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市场调查报告书
商品编码
1945931

外部密封垫市场 - 全球产业规模、份额、趋势、机会及预测（按应用、类型、材料、地区和竞争格局划分，2021-2031年）

Facade Gasket Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Application, By Type, By Material, By Region & Competition, 2021-2031F
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 180 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

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简介目录

全球建筑幕墙密封垫市场预计将从 2025 年的 34.1 亿美元成长到 2031 年的 57.6 亿美元，复合年增长率为 9.13%。

这些专用密封组件通常由三元乙丙橡胶 (EPDM)、硅橡胶和热可塑性橡胶等材料製成，旨在保护建筑围护结构免受空气和水的渗透，同时也能抵抗热变形。这一市场成长的主要驱动力是全球快速的都市化和能源效率法规的严格执行。这些法律要求迫使开发商采用高性能密封解决方案，以减少热桥效应并确保符合法规要求，从而形成一种不受临时建筑设计趋势影响的根本需求。

市场概览
预测期 2027-2031
市场规模：2025年 34.1亿美元
市场规模：2031年 57.6亿美元
复合年增长率：2026-2031年 9.13%
成长最快的细分市场 商业
最大的市场 北美洲

同时，经济的不确定性和高利率给该行业带来了巨大的挑战，导致商业建筑活动萎缩。新计画开工量的下降直接限制了密封组件的需求量。例如，门窗玻璃产业联盟报告称，这些宏观经济逆风对关键建筑幕墙构件的需求产生了具体影响，预计到2024年，非住宅玻璃市场将下降3%。

市场驱动因素

全球建筑和基础设施产业的扩张是全球建筑幕墙密封条市场的主要驱动力，推动了商业和公共建筑对先进密封解决方案的需求。加速的都市化，尤其是在主要经济中心，促使人们对坚固耐用、耐候性强的建筑覆材提出更高的要求，进而直接带动了三元乙丙橡胶 (EPDM) 和硅酮密封条的消费。儘管面临普遍的经济挑战，但关键地区的成长动能依然强劲，确保了建筑幕墙组件的最低需求。根据美国建筑师协会 (AIA) 于 2024 年 7 月发布的《共识建筑预测》，受高层建筑计划持续涌现的推动，预计 2024 年美国非住宅建筑支出将增长超过 7%，这些项目需要高性能建筑幕墙系统来确保结构完整性和气密性。

同时，市场正受到日益增长的节能建筑围护结构需求和绿色建筑认证追求的强烈影响。严格的环境法规迫使开发商最大限度地减少热桥效应，使得高品质的密封垫成为满足LEED等永续性标准的关键。根据美国绿建筑委员会于2025年1月发布的《十大LEED认证州》报告，预计仅总合前十的州在2024年就将拥有1437个LEED认证计划，总占地面积超过4.14亿平方英尺。这种向永续建筑的转变正在推动对具有卓越隔热性能的特殊密封垫的需求。为了展现主要市场参与者在这些趋势下的韧性，西卡在其2025年2月发布的《2024年度报告》中指出，其美洲地区的销售额增长了11.2%，这主要得益于基础设施和商业建筑计划的推动。

市场挑战

目前，限制全球建筑幕墙密封条市场扩张的主要因素是经济不确定性和不断上涨的借贷成本。由于利率居高不下，资本密集商业开发案的资金筹措变得越来越困难，迫使房地产开发商延后或取消新建设计划。新计画的减少直接给建筑外墙构件供应商造成了瓶颈。由于建筑幕墙密封条的安装依赖于建筑结构和玻璃幕墙系统的实际施工，因此，儘管市场对节能解决方案的需求仍然存在，但施工进度的放缓会直接导緻密封件製造商的订单量下降。

近期行业数据显示，建筑业萎缩的严重程度可见一斑。欧洲建筑业联合会（Euroconstruct）预测，到2024年，19个欧洲国家的建筑总产值将下降2.4%。这一萎缩预示着建筑幕墙材料的潜在市场正在萎缩，因为建筑外墙面积正在减少。因此，製造商面临生产计划缩减和存货周转放缓的困境，因为高性能密封产品的消耗与商业建筑市场的健康状况密切相关。

市场趋势

模组化和预製建筑幕墙专用密封胶的开发正在从根本上改变密封行业的规格。随着施工方法从传统的现场施工转向异地製造，密封件製造商正在开发能够承受运输和吊装机械应力的耐用组件，同时实现快速即插即用的组装。这一趋势的驱动力源于建筑围护结构安装对更严格的公差和更快速度的需求，迫使製造商开发能够在工厂环境中与单元式面板无缝整合的型材。这项变革势头强劲；根据模组化建筑协会于2024年8月发布的《2024年度报告》，预计到2024年，美国模组化建筑市场规模将达到203亿美元，这表明这些专用预装密封组件拥有巨大的市场潜力。

同时，随着全球基础设施老化和日益严格的隔热性能法规的实施，适用于建筑维修的密封条设计需求不断增长。为了减少碳排放，业主们越来越多地选择蕴藏量维修而非彻底拆除建筑，这催生了对可安装在现有窗框系统上或内部的建筑幕墙维修密封条的特定需求。这些维修方案能够在最大限度减少干扰的情况下提高居住建筑的气密性，与主要的监管脱碳措施相契合。预计该细分市场将迎来大量资本投资。根据北欧银行2024年6月发布的报告《欧盟维修浪潮：维修企业的黄金机会》，要实现《建筑能源性能指令》(EPBD) 2030年的目标，累积投资额将达到约1.2万亿欧元，这将直接推动这些现代化计划所需的维修级密封产品的需求。

目录

第一章概述

第二章调查方法

第三章执行摘要

第四章：客户评价

第五章 全球外密封垫市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按金额
  • 市占率及预测
    • 按用途（住宅、商业、其他）
    • 按类型（E型垫片、楔形垫片、气泡垫片等）
    • 依材质（硅胶、橡胶等）分类
    • 按地区
    • 按公司（2025 年）
  • 市场地图

第六章 北美外密封垫市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 北美洲：国家分析
    • 我们
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第七章 欧洲外密封垫市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 欧洲：国家分析
    • 德国
    • 法国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 西班牙

8. 亚太地区外密封垫市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 亚太地区：国家分析
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韩国
    • 澳洲

9. 中东和非洲外密封垫市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 中东和非洲：国家分析
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 南非

第十章 南美洲外密封垫市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 南美洲：国家分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥伦比亚
    • 阿根廷

第十一章 市场动态

  • 司机
  • 任务

第十二章 市场趋势与发展

  • 併购
  • 产品发布
  • 最新进展

第十三章 全球外密封垫市场：SWOT分析

第十四章：波特五力分析

  • 产业竞争
  • 新进入者的可能性
  • 供应商电力
  • 顾客权力
  • 替代品的威胁

第十五章 竞争格局

  • Trelleborg AB
  • John Crane
  • Flexitallic Group
  • Gates Corporation
  • Guarnitec SRL
  • AB SKF
  • Federal-Mogul Corporation
  • Freudenberg Sealing Technologies GmbH & Co. KG
  • Parker Hannifin Corporation
  • ElringKlinger AG

第十六章 策略建议

第十七章：关于研究公司及免责声明

简介目录
Product Code: 15974

The Global Facade Gasket Market is projected to expand from USD 3.41 Billion in 2025 to USD 5.76 Billion by 2031, reflecting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.13%. These specialized sealing components, typically crafted from materials such as EPDM, silicone, or thermoplastic elastomers, are engineered to protect building envelopes against air and water penetration while allowing for thermal movement. This market growth is primarily sustained by the rapid pace of global urbanization and the strict enforcement of energy efficiency mandates. Such statutory requirements oblige developers to implement high-performance sealing solutions to reduce thermal bridging and ensure compliance, creating a fundamental demand that exists independently of fleeting architectural design trends.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2027-2031
Market Size 2025USD 3.41 Billion
Market Size 2031USD 5.76 Billion
CAGR 2026-20319.13%
Fastest Growing SegmentCommercial
Largest MarketNorth America

Conversely, the industry confronts a significant hurdle stemming from economic instability and high borrowing costs, which have triggered a contraction in commercial construction activities. This decline in new project starts directly restricts the volume of sealing components required. Illustrating the tangible effects of these macroeconomic headwinds on the demand for essential facade elements, the Fenestration and Glazing Industry Alliance reported that the non-residential glazing market decreased by 3 percent in 2024.

Market Driver

The broadening of the global construction and infrastructure sectors serves as a major catalyst for the Global Facade Gasket Market, driving the demand for advanced sealing solutions in commercial and institutional developments. As urbanization accelerates, particularly in key economic hubs, the need for robust, weather-resistant building envelopes intensifies, directly boosting the consumption of EPDM and silicone gaskets. Despite broader economic challenges, this growth trajectory remains positive in crucial regions, ensuring a baseline volume for facade components. According to the American Institute of Architects' "Consensus Construction Forecast" from July 2024, spending on nonresidential buildings in the United States is projected to rise by over 7 percent in 2024, ensuring a continuous stream of vertical construction projects that require high-performance facade systems for structural integrity and air-tightness.

Simultaneously, the market is heavily influenced by the growing demand for energy-efficient building envelopes and the pursuit of green building certifications. Stringent environmental regulations are compelling developers to minimize thermal bridging, making premium gaskets essential for meeting sustainability standards such as LEED. As noted by the U.S. Green Building Council in its "Top 10 States for LEED" report from January 2025, the top ten states alone certified a total of 1,437 LEED projects in 2024, covering over 414 million gross square feet. This shift toward sustainable architecture strengthens the market for specialized gaskets that offer superior thermal insulation. Highlighting the resilience of key market players amidst these trends, Sika reported an 11.2 percent sales increase in the Americas region in its "Annual Report 2024" released in February 2025, driven largely by infrastructure and commercial construction projects.

Market Challenge

Economic instability and elevated borrowing costs currently act as the primary restraints on the expansion of the global facade gasket market. With interest rates remaining high, financing capital-intensive commercial developments has become increasingly prohibitive, forcing property developers to delay or cancel new construction projects. This reduction in project initiations creates an immediate bottleneck for suppliers of building envelope components. Since the installation of facade gaskets relies on the physical erection of structures and glazing systems, any slowdown in the construction pipeline directly results in reduced order volumes for sealing manufacturers, regardless of the underlying demand for energy-efficient solutions.

The severity of this sectoral contraction is confirmed by recent industry data. According to Euroconstruct, total construction output across 19 European countries was projected to decline by 2.4 percent in 2024. This contraction indicates a shrinking addressable market for facade materials, as fewer square meters of building envelope are being commissioned. Consequently, manufacturers face reduced production schedules and lower inventory turnover, as the consumption of high-performance sealing products remains inextricably linked to the overall health of the commercial building economy.

Market Trends

The development of specialized seals for modular and prefabricated facades is fundamentally reshaping product specifications within the sealing industry. As construction methodologies shift from traditional site-built processes to offsite manufacturing, gasket producers are engineering high-durability components designed to withstand the mechanical stresses of transportation and hoisting while facilitating rapid, plug-and-play assembly. This trend is driven by the need for tighter tolerances and speed in building envelope installation, requiring manufacturers to create profiles that integrate seamlessly with unitized panels in a factory setting. The momentum of this shift is significant; according to the Modular Building Institute's "2024 Annual Reports" from August 2024, the U.S. modular construction market volume reached 20.3 billion dollars in 2024, signaling robust expansion in the addressable market for these specialized pre-installed sealing components.

Simultaneously, the rise of retrofit-compatible gasket designs for building renovation is emerging as a critical response to aging global infrastructure and strict thermal performance mandates. Property owners are increasingly choosing facade upgrades over complete demolitions to lower embodied carbon, creating specific demand for renovation-friendly sealing profiles that can be installed over or within existing fenestration systems. These retrofitting solutions allow for the enhancement of air and water tightness in occupied buildings with minimal disruption, aligning with major regulatory decarbonization efforts. This market segment is set for massive capital investment; according to Nordea's June 2024 report, "EU Renovation Wave: A golden opportunity for renovation companies," meeting the 2030 targets of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive will require cumulative investments of approximately 1.2 trillion euros, directly supporting the volume of retrofit-grade sealing products needed for these modernization projects.

Key Market Players

  • Trelleborg AB
  • John Crane
  • Flexitallic Group
  • Gates Corporation
  • Guarnitec SRL
  • AB SKF
  • Federal-Mogul Corporation
  • Freudenberg Sealing Technologies GmbH & Co. KG
  • Parker Hannifin Corporation
  • ElringKlinger AG

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Facade Gasket Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Facade Gasket Market, By Application

  • Residential
  • Commercial
  • Others

Facade Gasket Market, By Type

  • E-Gaskets
  • Wedge Gaskets
  • Bubble Gaskets
  • Others

Facade Gasket Market, By Material

  • Silicone
  • Rubber
  • Others

Facade Gasket Market, By Region

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Germany
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Facade Gasket Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Facade Gasket Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Facade Gasket Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Application (Residential, Commercial, Others)
    • 5.2.2. By Type (E-Gaskets, Wedge Gaskets, Bubble Gaskets, Others)
    • 5.2.3. By Material (Silicone, Rubber, Others)
    • 5.2.4. By Region
    • 5.2.5. By Company (2025)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Facade Gasket Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Application
    • 6.2.2. By Type
    • 6.2.3. By Material
    • 6.2.4. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Application
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Type
        • 6.3.1.2.3. By Material
    • 6.3.2. Canada Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Application
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Type
        • 6.3.2.2.3. By Material
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Application
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Type
        • 6.3.3.2.3. By Material

7. Europe Facade Gasket Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Application
    • 7.2.2. By Type
    • 7.2.3. By Material
    • 7.2.4. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Application
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Type
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By Material
    • 7.3.2. France Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Application
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Type
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By Material
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Application
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Type
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By Material
    • 7.3.4. Italy Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Application
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Type
        • 7.3.4.2.3. By Material
    • 7.3.5. Spain Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Application
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Type
        • 7.3.5.2.3. By Material

8. Asia Pacific Facade Gasket Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Application
    • 8.2.2. By Type
    • 8.2.3. By Material
    • 8.2.4. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Application
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Type
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By Material
    • 8.3.2. India Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Application
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Type
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By Material
    • 8.3.3. Japan Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Application
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Type
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By Material
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Application
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Type
        • 8.3.4.2.3. By Material
    • 8.3.5. Australia Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Application
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Type
        • 8.3.5.2.3. By Material

9. Middle East & Africa Facade Gasket Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Application
    • 9.2.2. By Type
    • 9.2.3. By Material
    • 9.2.4. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Application
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Type
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By Material
    • 9.3.2. UAE Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Application
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Type
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By Material
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Application
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Type
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By Material

10. South America Facade Gasket Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Application
    • 10.2.2. By Type
    • 10.2.3. By Material
    • 10.2.4. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Application
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Type
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By Material
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Application
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Type
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By Material
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Facade Gasket Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Application
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Type
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By Material

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Facade Gasket Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. Trelleborg AB
    • 15.1.1. Business Overview
    • 15.1.2. Products & Services
    • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.2. John Crane
  • 15.3. Flexitallic Group
  • 15.4. Gates Corporation
  • 15.5. Guarnitec SRL
  • 15.6. AB SKF
  • 15.7. Federal-Mogul Corporation
  • 15.8. Freudenberg Sealing Technologies GmbH & Co. KG
  • 15.9. Parker Hannifin Corporation
  • 15.10. ElringKlinger AG

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer