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市场调查报告书
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1943668

咖啡烘焙机市场 - 全球产业规模、份额、趋势、机会及预测（按产品类型、最终用户、销售管道、地区和竞争格局划分，2021-2031年）

Coffee Roaster Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Product Type, By End User, By Sales Channel, By Region & Competition, 2021-2031F
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 180 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

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简介目录

全球咖啡烘焙机市场预计将从 2025 年的 5.6 亿美元成长到 2031 年的 8.3 亿美元，预测期内复合年增长率为 6.78%。

咖啡烘焙机是一种专门的工业设备，它利用热能改变生咖啡豆的物理和化学性质，将其转化为烘焙产品。推动咖啡市场成长的关键因素是全球对咖啡饮品的需求不断增长，以及特产咖啡产业的兴起，后者对加工流程的要求极高。根据国际咖啡组织（ICO）报告，预计到2024年，全球咖啡消费量将成长2.2%，达到1.77亿袋。这一趋势直接推动了成熟市场和新兴市场对烘焙基础设施扩建和商用设备购买的需求。

市场概览
预测期 2027-2031
市场规模：2025年 5.6亿美元
市场规模：2031年 8.3亿美元
复合年增长率：2026-2031年 6.78%
成长最快的细分市场 鼓
最大的市场 欧洲

然而，由于原材料成本和能源价格波动，该行业面临严峻的挑战。生咖啡豆价格的波动，加上烘焙过程所需的大量能源消耗，会严重影响经营者和製造商的利润率。这种经济上的不确定性往往导致企业不愿投资新设备，并限制了扩大烘焙业务的经济可行性，尤其是在价格敏感的地区。

市场驱动因素

专门食品和第三波咖啡市场的蓬勃发展是推动先进烘焙技术应用的主要动力。随着偏好对高品质和复杂风味的追求日益增长，烘焙商正投资于能够精确控制气流和温度曲线的设备。这种转变源自于消费习惯的演变。根据美国国家咖啡协会于2024年3月发布的《全国咖啡数据趋势》报告，美国成年人经常饮用专门食品咖啡的比例将达到13年来的最高点，为45%。对优质产品日益增长的需求，需要能够实现数据驱动的曲线管理和稳定的小批量生产的工业解决方案，以满足眼光独到的消费者严格的品质标准。

同时，全球独立咖啡馆和商业咖啡连锁店的扩张，对高产能工业烘焙系统的需求持续成长。大型业者正积极拓展业务版图，尤其是在发展中地区，这增加了对本地烘焙设施的需求，以最大限度地降低物流成本并确保咖啡新鲜度。星巴克在2023年11月发布的2023年度报告中，宣布该财年全球分店2327家门市，这就是这种扩张的象征。为了支持如此大规模的零售扩张和庞大的供应链，原材料分销仍然保持强劲。 2024年6月，美国农业部海外农业局预测，全球生咖啡出口量将增加360万袋，达到1.231亿袋，将直接影响全球烘焙产能的需求。

市场挑战

能源和原料成本的不确定性为全球咖啡烘焙市场带来了巨大的财务障碍。能源成本上涨，加上生豆价格波动，显着增加了烘焙设备的营运成本。这种情况加剧了经济的不确定性，迫使各地的烘焙商和製造商将资金用于满足眼前的营运需求，而不是进行长期的设备升级。因此，企业往往会推迟引进新的或更大的烘焙设备，优先考虑流动性而非尺度扩张。

近期原物料价格走势清楚反映了这些财务压力。根据国际咖啡组织（ICO）的预测，2024年9月ICO综合指数的平均价格预计将达到每磅258.90美分，这意味着咖啡业者的采购成本将大幅上升。高昂的原物料支出限制了可用于资本投资的自由资金。中小企业尤其容易受到这些成本压力的影响，在价格敏感地区，工业烘焙设备的采购量明显放缓。

市场趋势

随着营运商寻求遵守更严格的环境法规并实现供应链脱碳，向高效节能的电力和零排放技术的转型正在从根本上改变设备製造业。这一趋势包括以先进的电加热系统取代传统的燃气滚筒烘焙机，从而在生产环节消除范围 1 的排放。製造商正在开发能够减少咖啡生产碳足迹、同时提供精准控温且无需依赖石化燃料的设备。例如，Bellwether Coffee 在 2024 年 7 月发布的《2023 年影响报告》中指出，其电动烘焙机在 2023 年的运作中避免了超过 180 万磅的碳排放。

同时，人工智慧驱动的自动化烘焙曲线系统的引入，正透过机器学习演算法，帮助烘焙商提高劳动效率和烘焙一致性。这些智慧系统能够评估滚筒压力、咖啡豆水分含量和环境湿度等即时变量，并在烘焙过程中动态调节气流和燃烧器功率，从而最大限度地减少人工干预。这项技术进步使得在不同批次的咖啡豆上精确复製复杂的烘焙曲线成为可能。正如《每日咖啡新闻》2024年4月发表的题为「2024年SCA博览会上的新型专业烘焙设备」的报导所述，近期推出的Roest P3000烘焙机采用至少14个感测器组成的网络，将即时数据传输到集成的人工智慧系统，以自动执行精确的烘焙曲线。

目录

第一章概述

第二章调查方法

第三章执行摘要

第四章：客户评价

第五章 全球咖啡烘焙市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按金额
  • 市占率及预测
    • 依产品类型（滚筒式、热风式、炉灶式、其他）
    • 依最终用户（商用、住宅）划分
    • 依销售管道（超级市场/大卖场、专卖店、线上、其他）
    • 按地区
    • 按公司（2025 年）
  • 市场地图

第六章：北美咖啡烘焙市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 北美洲：国家分析
    • 我们
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第七章：欧洲咖啡烘焙市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 欧洲：国家分析
    • 德国
    • 法国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 西班牙

8. 亚太地区咖啡烘焙市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 亚太地区：国家分析
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韩国
    • 澳洲

第九章：中东与非洲咖啡烘焙市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 中东和非洲：国家分析
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 南非

第十章：南美咖啡烘焙市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 南美洲：国家分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥伦比亚
    • 阿根廷

第十一章 市场动态

  • 司机
  • 任务

第十二章 市场趋势与发展

  • 併购
  • 产品发布
  • 最新进展

第十三章 全球咖啡烘焙市场：SWOT分析

第十四章：波特五力分析

  • 产业竞争
  • 新进入者的可能性
  • 供应商电力
  • 顾客权力
  • 替代品的威胁

第十五章 竞争格局

  • Probat AG
  • Scolari Engineering SpA
  • Nestle
  • Coffee Holding
  • Giesen Coffee Roasters BV
  • Diedrich Manufacturing Inc.
  • Cia. Lilla de MAquinas Ind. e Com
  • Panasonic Corp.
  • Roaster & Roaster
  • US Roaster Corp

第十六章 策略建议

第十七章：关于研究公司及免责声明

简介目录
Product Code: 16377

The Global Coffee Roaster Market is projected to expand from USD 0.56 Billion in 2025 to USD 0.83 Billion by 2031, exhibiting a CAGR of 6.78% during the forecast period. Coffee roasters serve as specialized industrial machinery designed to convert green coffee beans into roasted products by applying thermal energy to modify their physical and chemical characteristics. The central catalyst for this market growth is the rising global appetite for coffee beverages, coupled with the flourishing specialty coffee industry which demands high-precision processing methods. As reported by the International Coffee Organization, global coffee consumption was anticipated to rise by 2.2% to 177.0 million bags in 2024, a trend that directly fuels the necessity for augmented roasting infrastructure and commercial equipment acquisition in both mature and developing markets.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2027-2031
Market Size 2025USD 0.56 Billion
Market Size 2031USD 0.83 Billion
CAGR 2026-20316.78%
Fastest Growing SegmentDrum
Largest MarketEurope

Conversely, the industry faces substantial hurdles stemming from the instability of raw material costs and energy prices. The erratic valuation of green coffee beans, paired with the significant energy expenditure needed for the thermal roasting process, can severely impact profit margins for operators and manufacturers. This economic uncertainty frequently instills hesitation regarding capital investments in new machinery and constrains the financial feasibility of scaling roasting operations, particularly within price-sensitive regions.

Market Driver

The robust growth of the specialty and third-wave coffee sectors serves as a major driver for the acquisition of advanced roasting technology. As consumer preferences increasingly favor artisanal quality and complex flavors, roasteries are required to invest in equipment that provides exacting control over airflow and temperature profiles. This shift is highlighted by changing habits; according to the National Coffee Association's 'National Coffee Data Trends' report from March 2024, daily specialty coffee consumption among adults in the U.S. hit a 13-year peak of 45%. Such heightened demand for premium offerings mandates industrial solutions capable of managing data-driven profiles and consistent small-batch processing to meet the rigorous quality standards of discerning consumers.

Concurrently, the worldwide proliferation of independent cafes and commercial coffee chains is generating consistent demand for high-capacity industrial roasting systems. Leading operators are aggressively broadening their reach, notably in developing areas, necessitating localized roasting facilities to minimize logistics costs and guarantee freshness. Highlighting this expansion, Starbucks Corporation revealed in its 'Fiscal 2023 Annual Report' from November 2023 that the company added a net total of 2,327 new stores globally during the fiscal year. To sustain such extensive retail growth and the wider supply chain, raw material flow remains strong; the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service forecast in June 2024 that global green bean exports would increase by 3.6 million bags to 123.1 million, indicating a direct requirement for enhanced roasting throughput worldwide.

Market Challenge

The unpredictability of energy prices and raw material costs constitutes a significant financial barrier for the Global Coffee Roaster Market. When the value of green coffee beans fluctuates erratically alongside escalating energy expenses, the operational costs for roasting facilities rise considerably. This situation fosters an environment of economic uncertainty, compelling local roasters and manufacturers to direct capital toward immediate operational necessities rather than long-term facility improvements, often leading to delays in procuring new or larger roasting machinery as businesses prioritize liquidity over physical expansion.

Recent pricing trends in the raw material sector illustrate this strain on financial resources. According to the International Coffee Organization, the ICO Composite Indicator Price averaged 258.90 US cents per pound in September 2024, indicating a steep increase in procurement costs for operators. Such substantial expenditure on vital raw materials restricts the discretionary funds available for capital investments. Small and medium-sized enterprises are especially susceptible to these cost pressures, resulting in a noticeable deceleration in the purchase of industrial roasting equipment within price-sensitive regions.

Market Trends

The shift toward High-Efficiency Electric and Zero-Emission Technologies is fundamentally transforming equipment manufacturing as operators aim to adhere to stricter environmental regulations and decarbonize supply chains. This trend entails substituting traditional gas-powered drum roasters with sophisticated electric thermal systems that eliminate Scope 1 emissions at the point of usage. Manufacturers are developing units that reduce the carbon footprint of coffee production while delivering precise heat application without depending on fossil fuels; for instance, Bellwether Coffee noted in its '2023 Impact Report' from July 2024 that its deployed fleet of electric roasters avoided over 1.8 million pounds of carbon emissions during the 2023 operational year.

Simultaneously, the integration of AI-Driven Automated Roast Profiling Systems is empowering roasteries to attain superior labor efficiency and consistency through machine learning algorithms. These smart systems evaluate real-time variables, such as drum pressure, bean moisture, and ambient humidity, to dynamically modify airflow and burner output during the roast cycle, thereby minimizing the need for manual intervention. This technological advancement enables the high-fidelity replication of complex roast curves across various batches; as reported by Daily Coffee News in the April 2024 article 'From the 2024 SCA Expo: New Professional Roasting Equipment', the recently launched Roest P3000 roaster employs a network of at least 14 sensors to transmit real-time data into an integrated AI system that automatically implements precise roast profiles.

Key Market Players

  • Probat AG
  • Scolari Engineering S.p.A.
  • Nestle
  • Coffee Holding
  • Giesen Coffee Roasters B.V.
  • Diedrich Manufacturing Inc.
  • Cia. Lilla de MAquinas Ind. e Com
  • Panasonic Corp.
  • Roaster & Roaster
  • US Roaster Corp

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Coffee Roaster Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Coffee Roaster Market, By Product Type

  • Drum
  • Hot Air
  • Stove Top
  • Others

Coffee Roaster Market, By End User

  • Commercial
  • Residential

Coffee Roaster Market, By Sales Channel

  • Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
  • Specialty Stores
  • Online
  • Others

Coffee Roaster Market, By Region

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Germany
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Coffee Roaster Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Coffee Roaster Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Coffee Roaster Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Product Type (Drum, Hot Air, Stove Top, Others)
    • 5.2.2. By End User (Commercial, Residential)
    • 5.2.3. By Sales Channel (Supermarkets/Hypermarkets, Specialty Stores, Online, Others)
    • 5.2.4. By Region
    • 5.2.5. By Company (2025)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Coffee Roaster Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Product Type
    • 6.2.2. By End User
    • 6.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 6.2.4. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By End User
        • 6.3.1.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 6.3.2. Canada Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By End User
        • 6.3.2.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By End User
        • 6.3.3.2.3. By Sales Channel

7. Europe Coffee Roaster Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Product Type
    • 7.2.2. By End User
    • 7.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 7.2.4. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By End User
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 7.3.2. France Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By End User
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By End User
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 7.3.4. Italy Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By End User
        • 7.3.4.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 7.3.5. Spain Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By End User
        • 7.3.5.2.3. By Sales Channel

8. Asia Pacific Coffee Roaster Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Product Type
    • 8.2.2. By End User
    • 8.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 8.2.4. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By End User
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 8.3.2. India Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By End User
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 8.3.3. Japan Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By End User
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By End User
        • 8.3.4.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 8.3.5. Australia Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By End User
        • 8.3.5.2.3. By Sales Channel

9. Middle East & Africa Coffee Roaster Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Product Type
    • 9.2.2. By End User
    • 9.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 9.2.4. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By End User
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 9.3.2. UAE Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By End User
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By End User
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By Sales Channel

10. South America Coffee Roaster Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Product Type
    • 10.2.2. By End User
    • 10.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 10.2.4. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By End User
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By End User
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By Sales Channel
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Coffee Roaster Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By End User
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By Sales Channel

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Coffee Roaster Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. Probat AG
    • 15.1.1. Business Overview
    • 15.1.2. Products & Services
    • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.2. Scolari Engineering S.p.A.
  • 15.3. Nestle
  • 15.4. Coffee Holding
  • 15.5. Giesen Coffee Roasters B.V.
  • 15.6. Diedrich Manufacturing Inc.
  • 15.7. Cia. Lilla de MAquinas Ind. e Com
  • 15.8. Panasonic Corp.
  • 15.9. Roaster & Roaster
  • 15.10. US Roaster Corp

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer