智慧财产权软体市场－全球产业规模、份额、趋势、机会与预测：部署模式、应用、产业垂直领域、组织规模、地区和竞争格局（2021-2031年）

全球智慧财产权软体市场预计将从 2025 年的 103.9 亿美元大幅成长至 2031 年的 220.4 亿美元，复合年增长率达到 13.35%。

此类软体为自动化管理工业设计、商标和专利等资产的整个生命週期提供了数位化基础，简化了组合管理、授权和案捲管理等关键活动。该领域的成长主要受国际申请量不断增加以及法律团队日益增长的需求所驱动，这些团队需要应对日益复杂的监管环境。此外，减少人为错误和降低管理成本的需求也进一步推动了对这些自动化工具的需求。

然而，由于从旧平台迁移遗留资料难度极大，这些现代系统的应用往往受到阻碍。企业日益增长的工作量加剧了这项挑战。世界智慧财产权组织（WIPO）的数据显示，2023年全球专利申请量将达到创纪录的355万件，较上年增加2.7%。申请量的上升趋势凸显了对可扩展软体解决方案的迫切需求，同时也暴露出企业必须克服的复杂资料管理障碍。

市场驱动因素

人工智慧驱动的自动化技术的快速整合正在改变市场格局，推动智慧财产权管理从静态记录转向预测智慧。在对流程效率日益增长的需求驱动下，法律负责人正在利用演算法实现案件管理、风险评估、领先技术检索等工作的自动化。这项技术变革得到了产业预测的支持。汤森路透2024年7月发布的《专业人士未来报告》显示，77%的专业人士预测人工智慧将在五年内对其工作产生重大影响或彻底改变其工作方式。这促使供应商将机器学习技术融入系统中，以提高准确性并减轻行政负担。

同时，全球商标和专利申请数量的激增，要求具备可扩展性的数位系统能够有效管理复杂的跨司法管辖区组合。欧洲专利局于2024年3月发布的《2023年专利指数》数据凸显了这一趋势，数据显示，2023年提交的专利申请数量同比增长2.9%，达到199,275件。这种成长不仅限于专利。世界智慧财产权组织（WIPO）于2024年11月发布的《2024年世界智慧财产权指标》预测，2023年全球商标申请数量预计将达到1,160万件，这进一步凸显了对强大、集中式软体的需求，以确保跨境合规性和资料完整性。

市场挑战

全球智慧财产权软体市场的一大障碍在于将遗留资料迁移到现代平台的复杂过程。智慧财产权组合通常包含数十年的关键法律讯息，这些资讯以非结构化格式储存在过时且孤立的系统中，因此在迁移过程中需要进行严格的检验，以防止可能导致法律违规和权利丧失的错误。正因如此，许多组织将迁移视为一项高风险倡议，认为它会扰乱其运营，并且由于销售週期长和效率低下，他们对更新现有系统犹豫不决。

企业需要管理的资产规模不断扩大，加剧了这种犹豫不决的局面，使得资料整合工作更具挑战性。例如，欧洲专利局报告称，2023年将收到创纪录的199,275件专利申请，比前一年增加2.9%。资料密度的持续成长凸显了企业在考虑系统现代化时所面临的日益沉重的负担。不断增长的记录量使得迁移前景更加令人望而生畏，从而抑制了新软体的普及率，并限制了整体市场成长。

市场趋势

目前，智慧财产权管理软体与更广泛的企业生态系统融合，正在重塑市场格局。这一趋势正在打破法务部门与其他关键业务职能部门之间的营运壁垒。现代解决方案旨在与客户关係管理 (CRM)、财务和研发系统无缝互通性，确保智慧财产权资料能够服务于更广泛的企业策略，而不是孤立地存在于法律资料库中。为了佐证这种对互联互通的需求，Questel 于 2024 年 5 月发布的《2024 年智慧财产权展望调查》显示，32% 的智慧财产权专业人士对其现有技术与其他业务工具之间缺乏整合感到不满。

同时，用于策略专利组合估值的预测分析的兴起，正推动软体从单纯的管理工具转变为经营团队决策的关键资产。先进的平台如今已包含估值演算法和财务建模功能，使企业能够评估资产的货币价值，并将智慧财产权开发与长期商业目标相契合。科睿唯安 (Clarivate) 于 2024 年 9 月发布的《知识产权运营卓越性》报告也印证了这一转变。报告发现，在监控部门关键绩效指标 (KPI) 的受访公司中，65% 的公司已实现了与更广泛的商务策略的一致性，这证实了市场对能够促进高度策略一致性的软体的需求日益增长。

目录

第一章概述

第二章调查方法

第三章执行摘要

第四章：客户评价

第五章：全球智慧财产权软体市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
  • 按金额
• 市占率及预测
  • 依部署模式（本机部署、云端部署、混合式部署）
  • 透过应用（专利管理、商标管理、版权管理、商业机密管理、合约管理）
  • 按产业划分（製药与生技、製造业、科技与软体、消费品、媒体与娱乐、其他）
  • 依组织规模（大型公司、中小企业）
  • 按地区
  • 按公司（2025 年）
• 市场地图

第六章：北美智慧财产权软体市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 北美洲：国家分析
  • 我们
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥

第七章：欧洲智慧财产权软体市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 欧洲：国家分析
  • 德国
  • 法国
  • 英国
  • 义大利
  • 西班牙

第八章：亚太地区智慧财产权软体市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 亚太地区：国家分析
  • 中国
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 韩国
  • 澳洲

9. 中东和非洲智慧财产权软体市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 中东和非洲：国家分析
  • 沙乌地阿拉伯
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
  • 南非

第十章：南美智慧财产权软体市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 南美洲：国家分析
  • 巴西
  • 哥伦比亚
  • 阿根廷

第十一章 市场动态

• 司机
• 任务

第十二章 市场趋势与发展

• 併购
• 产品发布
• 最新进展

第十三章：全球智慧财产权软体市场：SWOT分析

第十四章：波特五力分析

• 产业竞争
• 新进入者的可能性
• 供应商电力
• 顾客权力
• 替代品的威胁

第十五章 竞争格局

• Q4 Inc.
• Anaqua, Inc.
• Questel Sas
• Wolters Kluwer NV
• Dennemeyer SA
• Patsnap, Inc.
• Innovation Asset Group, Inc.
• Gridlogic
• AppColl, Inc.
• Minesoft Limited

第十六章 策略建议

第十七章：关于研究公司及免责声明

The Global Intellectual Property Software Market is projected to expand significantly, rising from USD 10.39 Billion in 2025 to USD 22.04 Billion by 2031, achieving a compound annual growth rate of 13.35%. This software category serves as a digital framework for automating the complete lifecycle of assets such as industrial designs, trademarks, and patents, streamlining essential tasks like portfolio maintenance, licensing, and docketing. The sector's growth is largely fueled by the increasing quantity of international filings and the requirement for legal teams to manage intricate regulatory landscapes, while the drive to minimize human error and lower administrative costs further anchors the demand for these automated tools.

Conversely, the implementation of these modern systems is often hindered by the substantial difficulty of transferring legacy data from older platforms. This challenge is exacerbated by the growing workload organizations must manage, as evidenced by data from the World Intellectual Property Organization, which recorded a historic 3.55 million global patent applications in 2023, marking a 2.7% rise from the prior year. This increasing density of applications emphasizes the urgent necessity for scalable software solutions while simultaneously spotlighting the complex data management hurdles that enterprises must overcome.

Market Driver

The market is undergoing a transformation due to the rapid integration of AI-powered automation, which is shifting IP management from static record-keeping to predictive intelligence. Facing increasing demands to streamline workflows, legal professionals are utilizing algorithms for duties including automated docketing, risk evaluation, and prior art searches. This technological shift is supported by industry outlooks; a July 2024 'Future of Professionals Report' by Thomson Reuters indicates that 77% of professionals anticipate AI will exert a high or transformational influence on their work within five years, prompting vendors to embed machine learning to improve accuracy and alleviate administrative burdens.

In parallel, the rising global influx of trademark and patent filings requires scalable digital systems proficient in managing complex, multi-jurisdictional portfolios. Data from the European Patent Office's 'Patent Index 2023', released in March 2024, highlights this trajectory with 199,275 applications received in 2023, a 2.9% year-over-year increase. This growth encompasses more than just patents; the World Intellectual Property Organization's 'World Intellectual Property Indicators 2024', published in November 2024, estimated 11.6 million trademark applications globally in 2023, reinforcing the operational necessity for robust, centralized software to ensure cross-border compliance and data integrity.

Market Challenge

A major obstacle impeding the Global Intellectual Property Software Market is the intricate process of migrating legacy data into contemporary platforms. IP portfolios frequently comprise decades of vital legal information housed in unstructured formats or obsolete, siloed systems, requiring strict validation during transfer to prevent errors that could lead to legal non-compliance or the forfeiture of rights. Consequently, many organizations view migration as an operationally disruptive and high-risk endeavor, resulting in prolonged sales cycles and a hesitation to supersede inefficient existing systems.

This reluctance is further compounded by the expanding volume of assets firms are required to oversee, which adds layers of difficulty to data integration efforts. For instance, the European Patent Office reported a record receipt of 199,275 patent applications in 2023, reflecting a 2.9% increase over the previous year. This unrelenting rise in data density highlights the growing burden placed on organizations contemplating a system overhaul, as the increasing volume of records makes the prospect of migration appear more formidable, thereby stifling new software adoption rates and limiting overall market growth.

Market Trends

The market is currently being reshaped by the convergence of IP management software with broader enterprise ecosystems, a trend that eliminates operational barriers between legal departments and other vital business functions. Contemporary solutions are designed for seamless interoperability with CRM, finance, and R&D systems, ensuring that intellectual property data contributes to wider corporate strategies rather than remaining isolated in legal databases. Highlighting the demand for such connectivity, the '2024 IP Outlook Research' by Questel in May 2024 revealed that 32% of IP professionals are frustrated by the lack of integration between their current technology and other business tools.

Concurrently, the rise of predictive analytics for strategic patent portfolio valuation is upgrading software from simple administrative tools to essential C-suite decision-making assets. Advanced platforms now feature valuation algorithms and financial modeling that enable organizations to assess the monetary worth of their assets and synchronize IP development with long-term commercial objectives. This evolution is underscored by Clarivate's September 2024 'Excellence in IP Operations' report, which noted that 65% of corporate respondents who monitored their department's key performance indicators achieved alignment with broader business strategies, confirming the growing need for software that facilitates high-level strategic coherence.

Key Market Players

• Q4 Inc.
• Anaqua, Inc.
• Questel Sas
• Wolters Kluwer N.V.
• Dennemeyer S.A.
• Patsnap, Inc.
• Innovation Asset Group, Inc.
• Gridlogic
• AppColl, Inc.
• Minesoft Limited

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Intellectual Property Software Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Intellectual Property Software Market, By Deployment Model

• On-premises
• Cloud-based
• Hybrid

Intellectual Property Software Market, By Application

• Patent Management
• Trademark Management
• Copyright Management
• Trade Secret Management
• Contract Management

Intellectual Property Software Market, By Industry Vertical

• Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology
• Manufacturing
• Technology & Software
• Consumer Goods
• Media & Entertainment
• Others

Intellectual Property Software Market, By Organization Size

• Large Enterprises
• Small & Medium-Sized Enterprises

Intellectual Property Software Market, By Region

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • Spain
• Asia Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • South Korea
• South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
• Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Intellectual Property Software Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Intellectual Property Software Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

• 1.1. Market Definition
• 1.2. Scope of the Market
  • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
  • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
  • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

• 2.1. Objective of the Study
• 2.2. Baseline Methodology
• 2.3. Key Industry Partners
• 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
• 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
• 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
• 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

• 3.1. Overview of the Market
• 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
• 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
• 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
• 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook

• 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 5.1.1. By Value
• 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 5.2.1. By Deployment Model (On-premises, Cloud-based, Hybrid)
  • 5.2.2. By Application (Patent Management, Trademark Management, Copyright Management, Trade Secret Management, Contract Management)
  • 5.2.3. By Industry Vertical (Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology, Manufacturing, Technology & Software, Consumer Goods, Media & Entertainment, Others)
  • 5.2.4. By Organization Size (Large Enterprises, Small & Medium-Sized Enterprises)
  • 5.2.5. By Region
  • 5.2.6. By Company (2025)
• 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook

• 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 6.1.1. By Value
• 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 6.2.1. By Deployment Model
  • 6.2.2. By Application
  • 6.2.3. By Industry Vertical
  • 6.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 6.2.5. By Country
• 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
  • 6.3.1. United States Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 6.3.1.2.2. By Application
      • 6.3.1.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 6.3.1.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 6.3.2. Canada Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 6.3.2.2.2. By Application
      • 6.3.2.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 6.3.2.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 6.3.3. Mexico Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 6.3.3.2.2. By Application
      • 6.3.3.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 6.3.3.2.4. By Organization Size

7. Europe Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook

• 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 7.1.1. By Value
• 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 7.2.1. By Deployment Model
  • 7.2.2. By Application
  • 7.2.3. By Industry Vertical
  • 7.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 7.2.5. By Country
• 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
  • 7.3.1. Germany Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 7.3.1.2.2. By Application
      • 7.3.1.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 7.3.1.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 7.3.2. France Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 7.3.2.2.2. By Application
      • 7.3.2.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 7.3.2.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 7.3.3.2.2. By Application
      • 7.3.3.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 7.3.3.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 7.3.4. Italy Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 7.3.4.2.2. By Application
      • 7.3.4.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 7.3.4.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 7.3.5. Spain Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 7.3.5.2.2. By Application
      • 7.3.5.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 7.3.5.2.4. By Organization Size

8. Asia Pacific Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook

• 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 8.1.1. By Value
• 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 8.2.1. By Deployment Model
  • 8.2.2. By Application
  • 8.2.3. By Industry Vertical
  • 8.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 8.2.5. By Country
• 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
  • 8.3.1. China Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 8.3.1.2.2. By Application
      • 8.3.1.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 8.3.1.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 8.3.2. India Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 8.3.2.2.2. By Application
      • 8.3.2.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 8.3.2.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 8.3.3. Japan Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 8.3.3.2.2. By Application
      • 8.3.3.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 8.3.3.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 8.3.4. South Korea Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 8.3.4.2.2. By Application
      • 8.3.4.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 8.3.4.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 8.3.5. Australia Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 8.3.5.2.2. By Application
      • 8.3.5.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 8.3.5.2.4. By Organization Size

9. Middle East & Africa Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook

• 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 9.1.1. By Value
• 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 9.2.1. By Deployment Model
  • 9.2.2. By Application
  • 9.2.3. By Industry Vertical
  • 9.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 9.2.5. By Country
• 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
  • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 9.3.1.2.2. By Application
      • 9.3.1.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 9.3.1.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 9.3.2. UAE Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 9.3.2.2.2. By Application
      • 9.3.2.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 9.3.2.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 9.3.3. South Africa Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 9.3.3.2.2. By Application
      • 9.3.3.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 9.3.3.2.4. By Organization Size

10. South America Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook

• 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 10.1.1. By Value
• 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 10.2.1. By Deployment Model
  • 10.2.2. By Application
  • 10.2.3. By Industry Vertical
  • 10.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 10.2.5. By Country
• 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
  • 10.3.1. Brazil Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 10.3.1.2.2. By Application
      • 10.3.1.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 10.3.1.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 10.3.2. Colombia Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 10.3.2.2.2. By Application
      • 10.3.2.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 10.3.2.2.4. By Organization Size
  • 10.3.3. Argentina Intellectual Property Software Market Outlook
    • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.2.1. By Deployment Model
      • 10.3.3.2.2. By Application
      • 10.3.3.2.3. By Industry Vertical
      • 10.3.3.2.4. By Organization Size

11. Market Dynamics

• 11.1. Drivers
• 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

• 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
• 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
• 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Intellectual Property Software Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

• 14.1. Competition in the Industry
• 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
• 14.3. Power of Suppliers
• 14.4. Power of Customers
• 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

• 15.1. Q4 Inc.
  • 15.1.1. Business Overview
  • 15.1.2. Products & Services
  • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
  • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
  • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
• 15.2. Anaqua, Inc.
• 15.3. Questel Sas
• 15.4. Wolters Kluwer N.V.
• 15.5. Dennemeyer S.A.
• 15.6. Patsnap, Inc.
• 15.7. Innovation Asset Group, Inc.
• 15.8. Gridlogic
• 15.9. AppColl, Inc.
• 15.10. Minesoft Limited

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer