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市场调查报告书
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1779132

石油和天然气导管市场-全球产业规模、份额、趋势、机会和预测(按类型、外径、应用、地区和竞争细分,2020-2030 年)

Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Type, By Outer Diameter, By Application, By Region & Competition, 2020-2030F

出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 185 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

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简介目录

2024 年全球石油和天然气导管市场价值为 32.7 亿美元,预计到 2030 年将达到 55.7 亿美元,预测期内复合年增长率为 9.12%。

市场概览
预测期 2026-2030
2024年市场规模 32.7亿美元
2030年市场规模 55.7亿美元
2025-2030 年复合年增长率 9.12%
成长最快的领域 20吋以下
最大的市场 北美洲

油气导管市场是一个专注于製造、分销和安装用于陆上和海上油气井钻井作业的导管的全球产业。导管是钻井过程中安装的第一根套管,在支撑井口设备、防止井眼坍塌以及隔离浅水区和气层方面发挥关键作用。这些导管也为后续钻井作业提供结构支撑,并为井内其他套管柱奠定基础。因此,导管对于确保油气井的结构完整性和安全性至关重要。

由于全球能源需求不断成长,勘探和生产活动也随之增加,油气导管市场也随之稳定成长。随着常规资源的日趋成熟,能源公司正在积极探索海上深水油气田和陆上非常规油气田的新储量。这种扩张需要强大的钻井基础设施,而导管是其中的基础。此外,海上钻井计画的成长,尤其是在北海、墨西哥湾、西非和东南亚等地区,大大促进了对能够承受极端海洋条件的大直径、耐腐蚀导管的需求。

关键市场驱动因素。

全球能源消耗不断上升

石油和天然气导管市场受到全球能源需求不断增长的显着推动,尤其是在新兴经济体,人口增长、工业化和城镇化推动了能源需求的不断增长。导管提供结构稳定性,并作为钻井作业的初始套管,在陆上和海上油气勘探中都至关重要。随着全球能源消耗持续成长,尤其是在亚太和非洲等地区,对常规和非常规碳氢化合物储量的新钻井专案的需求日益增加。

这些管道对于确保钻井过程中井筒的完整性、抵御地质不稳定和高压地层的影响至关重要。能源需求的激增导致深水和超深水环境的勘探活动增加,而导管必须承受极端条件。此外,易于开采的储量的枯竭迫使作业者转向更复杂、更偏远的油田,因此需要坚固的导管系统来支援钻井作业。

由于天然气开采通常涉及具有挑战性的地质构造,天然气作为过渡能源的依赖性日益增强,进一步扩大了对导管的需求。油气导管市场受益于此趋势,因为营运商优先考虑可靠、高品质的材料,以确保营运安全和效率。随着全球能源需求预计将稳定成长,尤其是在工业和交通运输领域,导管市场预计将扩大,以支援全球新油气井的开发。

根据国际能源总署的数据,预计到2030年,全球能源需求将以每年1.2%的速度成长,石油和天然气将继续占据全球能源结构的50%以上。 2024年,石油产量达到每天8,310万桶,其中海上工程占总产量的27%。这凸显了导管在确保安全稳定地修井方面发挥的重要作用,尤其是在海上环境中,强大的基础设施对于支援钻井作业至关重要。

主要市场挑战

原油价格波动影响钻井基础设施的资本投资

主要市场趋势

高性能合金和复合材料的采用日益增多

目录

第 1 章:产品概述

第二章:研究方法

第三章:执行摘要

第四章:顾客之声

第五章:全球石油天然气导管市场展望

  • 市场规模和预测
    • 按价值
  • 市场占有率和预测
    • 依类型(焊接导线管、无缝导线管)
    • 依外径(20吋以下、20-30吋、30吋以上)
    • 按应用(陆上、海上)
    • 按地区(北美、欧洲、南美、中东和非洲、亚太地区)
  • 按公司分类(2024)
  • 市场地图

第六章:北美石油天然气导管市场展望

  • 市场规模和预测
  • 市场占有率和预测
  • 北美:国家分析
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第七章:欧洲石油天然气管道市场展望

  • 市场规模和预测
  • 市场占有率和预测
  • 欧洲:国家分析
    • 德国
    • 法国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 西班牙

第八章:亚太地区石油天然气导管市场展望

  • 市场规模和预测
  • 市场占有率和预测
  • 亚太地区:国家分析
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韩国
    • 澳洲

第九章:中东和非洲石油天然气导管市场展望

  • 市场规模和预测
  • 市场占有率和预测
  • 中东和非洲:国家分析
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿联酋
    • 南非

第十章:南美洲石油天然气输送管市场展望

  • 市场规模和预测
  • 市场占有率和预测
  • 南美洲:国家分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥伦比亚
    • 阿根廷

第 11 章:市场动态

  • 驱动程式
  • 挑战

第 12 章:市场趋势与发展

  • 合併与收购(如有)
  • 产品发布(如有)
  • 最新动态

第十三章:公司简介

  • Tenaris SA
  • Nippon Steel Corporation
  • Sumitomo Corporation
  • Jindal Saw Limited
  • Vallourec SA
  • TMK Group
  • OCTAL Steel
  • East Pipes Integrated Company for Industry (EPIC)
  • SeAH Steel Corporation
  • ArcelorMittal SA

第 14 章:策略建议

第15章调查会社について・免责事项

简介目录
Product Code: 29885

Global Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market was valued at USD 3.27 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 5.57 billion by 2030 with a CAGR of 9.12% during the forecast period.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2026-2030
Market Size 2024USD 3.27 Billion
Market Size 2030USD 5.57 Billion
CAGR 2025-20309.12%
Fastest Growing SegmentBelow 20 Inches
Largest MarketNorth America

The Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market refers to the global industry focused on the manufacturing, distribution, and installation of conductor pipes used in drilling operations across onshore and offshore oil and gas wells. Conductor pipes are the first casing installed during the drilling process and play a critical role in supporting wellhead equipment, preventing the collapse of the borehole, and isolating shallow water and gas zones. These pipes also provide structural support for subsequent drilling operations and form the foundation for other casing strings in the well. As such, conductor pipes are essential in ensuring the structural integrity and safety of oil and gas wells.

The market for oil and gas conductor pipes is experiencing steady growth due to the rising global demand for energy, which has led to an increase in exploration and production activities. With conventional resources maturing, energy companies are aggressively pursuing new reserves in both offshore deepwater and onshore unconventional fields. This expansion requires robust drilling infrastructure, where conductor pipes serve as a foundational element. Furthermore, the growth of offshore drilling projects, particularly in regions like the North Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, West Africa, and Southeast Asia, is significantly contributing to the demand for high-diameter, corrosion-resistant conductor pipes capable of withstanding extreme marine conditions.

Key Market Drivers.

Rising Global Energy Consumption

The Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market is significantly driven by the escalating global demand for energy, fueled by population growth, industrialization, and urbanization, particularly in emerging economies. Conductor pipes, which provide structural stability and serve as the initial casing for drilling operations, are essential in both onshore and offshore oil and gas exploration. As global energy consumption continues to rise, particularly in regions like Asia-Pacific and Africa, the need for new drilling projects to access conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon reserves intensifies.

These pipes are critical for ensuring well integrity during the drilling process, protecting against geological instabilities and high-pressure formations. The surge in energy demand has led to increased exploration activities in deepwater and ultra-deepwater environments, where conductor pipes must withstand extreme conditions. Additionally, the depletion of easily accessible reserves has pushed operators toward more complex and remote fields, necessitating robust conductor pipe systems to support drilling operations.

The growing reliance on natural gas as a transitional energy source further amplifies the demand for conductor pipes, as gas extraction often involves challenging geological formations. The Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market benefits from this trend, as operators prioritize reliable, high-quality materials to ensure operational safety and efficiency. As global energy needs are projected to grow steadily, particularly in industrial and transportation sectors, the market for conductor pipes is expected to expand to support the development of new oil and gas wells worldwide.

According to the International Energy Agency, global energy demand is projected to grow by 1.2% annually through 2030, with oil and gas continuing to supply over 50% of the global energy mix. In 2024, oil production reached 83.1 million barrels per day, with offshore projects contributing 27% of total output. This highlights the essential role of conductor pipes in enabling safe and stable well construction, particularly in offshore environments, where robust infrastructure is critical for supporting drilling operations.

Key Market Challenges

Volatility in Crude Oil Prices Impacting Capital Investment in Drilling Infrastructure

One of the most critical challenges facing the Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market is the ongoing volatility in global crude oil prices, which significantly impacts capital investment in upstream exploration and production activities. The profitability and investment capacity of oil and gas companies are directly influenced by fluctuations in crude oil prices, which are driven by a complex interplay of geopolitical tensions, global supply-demand imbalances, regulatory changes, and macroeconomic indicators. When oil prices decline sharply or remain below breakeven levels for an extended period, energy companies often respond by scaling back exploration budgets, postponing or cancelling drilling projects, and minimizing capital expenditures. As conductor pipes are foundational components in new drilling projects, such investment slowdowns translate into decreased demand for these pipes across both offshore and onshore applications.

The uncertainty in crude oil prices also discourages long-term planning and investment commitments among oilfield service providers, equipment manufacturers, and pipe fabricators. This results in supply chain disruptions, underutilization of production capacity, and reduced innovation in product design and materials. Smaller or independent manufacturers in the conductor pipe segment face difficulty in maintaining profitability, especially when competing against larger players with better capital buffers. Additionally, oil-producing nations that rely heavily on hydrocarbon exports for economic stability are compelled to recalibrate national budgets and energy strategies, further affecting drilling activity levels.

The risk-aversion behavior of oil and gas operators during periods of price volatility also leads to a preference for asset maintenance over new drilling, directly weakening the outlook for conductor pipe procurement. Until crude oil prices stabilize within a favorable range that supports exploration profitability, the conductor pipe market will continue to face uncertainty and constrained growth, especially in cost-sensitive or high-risk geographies.

Key Market Trends

Rising Adoption of High-Performance Alloys and Composite Materials

One of the most significant trends shaping the Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market is the increasing use of high-performance alloys and composite materials in pipe manufacturing. Traditional conductor pipes made of carbon steel are gradually being replaced or supplemented by materials that offer superior strength, corrosion resistance, and longevity, especially in harsh drilling environments such as deepwater and ultra-deepwater wells. As exploration and production companies continue to push into more challenging geologies and deeper formations, the demand for conductor pipes that can endure higher pressures, temperatures, and chemical exposures is growing.

Alloys such as duplex stainless steel, super duplex, and nickel-based composites are gaining traction, particularly in offshore applications where the risk of corrosion from seawater and aggressive drilling fluids is elevated. These advanced materials extend the service life of conductor pipes, reduce maintenance costs, and enhance operational safety. Similarly, composite materials that combine metal with polymers or ceramics are being explored for their lightweight properties and chemical inertness. Though these options carry a higher upfront cost, their long-term economic benefits in terms of reduced failure rates and enhanced well integrity are increasingly being recognized.

Manufacturers are investing in research and development to optimize manufacturing processes and make high-performance materials more accessible and scalable. At the same time, oil and gas operators are integrating advanced pipe materials into their procurement strategies to meet regulatory and performance standards. This trend not only represents a shift in technological preferences but also signifies a more strategic approach to risk management and asset integrity within the global oil and gas sector. As environmental and operational challenges continue to intensify, the reliance on advanced conductor pipe materials is expected to accelerate, driving innovation and setting new industry benchmarks in durability and safety.

Key Market Players

  • Tenaris S.A.
  • Nippon Steel Corporation
  • Sumitomo Corporation
  • Jindal Saw Limited
  • Vallourec S.A.
  • TMK Group
  • OCTAL Steel
  • East Pipes Integrated Company for Industry (EPIC)
  • SeAH Steel Corporation
  • ArcelorMittal S.A.

Report Scope:

In this report, the Global Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market, By Type:

  • Welded Conductor Pipe
  • Seamless Conductor Pipe

Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market, By Outer Diameter:

  • Below 20 Inches
  • 20-30 Inches
  • Above 30 Inches

Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market, By Application:

  • Onshore
  • Offshore

Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market, By Region:

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Spain
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • South Korea
    • Australia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • South Africa

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Type (Welded Conductor Pipe, Seamless Conductor Pipe)
    • 5.2.2. By Outer Diameter (Below 20 Inches, 20-30 Inches, Above 30 Inches)
    • 5.2.3. By Application (Onshore, Offshore)
    • 5.2.4. By Region (North America, Europe, South America, Middle East & Africa, Asia Pacific)
  • 5.3. By Company (2024)
  • 5.4. Market Map

6. North America Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Type
    • 6.2.2. By Outer Diameter
    • 6.2.3. By Application
    • 6.2.4. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 6.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 6.3.2. Canada Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 6.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 6.3.3.2.3. By Application

7. Europe Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Type
    • 7.2.2. By Outer Diameter
    • 7.2.3. By Application
    • 7.2.4. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.2. France Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.4. Italy Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 7.3.4.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.5. Spain Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 7.3.5.2.3. By Application

8. Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Type
    • 8.2.2. By Outer Diameter
    • 8.2.3. By Application
    • 8.2.4. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.2. India Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.3. Japan Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 8.3.4.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.5. Australia Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 8.3.5.2.3. By Application

9. Middle East & Africa Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Type
    • 9.2.2. By Outer Diameter
    • 9.2.3. By Application
    • 9.2.4. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 9.3.2. UAE Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By Application

10. South America Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Type
    • 10.2.2. By Outer Diameter
    • 10.2.3. By Application
    • 10.2.4. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Oil and Gas Conductor Pipe Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Outer Diameter
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By Application

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends and Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Company Profiles

  • 13.1. Tenaris S.A.
    • 13.1.1. Business Overview
    • 13.1.2. Key Revenue and Financials
    • 13.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 13.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 13.1.5. Key Product/Services Offered
  • 13.2. Nippon Steel Corporation
  • 13.3. Sumitomo Corporation
  • 13.4. Jindal Saw Limited
  • 13.5. Vallourec S.A.
  • 13.6. TMK Group
  • 13.7. OCTAL Steel
  • 13.8. East Pipes Integrated Company for Industry (EPIC)
  • 13.9. SeAH Steel Corporation
  • 13.10. ArcelorMittal S.A.

14. Strategic Recommendations

15. About Us & Disclaimer