铜管市场－全球产业规模、份额、趋势、机会及预测（按类型、产品形态、应用、地区、竞争细分，2020-2030 年）

2024年，铜管市场价值为50.6亿美元，预计到2030年将达到67.1亿美元，复合年增长率为4.67%。铜管市场是指涉及铜基管道系统生产、分销和应用的全球性产业，该系统广泛应用于建筑、暖通空调（HVAC）、冷冻、管道、工业製造、汽车和再生能源系统等众多领域。这些管道因其优异的导热性和导电性、耐腐蚀性、强度、成型性和长使用寿命而备受青睐。铜管通常具有圆形、方形和矩形等各种形状，并具有软硬硬度，在流体处理和热交换应用中兼具结构性和功能性。

在住宅和商业建筑领域，铜管因其抗菌性能和易于安装而广泛用于饮用水分配、排水系统和燃气管道。在暖通空调和冷冻系统中，铜的高导电性使其成为理想的热传导介质，这对于提高系统效率至关重要。此外，随着绿建筑标准的不断扩展以及对能源效率的日益重视，铜比其他替代材料更受青睐。在工业和汽车领域，铜管在液压管路、燃油系统和热交换器中发挥关键作用，而人们对电动车和再生能源技术的日益关注，进一步扩大了其在新时代能源储存和分配系统中的重要性。

关键市场驱动因素

暖通空调和冷冻产业需求不断成长

主要市场挑战

原物料价格波动与供应链中断

主要市场趋势

暖通空调和冷冻系统需求不断成长

目录

第 1 章：产品概述

第二章：研究方法

第三章：执行摘要

第四章：顾客之声

第五章：全球铜管市场展望

• 市场规模和预测
  • 按价值
• 市场占有率和预测
  • 按类型（无缝铜管、焊接铜管）
  • 依产品形式（直管、盘管、LWC（平绕盘管）、盘卷）
  • 按应用（HVAC（暖气、通风和空调）、管道、冷气、热交换器、医用气体系统、燃料和油管）
  • 按地区
• 按公司分类（2024）
• 市场地图

第六章：北美铜管市场展望

• 市场规模和预测
• 市场占有率和预测
• 北美：国家分析
  • 美国
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥

第七章：欧洲铜管市场展望

• 市场规模和预测
• 市场占有率和预测
• 欧洲：国家分析
  • 德国
  • 英国
  • 义大利
  • 法国
  • 西班牙

第八章：亚太铜管市场展望

• 市场规模和预测
• 市场占有率和预测
• 亚太地区：国家分析
  • 中国
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 韩国
  • 澳洲

第九章：南美铜管市场展望

• 市场规模和预测
• 市场占有率和预测
• 南美洲：国家分析
  • 巴西
  • 阿根廷
  • 哥伦比亚

第十章：中东和非洲铜管市场展望

• 市场规模和预测
• 市场占有率和预测
• 中东和非洲：国家分析
  • 南非
  • 沙乌地阿拉伯
  • 阿联酋
  • 科威特
  • 土耳其

第 11 章：市场动态

• 驱动程式
• 挑战

第 12 章：市场趋势与发展

• 合併与收购（如有）
• 产品发布（如有）
• 最新动态

第十三章：公司简介

• Aurubis AG
• Cerro Flow Products LLC
• Daechu Industrial Co. Ltd.
• ELVALHALCOR Hellenic Copper and Aluminium Industry SA
• FURUKAWA Co. Ltd.
• KME Germany GmbH & Co. KG
• Kobe Steel Ltd.
• MetTube Sdn Bhd
• Mitsubishi Materials Corp.
• Mueller Industries Inc.

第 14 章：策略建议

第15章调查会社について・免责事项

The Copper Pipes And Tubes Market was valued at USD 5.06 Billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 6.71 Billion by 2030 with a CAGR of 4.67%. The copper pipes and tubes market refers to the global industry involved in the production, distribution, and application of copper-based piping systems used across a broad range of sectors, including construction, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), refrigeration, plumbing, industrial manufacturing, automotive, and renewable energy systems. These pipes and tubes are valued for their excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, strength, formability, and long service life. Typically available in various shapes such as round, square, and rectangular, and in soft or hard tempers, copper pipes and tubes serve both structural and functional roles in fluid handling and heat exchange applications.

In the residential and commercial building sectors, copper tubing is widely used for potable water distribution, drainage systems, and gas lines due to its anti-bacterial properties and ease of installation. In HVAC and refrigeration systems, the high conductivity of copper makes it an ideal medium for heat transfer, which is essential for system efficiency. Furthermore, the expansion of green building standards and increased emphasis on energy efficiency have led to a growing preference for copper over alternative materials. In the industrial and automotive sectors, copper tubing plays a key role in hydraulic lines, fuel systems, and heat exchangers, while the growing focus on electric vehicles and renewable energy technologies has further expanded its relevance in new-age energy storage and distribution systems.

Key Market Drivers

Rising Demand from HVAC and Refrigeration Sector

The accelerating global demand for heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems is a major driver for the copper pipes and tubes market, especially with the rapid urbanization, commercial development, and global climate shifts necessitating reliable indoor air quality and thermal management solutions. Copper pipes and tubes serve as essential components in HVAC&R systems due to their excellent thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and formability, making them indispensable in efficient heat exchange and refrigerant transport. With rising temperatures and growing emphasis on energy-efficient cooling, both residential and commercial sectors are increasingly adopting advanced air conditioning units that rely on copper piping for effective system performance.

Additionally, government incentives for energy-efficient infrastructure and the renovation of old buildings are prompting the replacement of outdated HVAC systems with modern, copper-based alternatives. As demand surges in rapidly urbanizing regions such as Asia-Pacific, particularly in countries like India and China, where construction of malls, hospitals, airports, and smart cities is underway, the market for copper tubes is experiencing robust growth. Moreover, the ongoing push for environmentally sustainable HVAC solutions further boosts the demand for copper, given its recyclability and minimal environmental footprint. In the refrigeration sector, the global rise in food and pharmaceutical cold storage facilities, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to heightened investments in reliable cooling systems, where copper tubes continue to play a vital role.

Additionally, the growing adoption of inverter-based air conditioners and heat pump technologies globally has reinforced the reliance on high-quality copper tubing to ensure performance efficiency and system longevity. All these factors contribute to a consistent increase in the consumption of copper pipes and tubes, establishing HVAC&R as one of the most critical application verticals driving the global market. Global investments in power transmission and distribution infrastructure are expected to exceed USD 400 billion annually over the next few years. More than 70 million kilometers of transmission and distribution lines are projected to be upgraded or newly installed by 2040. Over 60% of global T&D infrastructure is over 25 years old, driving urgent modernization needs. Developing nations are set to account for over 50% of new grid expansion projects by 2030. Smart grid technologies are expected to penetrate over 80% of global utility networks by 2035. The integration of renewable energy sources is projected to drive over USD 200 billion in grid digitalization and automation upgrades by 2030. Asia-Pacific and North America are leading with over 300 GW of planned transmission capacity additions within the next decade.

Key Market Challenges

Volatility in Raw Material Prices and Supply Chain Disruptions

One of the most significant challenges facing the copper pipes and tubes market is the persistent volatility in raw material prices, particularly copper itself, which is a globally traded commodity subject to fluctuations due to macroeconomic trends, geopolitical tensions, trade policies, and currency shifts. The copper market is highly sensitive to global demand from key sectors like construction, electronics, power infrastructure, and automotive, which means any economic instability or downturn in these industries can trigger substantial changes in copper prices. For manufacturers, this poses a risk to cost planning, profit margins, and contract pricing, especially in long-term agreements.

The unpredictability of copper prices complicates inventory management and often leads to speculative buying or stockpiling, further destabilizing the supply chain. In addition to price fluctuations, the supply chain for copper is also impacted by mining-related disruptions, environmental regulations, labor strikes in major producing countries, and logistics constraints, particularly in the wake of global events such as pandemics, port congestion, and transportation bottlenecks. Many copper tube manufacturers depend on international suppliers for high-grade copper cathodes or refined copper, so any disruption in upstream processes can have a ripple effect downstream, causing production delays or increased operational costs.

Furthermore, the transition toward low-carbon and sustainable mining practices may increase the cost of copper production over time, adding pressure on pricing. Manufacturers are often forced to pass these rising costs onto consumers, which can reduce competitiveness against alternative piping materials like PEX, PVC, or aluminum. In price-sensitive markets, such increases may even lead to substitution or project delays. These cost pressures also reduce the flexibility of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to compete effectively, especially when larger firms can leverage economies of scale or hedge against market volatility. Additionally, currency fluctuations between major copper-producing countries and consuming regions introduce another layer of pricing complexity.

The unpredictability of copper pricing, coupled with growing concerns about global supply chain resilience, is prompting many stakeholders to reassess sourcing strategies, invest in recycling infrastructure, or seek local alternatives. However, such adaptations take time and resources, which adds to the operational burden in an already competitive environment. As a result, the industry continues to face high exposure to raw material risks, and unless long-term solutions such as localized supply chains, greater transparency in commodity trading, or price stabilization mechanisms are implemented, the volatility in copper prices will remain a key hurdle for the sustainable growth of the copper pipes and tubes market across residential, commercial, and industrial applications.

Key Market Trends

Rising Demand from HVAC and Refrigeration Systems

The global copper pipes and tubes market is experiencing a significant surge in demand, particularly from the heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and refrigeration sectors. As residential, commercial, and industrial infrastructures expand rapidly across both developed and emerging economies, the need for efficient temperature control systems has increased exponentially. Copper's superior thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and durability make it the preferred material for manufacturers of HVAC and refrigeration units. Additionally, with rising global temperatures and the push for more energy-efficient cooling systems, copper components are being widely adopted to meet performance and sustainability standards.

Urbanization is further accelerating the adoption of centralized and split AC systems in high-rise buildings, malls, offices, and industrial zones, thereby fueling the demand for copper tubing. Moreover, with the phasing out of older, less efficient HVAC technologies and the adoption of more advanced refrigerants compatible with copper components, market opportunities are growing. Developing countries, particularly in Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Africa, are witnessing a surge in real estate and infrastructure development, accompanied by government-led energy-efficiency mandates, creating a favorable environment for copper tube installations. Furthermore, the increasing frequency of extreme weather conditions, such as heatwaves, is compelling both governments and private institutions to invest in robust and long-lasting cooling infrastructure, wherein copper continues to play a dominant role.

The market is also benefiting from the replacement demand for old HVAC units, especially in North America and Europe, where millions of aging systems are being retrofitted or replaced with energy-efficient alternatives utilizing copper tubing. Manufacturers are investing in advanced production processes to improve tube quality, reduce weight, and offer new shapes such as microgroove tubes, which enhance heat exchange and reduce energy consumption. These innovations are increasingly becoming industry standards and reinforcing the use of copper as a central element in HVAC designs. All these factors collectively point to a strong, long-term growth trajectory for copper pipes and tubes within this segment, making it one of the most significant trends shaping the global market.

Key Market Players

• Aurubis AG
• Cerro Flow Products LLC
• Daechu Industrial Co. Ltd.
• ELVALHALCOR Hellenic Copper and Aluminium Industry SA
• FURUKAWA Co. Ltd.
• KME Germany GmbH & Co. KG
• Kobe Steel Ltd.
• MetTube Sdn Bhd
• Mitsubishi Materials Corp.
• Mueller Industries Inc.

Report Scope:

In this report, the Global Copper Pipes And Tubes Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Copper Pipes And Tubes Market, By Type:

• Seamless Copper Pipes & Tubes
• Welded Copper Pipes & Tubes

Copper Pipes And Tubes Market, By Product Form:

• Straight Length Tubes
• Coiled Tubes
• LWC (Level Wound Coils)
• Pan Cake Coils

Copper Pipes And Tubes Market, By Application:

• HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)
• Plumbing
• Refrigeration
• Heat Exchangers
• Medical Gas Systems
• Fuel & Oil Lines

Copper Pipes And Tubes Market, By Region:

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • Spain
• Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • South Korea
• South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
• Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE
  • Kuwait
  • Turkey

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies presents in the Global Copper Pipes And Tubes Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Copper Pipes And Tubes Market report with the given Market data, Tech Sci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional Market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

• 1.1. Market Definition
• 1.2. Scope of the Market
  • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
  • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
• 1.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

• 2.1. Objective of the Study
• 2.2. Baseline Methodology
• 2.3. Formulation of the Scope
• 2.4. Assumptions and Limitations
• 2.5. Sources of Research
  • 2.5.1. Secondary Research
  • 2.5.2. Primary Research
• 2.6. Approach for the Market Study
  • 2.6.1. The Bottom-Up Approach
  • 2.6.2. The Top-Down Approach
• 2.7. Methodology Followed for Calculation of Market Size & Market Shares
• 2.8. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.8.1. Data Triangulation & Validation

3. Executive Summary

• 3.1. Overview of the Market
• 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
• 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
• 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
• 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook

• 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 5.1.1. By Value
• 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 5.2.1. By Type (Seamless Copper Pipes & Tubes, Welded Copper Pipes & Tubes)
  • 5.2.2. By Product Form (Straight Length Tubes, Coiled Tubes, LWC (Level Wound Coils), Pan Cake Coils)
  • 5.2.3. By Application (HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning), Plumbing, Refrigeration, Heat Exchangers, Medical Gas Systems, Fuel & Oil Lines)
  • 5.2.4. By Region
• 5.3. By Company (2024)
• 5.4. Market Map

6. North America Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook

• 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 6.1.1. By Value
• 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 6.2.1. By Type
  • 6.2.2. By Product Form
  • 6.2.3. By Application
  • 6.2.4. By Country
• 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
  • 6.3.1. United States Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.2.1. By Type
      • 6.3.1.2.2. By Product Form
      • 6.3.1.2.3. By Application
  • 6.3.2. Canada Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.2.1. By Type
      • 6.3.2.2.2. By Product Form
      • 6.3.2.2.3. By Application
  • 6.3.3. Mexico Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.2.1. By Type
      • 6.3.3.2.2. By Product Form
      • 6.3.3.2.3. By Application

7. Europe Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook

• 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 7.1.1. By Value
• 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 7.2.1. By Type
  • 7.2.2. By Product Form
  • 7.2.3. By Application
  • 7.2.4. By Country
• 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
  • 7.3.1. Germany Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.2.1. By Type
      • 7.3.1.2.2. By Product Form
      • 7.3.1.2.3. By Application
  • 7.3.2. United Kingdom Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.2.1. By Type
      • 7.3.2.2.2. By Product Form
      • 7.3.2.2.3. By Application
  • 7.3.3. Italy Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.2.1. By Type
      • 7.3.3.2.2. By Product Form
      • 7.3.3.2.3. By Application
  • 7.3.4. France Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.2.1. By Type
      • 7.3.4.2.2. By Product Form
      • 7.3.4.2.3. By Application
  • 7.3.5. Spain Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.2.1. By Type
      • 7.3.5.2.2. By Product Form
      • 7.3.5.2.3. By Application

8. Asia-Pacific Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook

• 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 8.1.1. By Value
• 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 8.2.1. By Type
  • 8.2.2. By Product Form
  • 8.2.3. By Application
  • 8.2.4. By Country
• 8.3. Asia-Pacific: Country Analysis
  • 8.3.1. China Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.2.1. By Type
      • 8.3.1.2.2. By Product Form
      • 8.3.1.2.3. By Application
  • 8.3.2. India Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.2.1. By Type
      • 8.3.2.2.2. By Product Form
      • 8.3.2.2.3. By Application
  • 8.3.3. Japan Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.2.1. By Type
      • 8.3.3.2.2. By Product Form
      • 8.3.3.2.3. By Application
  • 8.3.4. South Korea Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.2.1. By Type
      • 8.3.4.2.2. By Product Form
      • 8.3.4.2.3. By Application
  • 8.3.5. Australia Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.2.1. By Type
      • 8.3.5.2.2. By Product Form
      • 8.3.5.2.3. By Application

9. South America Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook

• 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 9.1.1. By Value
• 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 9.2.1. By Type
  • 9.2.2. By Product Form
  • 9.2.3. By Application
  • 9.2.4. By Country
• 9.3. South America: Country Analysis
  • 9.3.1. Brazil Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.2.1. By Type
      • 9.3.1.2.2. By Product Form
      • 9.3.1.2.3. By Application
  • 9.3.2. Argentina Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.2.1. By Type
      • 9.3.2.2.2. By Product Form
      • 9.3.2.2.3. By Application
  • 9.3.3. Colombia Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.2.1. By Type
      • 9.3.3.2.2. By Product Form
      • 9.3.3.2.3. By Application

10. Middle East and Africa Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook

• 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 10.1.1. By Value
• 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 10.2.1. By Type
  • 10.2.2. By Product Form
  • 10.2.3. By Application
  • 10.2.4. By Country
• 10.3. Middle East and Africa: Country Analysis
  • 10.3.1. South Africa Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.2.1. By Type
      • 10.3.1.2.2. By Product Form
      • 10.3.1.2.3. By Application
  • 10.3.2. Saudi Arabia Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.2.1. By Type
      • 10.3.2.2.2. By Product Form
      • 10.3.2.2.3. By Application
  • 10.3.3. UAE Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.2.1. By Type
      • 10.3.3.2.2. By Product Form
      • 10.3.3.2.3. By Application
  • 10.3.4. Kuwait Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 10.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.4.2.1. By Type
      • 10.3.4.2.2. By Product Form
      • 10.3.4.2.3. By Application
  • 10.3.5. Turkey Copper Pipes And Tubes Market Outlook
    • 10.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.5.2.1. By Type
      • 10.3.5.2.2. By Product Form
      • 10.3.5.2.3. By Application

11. Market Dynamics

• 11.1. Drivers
• 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

• 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
• 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
• 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Company Profiles

• 13.1. Aurubis AG
  • 13.1.1. Business Overview
  • 13.1.2. Key Revenue and Financials
  • 13.1.3. Recent Developments
  • 13.1.4. Key Personnel/Key Contact Person
  • 13.1.5. Key Product/Services Offered
• 13.2. Cerro Flow Products LLC
• 13.3. Daechu Industrial Co. Ltd.
• 13.4. ELVALHALCOR Hellenic Copper and Aluminium Industry SA
• 13.5. FURUKAWA Co. Ltd.
• 13.6. KME Germany GmbH & Co. KG
• 13.7. Kobe Steel Ltd.
• 13.8. MetTube Sdn Bhd
• 13.9. Mitsubishi Materials Corp.
• 13.10. Mueller Industries Inc.

14. Strategic Recommendations

15. About Us & Disclaimer