血浆蛋白治疗市场－全球产业规模、份额、趋势、机会及预测（依产品、应用、最终用户、地区及竞争格局划分，2021-2031年）

全球血浆蛋白治疗市场预计将从 2025 年的 332.6 亿美元成长到 2031 年的 492.7 亿美元，复合年增长率为 6.77%。

这些透过分离人类血浆所获得的生物製剂对于治疗罕见、慢性且危及生命的疾病至关重要，例如原发性免疫力缺乏和血友病。市场成长的主要驱动因素是：需要终身替代疗法的神经系统和免疫系统疾病确诊病例不断增加，以及全球人口老化导致持续医疗照护需求上升。此外，诊断技术的进步也使得特殊患者群体持续扩大，因此需要稳定成长的产量，而这种产量成长不受短期消费模式的影响。

市场扩张的一大障碍在于难以维持稳健的供应链。目前，原料采集高度依赖特定地理区域，这种集中化带来了监管变化和物流中断等风险，可能威胁全球供应稳定。根据血浆蛋白治疗协会预测，到2025年，北美捐赠者将提供全球超过63%的血浆用于生产。因此，实现区域自给自足仍然是稳定市场和满足日益增长的国际需求的一大挑战。

市场驱动因素

全球对免疫球蛋白疗法的需求不断增长，是推动市场成长的关键因素。这主要得益于免疫球蛋白（IG）在原发性和续发性免疫力缺乏治疗中应用日益广泛。随着诊断率的提高以及在慢性脱髓鞘多发性神经炎（CIDP）等神经系统疾病中临床应用的拓展，患者对这些终身疗法的依赖性日益增强。製造商发现，静脉注射和皮下注射製剂的需求都在不断增长，因此需要提高产能以满足不断增长的患者群体需求，避免供不应求。 CSL有限公司在其2025年2月发布的「2025财年上半年业绩报告」中也印证了这一趋势，报告显示其免疫球蛋白产品组合的销售额达到31.7亿美元，较上一财年增长15%。这凸显了免疫球蛋白在主要市场参与者财务成长中所扮演的重要角色。

同时，随着产业规模的扩大，为确保血浆分离所需的原料供应，拓展全球血浆采集基础设施至关重要。各公司正大力投资扩大捐献中心网络并优化供应链物流，以降低对区域的依赖性并提高采集量。这种结构性发展对于稳定生产凝血因子和白蛋白等治疗药物所需的血浆量至关重要。例如，《富比士》在其2025年2月发表的题为《了解武田的血浆衍生治疗生态系》的报导中指出，武田每年采集超过1500万升血浆以满足生产需求。此外，市场的财务韧性也显而易见：格里福斯在2025年2月发布的「2024年第四季及全年业绩」中报告称，其年度总收入为72亿欧元。

市场挑战

限制全球血浆蛋白治疗市场发展的关键障碍之一是供应链不稳定，这源自于对特定地理区域采集原血浆的过度依赖。这种高度集中的依赖造成了高风险的瓶颈，全球产品供应不成比例地依赖单一区域的营运连续性。因此，这些关键供应区域的政策变化或物流中断都可能导致全球供不应求，并阻碍製造商扩大生产规模以满足日益增长的救命疗法需求。

这种严重的基建不平衡严重阻碍了该行业实现原材料来源多元化的努力。血浆蛋白治疗协会 (PPTA) 的数据凸显了这种差距：截至 2024 年，血液采集格局极不均衡，光是德克萨斯州就拥有 178 个血浆中心，而整个欧洲大陆也只有 177 个。这种鲜明的对比凸显了该市场对区域限制的脆弱性。除非血液采集能力不再受地域限制，否则该产业将难以确保维持全球市场扩张所需的稳定供应。

市场趋势

皮下注射免疫球蛋白疗法的兴起正在从根本上改变市场格局，将治疗模式从医疗机构转移到灵活的居家照护环境中。这项转变得益于高浓度製剂的研发，使原发性免疫力缺乏患者能够自行给药，显着提高患者的生活质量，同时减轻医院的后勤负担。随着人们对更便捷给药方式的需求日益增长，製造商正在推出用户友好的给药系统，加速免疫球蛋白领域除传统静脉注射注射之外的其他领域的发展。根据CSL有限公司于2025年2月公布的「2025财年上半年」财务业绩，皮下注射免疫球蛋白产品HIZENTRA的销售额年增16%，这主要得益于预充式预填充式注射器的日益普及。

同时，采用先进的层析法分离技术来最大限度地提高每公升血浆中的蛋白质回收率已成为关键趋势。面对不断上涨的原料成本，各公司正迅速采用自动化纯化製程来提高高价值蛋白质的产量，使产量与血浆采集量的线性成长脱钩。这种对营运效率的策略性关注使生产商能够降低每克蛋白质的成本并提高盈利，从而确保在捐血市场波动的情况下也能获得利润。根据 Grifols 公司于 2025 年 2 月发布的“2024 年第四季及全年业绩报告”，该公司第四季的调整后EBITDA获利率为 26.6%。这项业绩主要归功于产量的持续提升以及营运优化策略的成功实施。

目录

第一章概述

第二章调查方法

第三章执行摘要

第四章：客户评价

第五章 全球血浆蛋白治疗市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
  • 按金额
• 市占率及预测
  • 副产品（免疫球蛋白、白蛋白、血浆衍生凝血因子、纤维蛋白原、其他）
  • 依应用（血友病、原发性免疫力缺乏(PID)、特发性血小板减少紫斑症(ITP) 等）
  • 依最终用户（医院、研究机构、独立血库等）划分
  • 按地区
  • 按公司（2025 年）
• 市场地图

6. 北美血浆蛋白疗法市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 北美洲：国家分析
  • 我们
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥

7. 欧洲血浆蛋白疗法市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 欧洲：国家分析
  • 德国
  • 法国
  • 英国
  • 义大利
  • 西班牙

8. 亚太地区血浆蛋白治疗药物市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 亚太地区：国家分析
  • 中国
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 韩国
  • 澳洲

9. 中东和非洲血浆蛋白治疗市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 中东和非洲：国家分析
  • 沙乌地阿拉伯
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
  • 南非

10. 南美洲血浆蛋白疗法市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 南美洲：国家分析
  • 巴西
  • 哥伦比亚
  • 阿根廷

第十一章 市场动态

• 司机
• 任务

第十二章 市场趋势与发展

• 併购
• 产品发布
• 最新进展

第十三章 全球血浆蛋白治疗市场：SWOT分析

第十四章 波特五力分析

• 产业竞争
• 新进入者的可能性
• 供应商电力
• 顾客权力
• 替代品的威胁

第十五章 竞争格局

• Grifols, SA
• CSL Behring AG
• Octapharma AG
• Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
• Baxalta Incorporated
• Kedrion SpA
• LFB SA
• Bio Products Laboratory Ltd.
• Shanghai RAAS Blood Products Co., Ltd.
• Haema AG

第十六章 策略建议

第十七章：关于研究公司及免责声明

The Global Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market is projected to expand from USD 33.26 Billion in 2025 to USD 49.27 Billion by 2031, reflecting a CAGR of 6.77%. These biologic medicines, obtained through the fractionation of human blood plasma, are essential for managing rare and chronic life-threatening diseases such as primary immunodeficiencies and hemophilia. Market expansion is primarily fueled by the rising diagnosis of neurological and immunological disorders that necessitate lifelong replacement therapies, coupled with an aging global population requiring ongoing medical care. Additionally, progress in diagnostic technologies continues to widen the identified patient base, demanding a steady increase in production independent of transient consumption patterns.

A major obstacle hindering wider market growth is the difficulty of sustaining a robust supply chain, which currently depends heavily on a few specific geographic areas for raw material collection. This concentration exposes the industry to risks from regulatory shifts or logistical interruptions that could jeopardize global supply availability. According to the Plasma Protein Therapeutics Association, North American donors contributed over 63% of the world's plasma supply for manufacturing in 2025. As a result, attaining regional self-sufficiency remains a significant barrier to stabilizing the market and satisfying increasing international requirements.

Market Driver

The rising global demand for immunoglobulin therapies serves as a primary growth engine, spurred by the increasing use of immunoglobulins (IG) for treating primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. With improved diagnostic rates and clinical applications expanding to neurological disorders such as Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP), patient dependence on these lifelong treatments has grown significantly. Manufacturers are observing strong adoption of both intravenous and subcutaneous formulations, requiring increased output to avoid shortages for the growing patient population. Highlighting this trend, CSL Limited reported in its 'Half Year Results 2025' from February 2025 that its immunoglobulin portfolio achieved sales of $3.17 billion, marking a 15% rise from the prior period, which underscores the vital role of IG products in the financial growth of key market players.

Simultaneously, the expansion of global plasma collection infrastructure is essential as the industry scales to secure the raw materials needed for fractionation. Companies are making substantial investments to broaden their donor center networks and refine supply chain logistics, aiming to reduce regional reliance and boost collection yields. This structural development is crucial for stabilizing the plasma volume required to manufacture therapies like coagulation factors and albumin. For instance, Forbes noted in a February 2025 article, 'Inside Takeda's Plasma-Derived Therapy Ecosystem', that Takeda now collects over 15 million liters of plasma annually to meet production demands. Furthermore, the market's overall financial resilience is evident, with Grifols reporting total annual revenues of €7.2 billion in its 'Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2024 Results' released in February 2025.

Market Challenge

The primary obstacle constraining the Global Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market is the instability of its supply chain, which is defined by an excessive dependence on a select few geographic regions for source plasma collection. This concentrated reliance establishes a risky bottleneck where global product availability is disproportionately linked to the operational continuity of a single region. Consequently, any local policy changes or logistical disruptions in this primary source area could precipitate worldwide shortages, thereby hindering manufacturers from scaling up production to reliably meet the growing demand for life-saving treatments.

This severe infrastructure imbalance significantly impedes the industry's efforts to diversify its raw material origins. Data from the Plasma Protein Therapeutics Association highlights this disparity; in 2024, the collection landscape was so uneven that the state of Texas alone maintained 178 plasma centers, exceeding the 177 centers found throughout the entire continent of Europe. Such a stark contrast emphasizes the market's susceptibility to regional limitations. Until collection capacity becomes less geographically restricted, the industry will struggle to secure the resilient supply volumes required to sustain global market expansion.

Market Trends

The shift toward subcutaneous immunoglobulin administration is fundamentally altering the market by moving treatment from clinical environments to flexible home-based care settings. This transition is driven by the creation of high-concentration formulations that enable patients with primary immunodeficiencies to self-administer their treatments, greatly enhancing quality of life while decreasing the logistical strain on hospitals. The growing preference for these convenient dosing options is fueling specific growth within the immunoglobulin sector, surpassing traditional intravenous methods as manufacturers launch user-friendly delivery systems. According to CSL Limited's 'Half Year Results 2025' from February 2025, sales of the subcutaneous product HIZENTRA rose by 16% over the previous period, spurred specifically by the robust adoption of pre-filled syringe options.

At the same time, the adoption of advanced chromatographic fractionation techniques is emerging as a critical trend as manufacturers aim to maximize protein recovery from every liter of collected plasma. Confronted with elevated raw material costs, companies are rapidly integrating automated purification processes to boost the yield of valuable proteins, effectively decoupling production volumes from linear collection growth. This strategic emphasis on operational efficiency allows producers to reduce the cost per gram of protein and enhance profitability despite donor market volatility. As reported in Grifols' 'Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2024 Results' in February 2025, the company attained an Adjusted EBITDA margin of 26.6% in the fourth quarter, a result largely credited to ongoing yield improvements and the successful implementation of its operational optimization strategy.

Key Market Players

• Grifols, S.A.
• CSL Behring AG
• Octapharma AG
• Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
• Baxalta Incorporated
• Kedrion S.p.A.
• LFB S.A.
• Bio Products Laboratory Ltd.
• Shanghai RAAS Blood Products Co., Ltd.
• Haema AG

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market, By Product

• Immunoglobulin
• Albumin
• Plasma Derived Clotting Factor
• Fibrinogen
• Others

Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market, By Application

• Hemophilia
• Primary Immunodeficiency Disorder (PID)
• Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
• Others

Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market, By End User

• Hospitals
• Research Laboratories and Institutions
• Stand-Alone Blood Banks
• Others

Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market, By Region

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • Spain
• Asia Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • South Korea
• South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
• Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

• 1.1. Market Definition
• 1.2. Scope of the Market
  • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
  • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
  • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

• 2.1. Objective of the Study
• 2.2. Baseline Methodology
• 2.3. Key Industry Partners
• 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
• 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
• 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
• 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

• 3.1. Overview of the Market
• 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
• 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
• 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
• 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook

• 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 5.1.1. By Value
• 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 5.2.1. By Product (Immunoglobulin, Albumin, Plasma Derived Clotting Factor, Fibrinogen, Others)
  • 5.2.2. By Application (Hemophilia, Primary Immunodeficiency Disorder (PID), Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP), Others)
  • 5.2.3. By End User (Hospitals, Research Laboratories and Institutions, Stand-Alone Blood Banks, Others)
  • 5.2.4. By Region
  • 5.2.5. By Company (2025)
• 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook

• 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 6.1.1. By Value
• 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 6.2.1. By Product
  • 6.2.2. By Application
  • 6.2.3. By End User
  • 6.2.4. By Country
• 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
  • 6.3.1. United States Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.2.1. By Product
      • 6.3.1.2.2. By Application
      • 6.3.1.2.3. By End User
  • 6.3.2. Canada Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.2.1. By Product
      • 6.3.2.2.2. By Application
      • 6.3.2.2.3. By End User
  • 6.3.3. Mexico Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.2.1. By Product
      • 6.3.3.2.2. By Application
      • 6.3.3.2.3. By End User

7. Europe Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook

• 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 7.1.1. By Value
• 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 7.2.1. By Product
  • 7.2.2. By Application
  • 7.2.3. By End User
  • 7.2.4. By Country
• 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
  • 7.3.1. Germany Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.2.1. By Product
      • 7.3.1.2.2. By Application
      • 7.3.1.2.3. By End User
  • 7.3.2. France Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.2.1. By Product
      • 7.3.2.2.2. By Application
      • 7.3.2.2.3. By End User
  • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.2.1. By Product
      • 7.3.3.2.2. By Application
      • 7.3.3.2.3. By End User
  • 7.3.4. Italy Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.2.1. By Product
      • 7.3.4.2.2. By Application
      • 7.3.4.2.3. By End User
  • 7.3.5. Spain Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.2.1. By Product
      • 7.3.5.2.2. By Application
      • 7.3.5.2.3. By End User

8. Asia Pacific Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook

• 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 8.1.1. By Value
• 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 8.2.1. By Product
  • 8.2.2. By Application
  • 8.2.3. By End User
  • 8.2.4. By Country
• 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
  • 8.3.1. China Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.2.1. By Product
      • 8.3.1.2.2. By Application
      • 8.3.1.2.3. By End User
  • 8.3.2. India Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.2.1. By Product
      • 8.3.2.2.2. By Application
      • 8.3.2.2.3. By End User
  • 8.3.3. Japan Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.2.1. By Product
      • 8.3.3.2.2. By Application
      • 8.3.3.2.3. By End User
  • 8.3.4. South Korea Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.2.1. By Product
      • 8.3.4.2.2. By Application
      • 8.3.4.2.3. By End User
  • 8.3.5. Australia Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.2.1. By Product
      • 8.3.5.2.2. By Application
      • 8.3.5.2.3. By End User

9. Middle East & Africa Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook

• 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 9.1.1. By Value
• 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 9.2.1. By Product
  • 9.2.2. By Application
  • 9.2.3. By End User
  • 9.2.4. By Country
• 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
  • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.2.1. By Product
      • 9.3.1.2.2. By Application
      • 9.3.1.2.3. By End User
  • 9.3.2. UAE Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.2.1. By Product
      • 9.3.2.2.2. By Application
      • 9.3.2.2.3. By End User
  • 9.3.3. South Africa Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.2.1. By Product
      • 9.3.3.2.2. By Application
      • 9.3.3.2.3. By End User

10. South America Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook

• 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 10.1.1. By Value
• 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 10.2.1. By Product
  • 10.2.2. By Application
  • 10.2.3. By End User
  • 10.2.4. By Country
• 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
  • 10.3.1. Brazil Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.2.1. By Product
      • 10.3.1.2.2. By Application
      • 10.3.1.2.3. By End User
  • 10.3.2. Colombia Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.2.1. By Product
      • 10.3.2.2.2. By Application
      • 10.3.2.2.3. By End User
  • 10.3.3. Argentina Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market Outlook
    • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.2.1. By Product
      • 10.3.3.2.2. By Application
      • 10.3.3.2.3. By End User

11. Market Dynamics

• 11.1. Drivers
• 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

• 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
• 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
• 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Plasma Protein Therapeutics Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

• 14.1. Competition in the Industry
• 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
• 14.3. Power of Suppliers
• 14.4. Power of Customers
• 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

• 15.1. Grifols, S.A.
  • 15.1.1. Business Overview
  • 15.1.2. Products & Services
  • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
  • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
  • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
• 15.2. CSL Behring AG
• 15.3. Octapharma AG
• 15.4. Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
• 15.5. Baxalta Incorporated
• 15.6. Kedrion S.p.A.
• 15.7. LFB S.A.
• 15.8. Bio Products Laboratory Ltd.
• 15.9. Shanghai RAAS Blood Products Co., Ltd.
• 15.10. Haema AG

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer