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1567680

乙醇市场 - 全球产业规模、份额、趋势、机会和预测，按原料、应用、地区和竞争细分，2019-2029F

Ethanol Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Feedstock, By Application, By Region and Competition, 2019-2029F

出版日期: 2024年10月10日 | 出版商:

TechSci Research | 英文 180 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

简介目录

2023年全球乙醇市场价值为892.7亿美元，预计2029年将达到1,127.7亿美元，预测期内复合年增长率为4.17%。乙醇是一种用途广泛的多用途化合物，主要透过玉米、甘蔗和其他作物等生物质来源的发酵生产。随着全球各产业努力减少碳排放，对包括乙醇在内的生物燃料的需求激增，为市场的持续扩张奠定了基础。

市场概况
预测期	2025-2029
2023 年市场规模	892.7亿美元
2029 年市场规模	1127.7亿美元
2024-2029 年复合年增长率	4.17%
成长最快的细分市场	玉米
最大的市场	北美洲

全球乙醇市场的主要驱动力之一是对生物燃料的需求不断增长，特别是在汽车领域。乙醇通常与汽油混合以生产更清洁的燃烧燃料，减少温室气体排放并促进永续发展。美国、巴西和欧盟成员国等国家已实施鼓励使用乙醇混合燃料的政策，作为减少碳足迹的更广泛努力的一部分。

塑造乙醇市场的一个重要趋势是第二代生物燃料的转变，这种燃料源自非食品生物质，如农业废弃物、木片和草。这些生物燃料被认为更可持续，因为它们不与粮食生产竞争。各国政府和研究机构正大力投资开发利用这些原料生产乙醇的技术，为未来的市场成长铺路。

玉米和甘蔗等原料的价格波动会影响乙醇生产成本，进而为市场带来不确定性。恶劣天气条件、全球贸易政策和粮食资源竞争等因素可能导致原料供应和价格波动，影响乙醇生产商的获利能力。

主要市场驱动因素

汽车产业乙醇需求不断成长

製药业乙醇需求不断成长

主要市场挑战

原料价格波动

主要市场趋势

乙醇生产的技术进步

细分市场洞察

原料洞察

应用洞察

区域洞察

Global Ethanol Market was valued at USD 89.27 Billion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 112.77 Billion by 2029 with a CAGR of 4.17% during the forecast period. Ethanol, a versatile compound with broad applications, is primarily produced through the fermentation of biomass sources like corn, sugarcane, and other crops. As industries worldwide strive to reduce carbon emissions, the demand for biofuels, including ethanol, has surged, positioning the market for continued expansion.

Market Overview
Forecast Period	2025-2029
Market Size 2023	USD 89.27 Billion
Market Size 2029	USD 112.77 Billion
CAGR 2024-2029	4.17%
Fastest Growing Segment	Corn
Largest Market	North America

One of the primary drivers of the global ethanol market is the rising demand for biofuels, particularly in the automotive sector. Ethanol is commonly blended with gasoline to produce cleaner-burning fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainability. Countries such as the United States, Brazil, and members of the European Union have implemented policies encouraging the use of ethanol-blended fuels as part of their broader efforts to reduce their carbon footprints.

A significant trend shaping the ethanol market is the shift towards second-generation biofuels, which are derived from non-food biomass such as agricultural waste, wood chips, and grasses. These biofuels are considered more sustainable because they do not compete with food production. Governments and research institutions are investing heavily in the development of technologies to produce ethanol from these feedstocks, paving the way for future market growth.

The price volatility of feedstocks like corn and sugarcane can affect ethanol production costs, creating uncertainty in the market. Factors such as adverse weather conditions, global trade policies, and competition for food resources can lead to fluctuations in raw material availability and pricing, impacting the profitability of ethanol producers.

Key Market Drivers

Growing Demand of Ethanol in Automotive Industry

One of the key drivers of ethanol demand in the automotive sector is its environmental advantages. Ethanol, particularly in blends like E10 (10% ethanol) and E85 (85% ethanol), generates significantly lower emissions compared to conventional gasoline. This results in reduced output of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and hydrocarbons, aligning with global initiatives to combat air pollution and climate change. It also offers automakers a viable solution to meet increasingly stringent emissions regulations.

In addition, ethanol is considered a renewable resource, as it is predominantly derived from biomass sources such as corn, sugarcane, and other organic materials. Its renewable nature contributes to decreasing reliance on non-renewable fossil fuels, supporting the global shift toward bioenergy. Governments and organizations worldwide are actively promoting the use of ethanol-blended fuels to reduce the carbon intensity of transportation, driving up ethanol consumption in vehicles.

Another factor fueling growth in the ethanol market is the increasing adoption of flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs). These vehicles can operate on both gasoline and ethanol, especially higher ethanol blends like E85. As automakers respond to growing consumer demand for environmentally friendly vehicles and regulatory pressures, FFVs are becoming more widespread. The rise in FFV sales, particularly in key markets such as Brazil and the United States, is accelerating the demand for ethanol, contributing to market expansion.

In August 2023, India's Union Minister launched the world's first BS-VI (Stage-II) electric flex-fuel vehicle, signaling a strong push toward alternative fuels such as hydrogen, flex-fuel, and biofuels to reduce the country's dependency on traditional fuel sources. Toyota also introduced a new 100% ethanol-powered variant of its Innova, the world's first BS-VI (Stage-II) electrified flex-fuel vehicle. This model generates 40% electricity, further lowering the effective cost of ethanol.

Technological advancements in ethanol engine efficiency are also bolstering the competitiveness of ethanol-powered vehicles. Improved fuel efficiency and the cost-effectiveness of ethanol as a biofuel make it an appealing option for both manufacturers and consumers, further driving demand in the automotive industry.

Growing Demand of Ethanol in Pharmaceutical Industry

One of the key applications of ethanol in the pharmaceutical industry is its role as a solvent in drug formulation. Ethanol effectively dissolves both hydrophilic and lipophilic substances, making it an indispensable element in the production of solutions, tinctures, and injectables. Its usage facilitates the proper dissolution of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), thereby improving drug stability and bioavailability. As demand for both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications rises, ethanol consumption as a solvent is growing, particularly in the production of liquid formulations such as syrups, elixirs, and topical treatments.

In June 2021, the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory partnered with Northern Illinois University on a USD 2 million, three-year project to develop a cost-effective system for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from manufacturing emissions and converting it into ethanol. Other collaborators include the University of North Texas and Angstrom Advanced Inc.

The pharmaceutical industry has also experienced increased demand for ethanol due to its use in sanitizers and disinfectants. The COVID-19 pandemic greatly accelerated the global demand for ethanol-based hand sanitizers and surface disinfectants, highlighting its efficacy as an antimicrobial agent. While this surge was initially driven by the pandemic, the ongoing emphasis on hygiene and sanitation in healthcare has sustained the demand for ethanol beyond 2020, contributing to the overall growth of the global ethanol market.

Additionally, ethanol is widely employed as a preservative in various pharmaceutical formulations, ensuring the long-term stability of products such as vaccines, injectables, and sterile preparations. Its ability to prevent microbial growth is essential for maintaining the safety and efficacy of these products throughout their shelf life. The pharmaceutical industry's growing focus on extending product lifespans, particularly for biologics and biosimilars that require strict preservation methods, has further driven the demand for ethanol as a preservative.

Ethanol also plays a vital role in the extraction of active ingredients, particularly in the production of herbal and natural medicines. Its ability to extract a wide range of compounds from natural sources has positioned ethanol as a preferred solvent in the pharmaceutical sector, especially as the demand for plant-based and herbal medicines continues to rise. This trend has broadened ethanol's applications, further increasing its demand within the pharmaceutical industry.

Key Market Challenges

Volatility in Price of Feedstock

Agricultural production is naturally vulnerable to fluctuations in weather conditions. Events such as droughts, floods, and other adverse climate impacts can significantly affect crop yields, resulting in sharp increases in feedstock prices. For instance, severe droughts in the U.S. Midwest can diminish corn output, thereby influencing the availability and cost of ethanol feedstock.

Shifts in global supply and demand for agricultural commodities can lead to price volatility. An increase in global demand for corn, used for both food and biofuel production, can drive prices upward. Conversely, a surplus harvest may result in lower prices, thereby impacting the profitability of ethanol producers.

International trade policies, tariffs, and export restrictions can also contribute to price volatility in feedstocks. Trade disputes or changes in governmental regulations may hinder the flow of agricultural products, affecting global pricing dynamics. For example, trade tensions among major agricultural exporting countries can disrupt supply chains, leading to increased feedstock prices for ethanol production.

Competition for agricultural resources between food and fuel production can create price instability. When food prices escalate, farmers may prioritize food crops over those intended for biofuel, thereby restricting the availability of feedstock for ethanol production. This competition can produce a push-pull effect on prices, rendering them more unpredictable.

Fluctuating feedstock prices have a direct impact on the cost structure of ethanol production. Rising feedstock prices lead to increased overall production costs, which can potentially diminish profit margins for ethanol producers. This scenario may deter investment in new projects, thereby limiting market growth.

Price volatility generates uncertainty within the market, complicating the ability of ethanol producers to accurately forecast costs and develop pricing strategies. This unpredictability can discourage investment and impair producers' capacity to make long-term strategic decisions, ultimately affecting market stability.

Key Market Trends

Technological Advancements in Production of Ethanol

Ethanol production has historically depended on the fermentation of sugar-rich feedstocks such as corn and sugarcane. However, this method raises concerns about food security and the environmental effects of large-scale agricultural practices. Consequently, researchers and industry stakeholders have turned their attention to developing more sustainable production methods, resulting in the emergence of several innovative technologies.

One of the most notable advancements in ethanol production is the development of cellulosic ethanol. Unlike traditional ethanol, which relies on food crops, cellulosic ethanol is derived from non-food biomass, including agricultural residues, wood chips, and municipal solid waste. This process entails breaking down complex cellulose fibers into fermentable sugars using specialized enzymes and microorganisms.

Cellulosic ethanol presents numerous benefits, such as a lower carbon footprint and diminished competition with food production. Companies like DuPont and POET have made significant investments in cellulosic ethanol facilities, highlighting the potential for large-scale production. As technology continues to advance, the costs associated with cellulosic ethanol production are anticipated to decline, making it a more viable option in the global market.

Innovations in fermentation processes are enhancing the efficiency of ethanol production. Traditional fermentation methods can be labor-intensive and yield limited quantities of ethanol. However, advancements in microbial fermentation technology have facilitated the development of genetically modified microorganisms capable of fermenting a broader range of feedstocks, including lignocellulosic biomass.

For instance, the use of yeast strains engineered to withstand higher alcohol concentrations and convert xylose (a sugar derived from plant material) into ethanol is gaining popularity. This approach not only boosts overall yields but also shortens production time and reduces costs. Companies like LanzaTech are at the forefront of these fermentation technologies, enabling more efficient conversion of biomass into ethanol.

Segmental Insights

Feedstock Insights

Based on Feedstock, Corn have emerged as the fastest growing segment in the Global Ethanol Market in 2023. Corn has a well-established production and supply chain, particularly in major producing countries like the United States. This existing infrastructure facilitates efficient processing and distribution of corn-based ethanol, making it a reliable choice for ethanol producers.

Corn is known for its high yield per acre compared to other biofuel feedstocks, such as sugarcane or switchgrass. The high energy content of corn translates to more ethanol per bushel, making it a cost-effective option for producers. This efficiency enhances profitability and promotes its continued use in ethanol production.

As global concerns regarding climate change and energy security increase, there is a growing shift towards renewable fuels like ethanol. Corn-based ethanol is seen as a more sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, driving demand and expanding the market. The global push for energy diversification has led to increased interest in biofuels. Ethanol produced from corn can be blended with gasoline, reducing dependence on oil and contributing to energy security in various regions.

Application Insights

Based on Application, Fertilizers have emerged as the fastest growing segment in the Global Ethanol Market during the forecast period. The primary feedstocks for ethanol production, such as corn, sugarcane, and other crops, require substantial amounts of fertilizers for optimal growth. As global ethanol production expands to meet rising energy demands and environmental regulations, the need for fertilizers in crop cultivation has also increased. This relationship creates a symbiotic link between the fertilizer and ethanol markets, as enhanced agricultural output directly supports higher ethanol yields.

With growing environmental concerns surrounding agricultural practices, there is a shift towards sustainable farming methods. Fertilizers that promote sustainable practices, such as precision agriculture and organic fertilizers, are gaining traction. By improving soil health and reducing nutrient runoff, these fertilizers can enhance the overall efficiency of feedstock production for ethanol, aligning with broader sustainability goals within the industry.

Innovations in fertilizer technology, such as controlled-release fertilizers and bio-based fertilizers, are contributing to more efficient nutrient application and uptake. These advancements not only improve crop yields but also minimize environmental impacts, making them attractive options for farmers producing ethanol feedstocks. As these technologies proliferate, their integration into ethanol production becomes increasingly feasible and beneficial.

The global transition to biofuels, including ethanol, is gaining momentum as countries seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. This shift encourages agricultural practices that maximize feedstock yields, necessitating the use of fertilizers to support crop production. The growing emphasis on biofuels increases the demand for fertilizers, contributing to the growth of the fertilizer sector within the ethanol market.

Regional Insights

Based on Region, North America have emerged as the dominating region in the Global Ethanol Market in 2023. North America has a significant supply of feedstocks used for ethanol production, particularly corn and sugarcane. The U.S. is the largest producer of corn globally, which serves as a primary source for ethanol production. The extensive agricultural infrastructure and favorable climate conditions support high crop yields, ensuring a steady supply of raw materials for ethanol manufacturing.

As concerns about climate change and air quality increase, there is a growing demand for cleaner transportation fuels. Ethanol is seen as a more environmentally friendly option, producing lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional gasoline. This shift in consumer preferences drives up demand for ethanol in the automotive sector.

Key Market Players

Archer Daniels Midland Company
THE ANDERSONS, INC.
BP International Limited
VeraSun Energy Corp.
Cargill, Incorporated.
Aventine Renewable Energy, Inc.
Valero Energy Corporation
Midwest Renewable Energy LLC
ChemCeed LLC
Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd.

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Ethanol Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Ethanol Market, By Feedstock:

Sugarcane
Corn
Wheat
Barley
Others

Ethanol Market, By Application:

Automotive
Medicines
Food & Beverages
Cosmetics
Fertilizers
Others

Ethanol Market, By Region:

North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
France
United Kingdom
Italy
Germany
Spain
Asia Pacific
China
India
Japan
Australia
South Korea
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Middle East & Africa
South Africa
Saudi Arabia
UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Ethanol Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Ethanol Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

1. Product Overview

1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Scope of the Market
- 1.2.1. Markets Covered
- 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
- 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

3.1. Overview of the Market
3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

4. Impact of COVID-19 on Global Ethanol Market

5. Global Ethanol Market Outlook

5.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 5.1.1. By Value & Volume
5.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 5.2.1. By Feedstock (Sugarcane, Corn, Wheat, Barley, Others)
- 5.2.2. By Application (Automotive, Medicines, Food & Beverages, Cosmetics, Fertilizers, Others)
- 5.2.3. By Region
- 5.2.4. By Company (2023)
5.3. Market Map

6. North America Ethanol Market Outlook

6.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 6.1.1. By Value & Volume
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 6.2.1. By Feedstock
- 6.2.2. By Application
- 6.2.3. By Country
6.3. North America: Country Analysis
- 6.3.1. United States Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.1.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 6.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 6.3.2. Mexico Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.2.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 6.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 6.3.3. Canada Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.3.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 6.3.3.2.2. By Application

7. Europe Ethanol Market Outlook

7.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.1.1. By Value & Volume
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 7.2.1. By Feedstock
- 7.2.2. By Application
- 7.2.3. By Country
7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
- 7.3.1. France Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.1.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 7.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 7.3.2. Germany Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.2.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 7.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 7.3.3. United Kingdom Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.3.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 7.3.3.2.2. By Application
- 7.3.4. Italy Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.4.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 7.3.4.2.2. By Application
- 7.3.5. Spain Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.5.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.5.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 7.3.5.2.2. By Application

8. Asia Pacific Ethanol Market Outlook

8.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.1.1. By Value & Volume
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 8.2.1. By Feedstock
- 8.2.2. By Application
- 8.2.3. By Country
8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
- 8.3.1. China Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.1.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 8.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 8.3.2. India Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.2.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 8.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 8.3.3. South Korea Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.3.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 8.3.3.2.2. By Application
- 8.3.4. Japan Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.4.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 8.3.4.2.2. By Application
- 8.3.5. Australia Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.5.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.5.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 8.3.5.2.2. By Application

9. South America Ethanol Market Outlook

9.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 9.1.1. By Value & Volume
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 9.2.1. By Feedstock
- 9.2.2. By Application
- 9.2.3. By Country
9.3. South America: Country Analysis
- 9.3.1. Brazil Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.1.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 9.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 9.3.2. Argentina Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.2.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 9.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 9.3.3. Colombia Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.3.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 9.3.3.2.2. By Application

10. Middle East and Africa Ethanol Market Outlook

10.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 10.1.1. By Value & Volume
10.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 10.2.1. By Feedstock
- 10.2.2. By Application
- 10.2.3. By Country
10.3. MEA: Country Analysis
- 10.3.1. South Africa Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.3.1.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 10.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 10.3.2. Saudi Arabia Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.3.2.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 10.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 10.3.3. UAE Ethanol Market Outlook
  - 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
  - 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.3.3.2.1. By Feedstock
    - 10.3.3.2.2. By Application

11. Market Dynamics

11.1. Drivers
11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Ethanol Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porters Five Forces Analysis

14.1. Competition in the Industry
14.2. Potential of New Entrants
14.3. Power of Suppliers
14.4. Power of Customers
14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

15.1. Archer Daniels Midland Company
- 15.1.1. Business Overview
- 15.1.2. Company Snapshot
- 15.1.3. Products & Services
- 15.1.4. Financials (As Reported)
- 15.1.5. Recent Developments
- 15.1.6. Key Personnel Details
- 15.1.7. SWOT Analysis
15.2. THE ANDERSONS, INC.
15.3. BP International Limited
15.4. VeraSun Energy Corp.
15.5. Cargill, Incorporated.
15.6. Aventine Renewable Energy, Inc.
15.7. Valero Energy Corporation
15.8. Midwest Renewable Energy LLC
15.9. ChemCeed LLC
15.10. Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd.