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1567678

乙炔市场 - 全球产业规模、份额、趋势、机会和预测，按形式（气体、液体、其他）、最终用户（汽车、金属製造、航太、製药、玻璃、其他）、地区和竞争细分， 2019 -2029F

Acetylene Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Form (Gas, Liquid, Others), By End User (Automotive, Metal Fabrication, Aerospace, Pharmaceutical, Glass, Others), By Region & Competition, 2019-2029F

出版日期: 2024年10月10日 | 出版商:

TechSci Research | 英文 186 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

简介目录

2023年全球乙炔市场价值为61.5亿美元，预计2029年将达74.6亿美元，预测期内复合年增长率为3.48%。乙炔是一种高度可燃的碳氢化合物气体，是各种化学过程的关键原料，其独特的性能巩固了其作为重要工业气体的地位。随着新应用和技术进步的出现，尤其是在发展中地区，市场的成长轨迹预计将持续下去。

市场概况
预测期	2025-2029
2023 年市场规模	61.5亿美元
2029 年市场规模	74.6亿美元
2024-2029 年复合年增长率	3.48%
成长最快的细分市场	气体
最大的市场	北美洲

推动乙炔市场的主要因素之一是其在化学工业中的广泛应用。乙炔是乙醛、氯乙烯和合成橡胶等化学品生产的基本组成部分。这些化合物对于製造塑胶、黏合剂和其他工业产品至关重要。对塑胶的需求不断增长，特别是在包装、汽车和电子行业，正在推动全球乙炔需求的成长。

乙炔生产过程的技术进步为市场拓展开闢了新的可能性。高效乙炔生产方法的开发降低了营运成本并提高了安全性。这使得传统生产方法成本过高的地区的中小企业更容易获得乙炔。

儘管前景乐观，但全球乙炔市场仍面临多项挑战。主要关注点之一是乙炔生产对环境的影响及其可燃性，增加了安全风险。用电石生产乙炔的过程涉及二氧化碳和其他污染物的释放，这导致许多地区制定了更严格的环境法规。

主要市场驱动因素

汽车业乙炔需求不断成长

製药业乙炔需求不断成长

主要市场挑战

原料价格波动

主要市场趋势

乙炔生产技术进步

细分市场洞察

形成洞察

最终使用者见解

区域洞察

Global Acetylene Market was valued at USD 6.15 Billion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 7.46 Billion by 2029 with a CAGR of 3.48% during the forecast period. Acetylene, a hydrocarbon gas with high flammability, serves as a key raw material for various chemical processes, and its unique properties have cemented its position as a crucial industrial gas. The market's growth trajectory is expected to continue as new applications and technological advancements emerge, particularly in developing regions.

Market Overview
Forecast Period	2025-2029
Market Size 2023	USD 6.15 Billion
Market Size 2029	USD 7.46 Billion
CAGR 2024-2029	3.48%
Fastest Growing Segment	Gas
Largest Market	North America

One of the primary factors driving the acetylene market is its widespread use in the chemical industry. Acetylene is a fundamental building block in the production of chemicals such as acetaldehyde, vinyl chloride, and synthetic rubber. These compounds are essential for manufacturing plastics, adhesives, and other industrial products. The rising demand for plastics, especially in the packaging, automotive, and electronics sectors, is fueling the growth of acetylene demand worldwide.

Technological advancements in acetylene production processes have opened up new possibilities for market expansion. The development of highly efficient acetylene production methods has reduced operational costs and improved safety. This has made acetylene more accessible for small and medium-sized enterprises in regions where traditional production methods were cost-prohibitive.

Despite the positive outlook, the global acetylene market faces several challenges. One of the key concerns is the environmental impact of acetylene production and its flammability, which raises safety risks. The process of producing acetylene from calcium carbide involves the release of carbon dioxide and other pollutants, which has led to stricter environmental regulations in many regions.

Key Market Drivers

Growing Demand of Acetylene in Automotive Industry

The automotive industry heavily depends on acetylene for critical processes like metal fabrication, which plays a key role in vehicle manufacturing. Acetylene's exceptionally high flame temperature makes it the ideal fuel for oxy-acetylene welding and cutting, facilitating precise and efficient work on vehicle frames, chassis, and body structures. Its unique properties are particularly beneficial in supporting the lightweight and compact designs of modern vehicles. This demand is further accelerated by the shift towards electric and hybrid vehicles, which require more advanced and specialized metalworking techniques.

In a recent development, mechanical engineering students from Priyadarshini Bhagwati College of Engineering successfully modified a Maruti 800 to operate on acetylene gas produced by combining water with limestone. By mixing calcium carbide (limestone) with water in a cylinder housed in the trunk, the car can run on acetylene gas while maintaining the option to switch to petrol. The researchers claim that this modification nearly doubles the mileage, minimizes emissions, and reduces fuel costs by increasing the distance covered per kilogram of carbide.

Beyond welding, acetylene is also integral to the production of plastics and synthetic rubbers, which are vital for components like tires, interior parts, and vehicle insulation. This wide-ranging use highlights acetylene's importance as a versatile resource within the automotive manufacturing landscape.

The rapid expansion of the automotive sector, especially in emerging markets, presents significant opportunities for the acetylene market. Countries such as China, India, and Brazil are experiencing increased vehicle production to meet the growing demand driven by an expanding middle class, urbanization, and rising disposable incomes. Consequently, this surge in automobile sales has directly amplified the need for acetylene in automotive manufacturing.

In developed markets, technological advancements in automotive design, such as autonomous driving systems and electric vehicles, are also boosting demand for acetylene. These innovations necessitate precise engineering and premium materials, further fueling the need for acetylene-based welding and cutting processes. As automakers strive to optimize production efficiency and uphold stringent quality standards, the demand for high-performance acetylene continues to rise.

Additionally, the push for more sustainable and environmentally conscious manufacturing processes is another key factor driving acetylene demand within the automotive industry. Global regulatory bodies are enforcing stricter emission standards, compelling automakers to adopt cleaner production practices. Acetylene's use in welding, which is both energy-efficient and low-impact on the environment, aligns well with these sustainability objectives.

Growing Demand of Acetylene in Pharmaceutical Industry

Acetylene plays a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry as a fundamental component in organic synthesis. It acts as a precursor in the creation of complex organic molecules, which are critical for the development of a wide range of pharmaceutical compounds. Its ability to introduce alkynes and other functional groups into molecules makes it indispensable for producing unique chemical structures, many of which are essential for the therapeutic efficacy of drugs such as antivirals, antibacterial, and anticancer medications.

The demand for acetylene-based chemical reactions has been rising in the pharmaceutical sector, driven by the need for more efficient and cost-effective production processes. The development of innovative drug formulations and the synthesis of complex compounds rely heavily on acetylene, particularly in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical intermediates. Acetylene derivatives are often used to synthesize essential drugs, including vitamins and hormones.

Furthermore, the growth of biopharmaceuticals and the increasing focus on personalized medicine have broadened the scope of pharmaceutical research, further elevating the demand for acetylene. As drug manufacturers work to improve production efficiencies and shorten lead times, acetylene's role in accelerating chemical reactions has become increasingly valuable. This trend is expected to continue as companies invest in advanced technologies to optimize their manufacturing processes.

With the expansion of the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in emerging markets, the demand for acetylene is projected to increase. Major pharmaceutical manufacturing hubs, such as China and India, are experiencing significant growth in generic drug production, which has led to a higher consumption of acetylene for various chemical applications.

Key Market Challenges

Volatility in Price of Feedstock

Acetylene is a vital industrial gas widely utilized in chemical synthesis, welding, and various applications across multiple sectors. It is primarily produced from feedstocks such as calcium carbide and natural gas. The fluctuations in feedstock prices stem from various factors, including geopolitical tensions, supply chain disruptions, and shifts in market demand. For example, geopolitical events like conflicts or trade disputes can lead to sudden changes in the availability and pricing of feedstocks. Additionally, natural disasters, pandemics, and regulatory changes can disrupt supply chains, further intensifying price volatility.

Natural gas prices, a key feedstock for acetylene production, are particularly sensitive to market dynamics. Seasonal demand variations, shifts in production levels, and fluctuations in energy policies can result in significant price changes. Similarly, the market for calcium carbide, sourced from limestone and petroleum, is affected by mining regulations, environmental policies, and production capacity, making it susceptible to price instability.

The unpredictability of feedstock prices presents significant challenges for acetylene manufacturers. Firstly, it complicates cost management. When feedstock prices surge, manufacturers may encounter increased production costs, which can erode profit margins. Consequently, companies often find it necessary to raise acetylene prices, potentially leading to a decline in demand from end-users who may explore alternative products or suppliers.

Moreover, the volatility in feedstock prices can disrupt long-term contracts and pricing agreements. Many manufacturers depend on fixed-price contracts to stabilize their costs; however, abrupt spikes in feedstock prices can create disputes over pricing terms and compel manufacturers to renegotiate contracts. This instability not only impacts the financial health of manufacturers but also complicates their relationships with suppliers and customers.

Key Market Trends

Technological Advancements in Production of Acetylene

Traditionally, acetylene has been produced via the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons or through the reaction of calcium carbide with water. However, recent technological advancements are introducing innovative methods that improve production efficiency while reducing environmental impact.

One of the most promising developments in acetylene production is the electrochemical method, which leverages electricity to drive chemical reactions. This approach not only decreases reliance on fossil fuels but also significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions. By harnessing renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power, manufacturers can produce acetylene more sustainably, addressing the rising demand for eco-friendly solutions in the chemical industry.

To further enhance acetylene selectivity and reduce energy consumption, companies are exploring processes that decompose methane into acetylene and hydrogen using microwave (MW) plasma reactors. These processes can be conducted with or without catalysts, and non-catalytic methods have achieved methane conversions exceeding 90%. While catalysts can increase methane conversion in microwave plasma processes, they also lead to the formation of unsaturated compounds like soot. However, the potential benefits, including hydrogen byproduct credits and reduced soot generation, may incentivize further development and commercialization of methane pyrolysis using microwave plasma reactors.

The development of advanced catalysts has greatly improved the efficiency of acetylene production. Researchers are focusing on optimizing catalytic processes that allow acetylene synthesis from various feedstocks, including biomass and natural gas. These innovations not only boost yields but also lower energy consumption, making acetylene production more cost-effective.

The adoption of integrated production systems, which combine multiple chemical processes, is also gaining momentum in the acetylene market. These systems streamline production, reduce waste, and optimize resource utilization for improved overall efficiency. For instance, integrating acetylene production with downstream processes can enhance energy management and generate cost savings.

Another notable trend is the integration of automation and digital technologies in acetylene production facilities. Advanced control systems, data analytics, and machine learning algorithms allow manufacturers to monitor and optimize production in real-time. These technologies improve operational efficiency, minimize downtime, and enhance product quality. Additionally, predictive maintenance enabled by digital tools ensures smooth operation of production equipment, reducing interruptions and associated costs.

Segmental Insights

Form Insights

Based on Form, Gas have emerged as the fastest growing segment in the Global Acetylene Market in 2023. Natural gas, one of the primary feedstocks for acetylene production, is often more cost-effective compared to other sources such as calcium carbide. With the global availability of natural gas improving, especially in regions rich in shale gas reserves like the United States and certain parts of Asia, many manufacturers are shifting towards gas-based acetylene production to take advantage of its lower price. This trend is particularly strong in regions where access to natural gas is abundant, ensuring a steady and affordable supply.

The use of natural gas in acetylene production is often viewed as a more environmentally friendly alternative. Natural gas emits fewer pollutants compared to coal or oil-based processes. In light of growing environmental regulations and the increasing focus on sustainable industrial practices, gas-based production methods offer a way for acetylene manufacturers to reduce their carbon footprint. This has become a significant factor as more companies seek to meet stricter environmental standards and demonstrate their commitment to sustainability.

Gas-based acetylene production is gaining popularity due to the rising demand from various industries that require acetylene for welding, cutting, and chemical synthesis. The automotive, construction, and metalworking sectors, in particular, have seen significant growth, driving the need for reliable and cost-efficient acetylene supply. The versatility of gas-based acetylene, along with its consistent quality, makes it a preferred choice for these industries, where production efficiency is critical.

End User Insights

Based on End User, Metal Fabrication have emerged as the fastest growing segment in the Global Acetylene Market during the forecast period. Acetylene is widely recognized for its high flame temperature, which makes it ideal for metal cutting and welding. The oxy-acetylene welding process, which combines oxygen with acetylene, produces a concentrated and intense flame capable of reaching temperatures up to 3,500°C (6,332°F). This high-temperature flame allows for precision cutting and welding of metals, ensuring accuracy and efficiency, which are critical in metal fabrication.

As industries such as automotive and aerospace demand more lightweight, durable, and precision-engineered components, acetylene's ability to enable intricate welding and cutting operations enhances its relevance. The global shift towards lightweight materials, such as aluminum and advanced steel alloys, in automotive and aerospace applications further fuels the need for efficient and precise metal fabrication processes.

Rapid infrastructure development, especially in emerging economies, is a key factor driving the growth of metal fabrication and the acetylene market. Governments and private sectors are investing heavily in the construction of commercial buildings, residential complexes, transportation systems, and industrial facilities. Metal fabrication plays a central role in these projects, as it is essential for creating structural components, metal frameworks, pipelines, and other metal-based products required in large-scale construction.

Acetylene's effectiveness in both welding and cutting metal components during these construction processes makes it indispensable to the metal fabrication sector. The growing demand for steel and other metals in infrastructure projects is directly contributing to the expansion of the acetylene market, as acetylene-based welding processes are critical to the assembly of these materials.

Regional Insights

Based on Region, North America have emerged as the dominating region in the Global Acetylene Market in 2023. North America, particularly the United States, boasts vast reserves of natural gas, which is a primary feedstock for acetylene production. The region's well-developed energy infrastructure and advanced extraction techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing, have led to an increase in the availability of natural gas. This not only supports large-scale acetylene production but also reduces production costs, giving North American manufacturers a competitive edge in the global market.

The industrial landscape in North America, especially in the U.S. and Canada, is highly developed, with strong sectors such as chemicals, automotive, and pharmaceuticals all of which have significant demand for acetylene. The use of acetylene in chemical synthesis, metal fabrication, and other industrial applications creates a steady and growing demand. North America's diverse industrial base ensures that acetylene consumption remains high, further contributing to its market dominance.

North American companies are at the forefront of technological innovations in acetylene production. Cutting-edge technologies, such as electrochemical production methods and microwave plasma reactors, have improved production efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and lowered costs. These advancements allow North American producers to meet rising global demand for acetylene in a more sustainable and cost-effective manner, enhancing the region's leadership position.

Key Market Players

Airgas, Inc.
Linde plc
China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation
Jinhong Gas Co., Ltd
Gulf Cryo Holding C.S.C
Praxair Technology, Inc.
Messer Canada Inc.
Ellenbarrie Industrial Gases Limited
Matheson Tri-Gas, Inc.
Rexarc International, Inc.

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Acetylene Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Acetylene Market, By Form:

Gas
Liquid
Others

Acetylene Market, By End User:

Automotive
Metal Fabrication
Aerospace
Pharmaceutical
Glass
Others

Acetylene Market, By Region:

North America
- United States
- Canada
- Mexico
Europe
- France
- United Kingdom
- Italy
- Germany
- Spain
Asia Pacific
- China
- India
- Japan
- Australia
- South Korea
South America
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Colombia
Middle East & Africa
- South Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Acetylene Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Acetylene Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

1. Product Overview

1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Scope of the Market
- 1.2.1. Markets Covered
- 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
- 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

3.1. Overview of the Market
3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

4. Impact of COVID-19 on Global Acetylene Market

5. Global Acetylene Market Outlook

5.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 5.1.1. By Value
5.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 5.2.1. By Form (Gas, Liquid, Others)
- 5.2.2. By End User (Automotive, Metal Fabrication, Aerospace, Pharmaceutical, Glass, Others)
- 5.2.3. By Region
- 5.2.4. By Company (2023)
5.3. Market Map

6. North America Acetylene Market Outlook

6.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 6.1.1. By Value
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 6.2.1. By Form
- 6.2.2. By End User
- 6.2.3. By Country
6.3. North America: Country Analysis
- 6.3.1. United States Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.1.2.1. By Form
    - 6.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 6.3.2. Mexico Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.2.2.1. By Form
    - 6.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 6.3.3. Canada Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.3.2.1. By Form
    - 6.3.3.2.2. By End User

7. Europe Acetylene Market Outlook

7.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.1.1. By Value
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 7.2.1. By Form
- 7.2.2. By End User
- 7.2.3. By Country
7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
- 7.3.1. France Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.1.2.1. By Form
    - 7.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 7.3.2. Germany Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.2.2.1. By Form
    - 7.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 7.3.3. United Kingdom Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.3.2.1. By Form
    - 7.3.3.2.2. By End User
- 7.3.4. Italy Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.4.2.1. By Form
    - 7.3.4.2.2. By End User
- 7.3.5. Spain Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.5.2.1. By Form
    - 7.3.5.2.2. By End User

8. Asia Pacific Acetylene Market Outlook

8.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.1.1. By Value
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 8.2.1. By Form
- 8.2.2. By End User
- 8.2.3. By Country
8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
- 8.3.1. China Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.1.2.1. By Form
    - 8.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 8.3.2. India Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.2.2.1. By Form
    - 8.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 8.3.3. South Korea Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.3.2.1. By Form
    - 8.3.3.2.2. By End User
- 8.3.4. Japan Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.4.2.1. By Form
    - 8.3.4.2.2. By End User
- 8.3.5. Australia Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.5.2.1. By Form
    - 8.3.5.2.2. By End User

9. South America Acetylene Market Outlook

9.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 9.1.1. By Value
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 9.2.1. By Form
- 9.2.2. By End User
- 9.2.3. By Country
9.3. South America: Country Analysis
- 9.3.1. Brazil Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.1.2.1. By Form
    - 9.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 9.3.2. Argentina Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.2.2.1. By Form
    - 9.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 9.3.3. Colombia Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.3.2.1. By Form
    - 9.3.3.2.2. By End User

10. Middle East and Africa Acetylene Market Outlook

10.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 10.1.1. By Value
10.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 10.2.1. By Form
- 10.2.2. By End User
- 10.2.3. By Country
10.3. MEA: Country Analysis
- 10.3.1. South Africa Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.3.1.2.1. By Form
    - 10.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 10.3.2. Saudi Arabia Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.3.2.2.1. By Form
    - 10.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 10.3.3. UAE Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.3.3.2.1. By Form
    - 10.3.3.2.2. By End User

11. Market Dynamics

11.1. Drivers
11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Acetylene Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porters Five Forces Analysis

14.1. Competition in the Industry
14.2. Potential of New Entrants
14.3. Power of Suppliers
14.4. Power of Customers
14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

15.1. Airgas, Inc.
- 15.1.1. Business Overview
- 15.1.2. Company Snapshot
- 15.1.3. Products & Services
- 15.1.4. Financials (As Reported)
- 15.1.5. Recent Developments
- 15.1.6. Key Personnel Details
- 15.1.7. SWOT Analysis
15.2. Linde plc
15.3. China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation
15.4. Jinhong Gas Co., Ltd
15.5. Gulf Cryo Holding C.S.C
15.6. Praxair Technology, Inc.
15.7. Messer Canada Inc.
15.8. Ellenbarrie Industrial Gases Limited
15.9. Matheson Tri-Gas, Inc.
15.10. Rexarc International, Inc.