spanning from residential painting to commercial and industrial coatings

In response to this growing trend, investments in research and development activities focused on chlorinated paraffin wax are on the rise, further bolstering the market's growth and stimulating innovation in this field.

To summarize, the surging demand for chlorinated paraffin wax in the paints industry serves as a significant driver of the global chlorinated paraffin wax market. As the construction and paints industries continue to evolve, this demand is poised to increase, promising a robust and prosperous future for the chlorinated paraffin wax market.

Key Market Challenges

Replacement by Alternative Flame Retardants

Chlorinated paraffin wax, known for its flame-retardant properties and compatibility with other substances, has a long history of use as a fire retardant and plasticizer in numerous applications. It has been extensively used in surface coatings, textile treatments, and the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). However, the market for chlorinated paraffin wax is facing significant challenges due to the emergence of alternative flame retardants.

One such alternative is organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), which are gaining popularity due to their perceived advantages over chlorinated paraffin wax. OPFRs are considered to be more environmentally friendly and less harmful to human health. As a result, various industries are increasingly adopting these alternatives, leading to a decline in the demand for chlorinated paraffin wax.

The introduction of alternative flame retardants has sparked a shift in the market dynamics, as manufacturers and consumers are actively seeking more sustainable and safer options. This transition towards environmentally friendly flame retardants is driven by the growing awareness of the potential environmental and health impacts associated with traditional flame retardants like chlorinated paraffin wax.

As the market continues to evolve, it is crucial for manufacturers and industry stakeholders to stay abreast of these developments and adapt their strategies accordingly. Finding innovative and sustainable solutions that meet the fire safety requirements while minimizing the negative environmental and health effects is the key to addressing the challenges posed by the emergence of alternative flame retardants in the market.

Key Market Trends

Shift Towards Bio-based Alternatives

Chlorinated paraffin wax, known for its flame-retardant properties and compatibility with other substances, has been traditionally used in various industries such as automotive, paints, and rubber. However, increasing environmental concerns and stricter regulations are driving the market towards more sustainable, bio-based alternatives.

Bio-based alternatives to chlorinated paraffin wax are gaining traction in the market due to their environmentally friendly attributes and potential health benefits. These alternatives, which include bio-based plasticizers and flame retardants, are derived from renewable resources, and are considered safer for both humans and the environment. They not only offer comparable or even superior performance but also contribute to reducing the carbon footprint.

Moreover, the demand for these bio-based alternatives is further bolstered by supportive government policies promoting the use of environmentally friendly products. For instance, the European Union's REACH regulation encourages the replacement of hazardous chemicals with safer alternatives, creating a favorable environment for the adoption of bio-based solutions.

However, the transition to bio-based alternatives is not without its challenges. High production costs and technological constraints in producing bio-based alternatives at a large scale pose notable hurdles. Nevertheless, ongoing research and development activities are focused on overcoming these challenges, aiming to improve cost-efficiency and scalability.

In conclusion, the shift towards bio-based alternatives represents a significant trend in the global chlorinated paraffin wax market. As environmental concerns continue to drive market dynamics and regulatory landscapes, this trend is expected to persist and potentially reshape the future of the chlorinated paraffin wax market. With continuous innovation and advancements in technology, the bio-based alternatives are poised to become the preferred choice, paving the way for a more sustainable and eco-friendly future.

Segmental Insights

Grade Insights

Based on the category of grade, the medium chain segment emerged as the dominant player in the global market for Chlorinated Paraffin Wax in 2022. Medium chain chlorinated paraffins, with alkane chain lengths ranging from C14 to C17, are commonly employed as a substitute for short chain chlorinated paraffins, which are banned in certain countries. However, the utilization of medium chain chlorinated paraffins is limited to exceptional cases, specifically as ingredients in cooling lubricant oils. This restricted usage is primarily attributed to the expensive disposal and customer rejection due to health, safety, and environmental concerns.

One prominent application of medium chain chlorinated paraffin is in cryogenic machining, where oil-based cooling fluids are utilized. Additionally, it finds extensive use as a plasticizer in the synthetic rubber processing industry. This is owing to its remarkable attributes such as full compatibility, excellent stability, non-flammability, and various other desirable characteristics.

Application Insights

The others segment is projected to experience rapid growth during the forecast period. Chlorinated paraffin, a versatile compound, finds application as an extreme-pressure additive in metal-working lubricants. Its primary benefits in lubricants include not only cost-effectiveness and compatibility with other additives but also excellent solubility in a broad range of base oils, enhancing the overall performance. Additionally, it serves as a plasticizer and, in certain cases, as a flame retardant in various polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products used in metalworking fluids such as cutting oils and high-pressure lubricating oils. This multifunctional nature makes chlorinated paraffin an indispensable component in the formulation of effective and efficient lubricants for demanding industrial applications.

Regional Insights

Asia Pacific emerged as the dominant player in the Global Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market in 2022, holding the largest market share in terms of both value and volume. The extensive use of chlorinated paraffin in various applications, including lubricating additives, plastics, rubber, paints, metal working fluids, and adhesives, contributes to its widespread recognition. In the Asia-Pacific region, the demand for flame retardants and PVC compounds is on the rise, which is expected to further drive the demand for chlorinated paraffin. Moreover, with the rapid industrialization observed in densely populated countries like China and India, coupled with the growing demand from the plastic and metalworking sectors, the Asia-Pacific chlorinated paraffin market is anticipated to experience favorable growth during the forecast period. This growth is attributed to the favorable influence of these factors on the demand dynamics of chlorinated paraffin in the region.

Key Market Players

Dover Chemical Corporation

LEUNA-Tenside GmbH

Caffaro Industrie S.p.A.

Qualice, LLC

Altair Chimica SpA

Handy Chemical Corporation Ltd

Ineos Chlor Americas, Inc.

NCP Chlorchem Pty Ltd

Inovyn Limited

K L J Polymers and Chemicals Limited

Report Scope:

In this report, the Global Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market, By Grade:

Short Chain
Medium Chain
Long Chain

Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market, By Application:

Lubricant Additives
Plastic Additives
Rubber
Paints
Others

Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market, By Region:

North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
France
United Kingdom
Italy
Germany
Spain
Asia-Pacific
China
India
Japan
Australia
South Korea
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Middle East & Africa
South Africa
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Kuwait
Turkey
Egypt

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market report with the given market data, Tech Sci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

1. Product Overview

1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Scope of the Market
- 1.2.1. Markets Covered
- 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
- 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

3.1. Overview of the Market
3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Global Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook

4.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 4.1.1. By Value & Volume
4.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 4.2.1. By Grade (Short Chain, Medium Chain, Long Chain)
- 4.2.2. By Application (Lubricant Additives, Plastic Additives, Rubber, Paints, Others)
- 4.2.3. By Region
- 4.2.4. By Company (2022)
4.3. Market Map
- 4.3.1. By Grade
- 4.3.2. By Application
- 4.3.3. By Region

5. Asia Pacific Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook

5.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 5.1.1. By Value & Volume
5.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 5.2.1. By Grade
- 5.2.2. By Application
- 5.2.3. By Country
5.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
- 5.3.1. China Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 5.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 5.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 5.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 5.3.1.2.1. By Grade
    - 5.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 5.3.2. India Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 5.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 5.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 5.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 5.3.2.2.1. By Grade
    - 5.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 5.3.3. Australia Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 5.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 5.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 5.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 5.3.3.2.1. By Grade
    - 5.3.3.2.2. By Application
- 5.3.4. Japan Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 5.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 5.3.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 5.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 5.3.4.2.1. By Grade
    - 5.3.4.2.2. By Application
- 5.3.5. South Korea Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 5.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 5.3.5.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 5.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 5.3.5.2.1. By Grade
    - 5.3.5.2.2. By Application

6. Europe Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook

6.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 6.1.1. By Value & Volume
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 6.2.1. By Grade
- 6.2.2. By Application
- 6.2.3. By Country
6.3. Europe: Country Analysis
- 6.3.1. France Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.1.2.1. By Grade
    - 6.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 6.3.2. Germany Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.2.2.1. By Grade
    - 6.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 6.3.3. Spain Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.3.2.1. By Grade
    - 6.3.3.2.2. By Application
- 6.3.4. Italy Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 6.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 6.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.4.2.1. By Grade
    - 6.3.4.2.2. By Application
- 6.3.5. United Kingdom Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 6.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.5.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 6.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.5.2.1. By Grade
    - 6.3.5.2.2. By Application

7. North America Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook

7.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.1.1. By Value & Volume
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 7.2.1. By Grade
- 7.2.2. By Application
- 7.2.3. By Country
7.3. North America: Country Analysis
- 7.3.1. United States Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.1.2.1. By Grade
    - 7.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 7.3.2. Mexico Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.2.2.1. By Grade
    - 7.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 7.3.3. Canada Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.3.2.1. By Grade
    - 7.3.3.2.2. By Application

8. South America Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook

8.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.1.1. By Value & Volume
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 8.2.1. By Grade
- 8.2.2. By Application
- 8.2.3. By Country
8.3. South America: Country Analysis
- 8.3.1. Brazil Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.1.2.1. By Grade
    - 8.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 8.3.2. Argentina Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.2.2.1. By Grade
    - 8.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 8.3.3. Colombia Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.3.2.1. By Grade
    - 8.3.3.2.2. By Application

9. Middle East and Africa Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook

9.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 9.1.1. By Value & Volume
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 9.2.1. By Grade
- 9.2.2. By Application
- 9.2.3. By Country
9.3. MEA: Country Analysis
- 9.3.1. South Africa Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.1.2.1. By Grade
    - 9.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 9.3.2. Saudi Arabia Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.2.2.1. By Grade
    - 9.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 9.3.3. UAE Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.3.2.1. By Grade
    - 9.3.3.2.2. By Application
- 9.3.4. Egypt Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market Outlook
  - 9.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 9.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.4.2.1. By Grade
    - 9.3.4.2.2. By Application

10. Market Dynamics

10.1. Drivers
10.2. Challenges

11. Market Trends & Developments

11.1. Recent Developments
11.2. Product Launches
11.3. Mergers & Acquisitions

12. Global Chlorinated Paraffin Wax Market: SWOT Analysis

13. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

13.1. Competition in the Industry
13.2. Potential of New Entrants
13.3. Power of Suppliers
13.4. Power of Customers
13.5. Threat of Substitute Product

14. Competitive Landscape

14.1. Dover Chemical Corporation
- 14.1.1. Business Overview
- 14.1.2. Company Snapshot
- 14.1.3. Products & Services
- 14.1.4. Current Capacity Analysis
- 14.1.5. Financials (In case of listed)
- 14.1.6. Recent Developments
- 14.1.7. SWOT Analysis
14.2. LEUNA-Tenside GmbH
14.3. Caffaro Industrie S.p.A.
14.4. Qualice, LLC
14.5. Altair Chimica SpA
14.6. Handy Chemical Corporation Ltd
14.7. Ineos Chlor Americas, Inc.
14.8. NCP Chlorchem Pty Ltd
14.9. Inovyn Limited
14.10. K L J Polymers and Chemicals Limited