3D影像市场－全球产业规模、份额、趋势、机会、预测：按组件、组织、部署模式、应用、地区和竞争格局划分，2021-2031年

全球 3D 成像市场预计将从 2025 年的 354.5 亿美元大幅成长至 2031 年的 897.3 亿美元，复合年增长率为 16.74%。

三维成像技术是一种能够捕捉物体和环境的深度、宽度和高度，从而建立精确三维数位模型的技术。推动这项技术发展的关键因素包括工业自动化领域日益增长的需求，在工业自动化领域，深度感知对于品质检测和机器人导航至关重要；以及医疗领域，在手术导引和高级诊断视觉化方面，对三维成像技术的依赖性也在不断增强。此外，汽车产业也为这一发展做出了贡献，因为可靠的成像技术对于确保车辆安全和实现高级驾驶辅助系统至关重要。

然而，市场面临许多障碍，包括高昂的实施和维护成本，这阻碍了中小企业采用复杂的系统。经济的不确定性进一步抑制了资本投资，并使市场更容易受到更广泛的金融趋势的影响。例如，根据德国机械设备製造业联合会（VDMA）机器视觉小组的预测，到2024年，欧洲机器视觉产业的名目销售额预计将下降10%，这主要是由于製造业订单的减少。这些数据凸显了金融障碍和工业支出波动如何减缓3D影像解决方案的普及。

市场驱动因素

智慧型手机和穿戴式装置对3D感测技术的应用是市场成长的主要驱动力，这主要源自于扩增实境（AR）对精确深度映射和脸部认证的需求。製造商正越来越多地将结构光（结构照明）和飞行时间（ToF）感测器整合到行动装置中，以提高影像品质并实现身临其境型使用者体验，从而将消费性电子产品转变为强大的扫描工具。主要供应商的财务表现也印证了这项需求。根据Sony Corporation于2025年6月发布的“截至2025年3月的财年财务业绩”，其影像与感测解决方案业务的销售额达到1.799万亿日元，充分展现了移动成像技术的巨大商业规模。

同时，汽车产业正透过快速采用光达（LiDAR）和3D感测器重塑市场格局，这些技术对于高阶驾驶辅助系统（ADAS）中的障碍物侦测至关重要。汽车製造商正积极扩大高解析度感测器的部署，以满足L3和L4级自动驾驶的安全要求，这项技术也正从测试阶段迈向量产阶段。从和赛科技于2025年3月发布的《2024年第四季及全年财务业绩》中可以看出，该公司2024年的雷射雷达出货量超过50万台。此外，意法半导体于2025年1月发布的《2024年第四季及全年财务业绩》显示，该公司全年净销售额达到132.7亿美元，反映出支撑这些高成长产业的半导体市场规模庞大。

市场挑战

全球3D成像市场成长的主要障碍在于这些先进系统的部署和持续维护成本高。中小企业往往难以负担高精度深度感测器及必要配套基础设施所需的大量前期资本支出。此外，维护这些系统还需要专业技术知识，这进一步加剧了资金壁垒。这不仅增加了营运成本，延长了投资回收期，实际上也排除了相当一部分潜在客户。

在经济不确定时期，工业预算紧缩，这种对资本成本的敏感度特别显着。由于3D成像通常与工业机器人结合使用以实现自动化，机器人产业的萎缩会直接影响对成像解决方案的需求。例如，根据自动化促进协会（AAA）的数据，2024年上半年北美地区的机器人订单下降了7.9%。这是由于製造商因经济逆风而推迟了重大投资。资本设备订单的下降表明，资金限制和高昂的实施成本正在直接阻碍3D成像技术的广泛应用。

市场趋势

3D影像处理向云端平台的转变正在改变空间资料的使用方式，并促进了大规模数位双胞胎的创建。透过将处理任务从本地硬体转移到云端，企业可以管理大规模体资料集，并改善设施管理和施工中的远端协作。这种转变实现了实体资产的大规模虚拟化，有效地扩展了企业用户存取精确3D模型的机会。这一趋势的规模庞大；根据Matterport公司2024年11月发布的2024年第三季财报，该平台管理的面积达473亿平方英尺，年增34%。

此外，人工智慧和深度学习的融合正透过自动化影像分析，从原始数据中产生可操作的工业洞察。先进的演算法被用于解读复杂的点云数据，执行语义理解和缺陷检测等任务，从而显着降低设计和製造工作流程中对人工检查的依赖。这种对智慧视觉化的需求正在推动对即时渲染和模拟所需运算基础设施的投资。 NVIDIA 于 2024 年 11 月发布的 2025 财年第三季财报印证了这一成长趋势，该财报显示，其专业视觉化业务部门（支援工业人工智慧数位双胞胎工作流程）的营收为 4.86 亿美元（年成长 17%）。

目录

第一章概述

第二章：调查方法

第三章执行摘要

第四章：客户心声

第五章：全球3D成像市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
  • 按金额
• 市占率及预测
  • 按组件（软体、硬体、服务）
  • 依组织形式（大型公司、中小企业）
  • 依部署方式（本机部署、云端部署）
  • 依应用领域（布局/动画、影像重建、3D建模、3D扫描、3D渲染等）
  • 按地区
  • 按公司（2025 年）
• 市场地图

第六章：北美3D成像市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 北美洲：国别分析
  • 我们
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥

第七章：欧洲3D成像市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 欧洲：国别分析
  • 德国
  • 法国
  • 英国
  • 义大利
  • 西班牙

第八章：亚太地区3D影像市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 亚太地区：国别分析
  • 中国
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 韩国
  • 澳洲

第九章：中东和非洲3D成像市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 中东与非洲：国别分析
  • 沙乌地阿拉伯
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
  • 南非

第十章：南美洲三维成像市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 南美洲：国别分析
  • 巴西
  • 哥伦比亚
  • 阿根廷

第十一章 市场动态

• 促进因素
• 任务

第十二章 市场趋势与发展

• 併购
• 产品发布
• 近期趋势

第十三章 全球3D影像市场：SWOT分析

第十四章：波特五力分析

• 产业竞争
• 新进入者的潜力
• 供应商的议价能力
• 顾客权力
• 替代品的威胁

第十五章 竞争格局

• Canon Inc.
• 3D Systems Corporation
• Leica Geosystems AG
• Hexagon AB
• FARO Technologies, Inc.
• Keysight Technologies, Inc.
• Nikon Corporation
• Topcon Corporation
• Siemens AG
• Bruker Corporation

第十六章 策略建议

第十七章：关于研究公司及免责声明

The Global 3D Imaging Market is projected to expand significantly, growing from USD 35.45 Billion in 2025 to USD 89.73 Billion by 2031, representing a CAGR of 16.74%. 3D imaging technology involves capturing the depth, width, and height of objects or environments to build accurate three-dimensional digital representations. Key drivers of this growth include the rising demand for industrial automation, where depth sensing is essential for quality inspection and robotic guidance, and the healthcare sector, which increasingly relies on these tools for surgical navigation and advanced diagnostic visualization. Additionally, the automotive industry contributes to this expansion, as the implementation of advanced driver-assistance systems necessitates reliable imaging to ensure vehicle safety and autonomy.

However, the market faces a substantial obstacle in the form of high deployment and maintenance costs, which frequently deter small and medium-sized enterprises from adopting these complex systems. Economic instability can further constrain capital investment, making the market sensitive to broader financial trends. For example, according to the VDMA Machine Vision sector group, the European machine vision industry was anticipated to see a 10 percent decline in nominal sales in 2024, driven largely by reduced orders from the manufacturing sector. This data highlights how financial barriers and fluctuations in industrial spending can delay the widespread implementation of 3D imaging solutions.

Market Driver

The incorporation of 3D sensing into smartphones and wearables serves as a major engine for market growth, fueled by the necessity for precise depth mapping in augmented reality and facial authentication. Manufacturers are increasingly embedding structured light and Time-of-Flight sensors into mobile devices to improve photography and enable immersive user experiences, effectively turning consumer electronics into powerful scanning tools. This demand is evident in the financial results of leading suppliers; according to Sony Group Corporation, June 2025, in the 'Financial Statements for the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2025', the Imaging & Sensing Solutions segment recorded sales of 1.799 trillion yen, demonstrating the massive commercial scale of mobile-focused imaging technologies.

Concurrently, the automotive industry is reshaping the market through the rapid adoption of LiDAR and 3D sensors, which are indispensable for obstacle detection in Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS). OEMs are aggressively scaling high-resolution sensor deployment to satisfy safety requirements for Level 3 and Level 4 autonomy, transitioning the technology from testing phases to mass production. This industrial scaling is highlighted by Hesai Technology, March 2025, in the 'Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2024 Financial Results', which noted shipments of over 500,000 LiDAR units in 2024. Furthermore, according to STMicroelectronics, January 2025, in the 'Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2024 Financial Results', the company achieved full-year net revenues of 13.27 billion dollars, reflecting the vast scope of the semiconductor market underpinning these high-growth verticals.

Market Challenge

A primary impediment to the growth of the Global 3D Imaging Market is the prohibitive cost associated with the installation and ongoing maintenance of these sophisticated systems. Small and medium-sized enterprises often struggle to justify the heavy initial capital expenditure required for high-precision depth sensors and the necessary supporting infrastructure. This financial barrier is exacerbated by the need for specialized technical expertise to maintain the systems, which inflates operational expenses and prolongs the return on investment timeline, effectively excluding a large segment of the potential customer base.

This sensitivity to capital costs is particularly damaging during periods of economic uncertainty when industrial budgets are tightened. Because 3D imaging is frequently paired with industrial robotics for automation, any contraction in the robotics sector directly impacts the demand for imaging solutions. For instance, according to the Association for Advancing Automation, North American robot orders declined by 7.9 percent in the first half of 2024 as manufacturers postponed major investments due to economic headwinds. This reduction in capital equipment orders illustrates how financial constraints and high implementation costs directly stall the broader adoption of 3D imaging technologies.

Market Trends

The migration toward cloud-based platforms for 3D image processing is transforming how spatial data is utilized by facilitating the creation of extensive digital twins. By shifting processing tasks from local hardware to the cloud, organizations can manage massive volumetric datasets and improve remote collaboration within facility management and construction sectors. This shift allows for the large-scale virtualization of physical assets, effectively democratizing access to precise 3D models for enterprise users. The magnitude of this trend is significant; according to Matterport, Inc., November 2024, in the 'Third Quarter 2024 Financial Results', the platform managed 47.3 billion square feet of space, marking a 34 percent year-over-year increase.

Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence and deep learning is converting raw depth data into actionable industrial insights through automated image analysis. Advanced algorithms are increasingly deployed to interpret complex point clouds for tasks such as semantic understanding and defect detection, significantly reducing the reliance on manual inspections in design and manufacturing workflows. This demand for intelligent visualization is spurring investment in the computing infrastructure necessary for real-time rendering and simulation. This growth is evidenced by NVIDIA, November 2024, in the 'Q3 Fiscal 2025 Financial Results', where the Professional Visualization segment, supporting industrial AI and digital twin workflows, reported revenue of 486 million dollars, a 17 percent increase from the previous year.

Key Market Players

• Canon Inc.
• 3D Systems Corporation
• Leica Geosystems AG
• Hexagon AB
• FARO Technologies, Inc.
• Keysight Technologies, Inc.
• Nikon Corporation
• Topcon Corporation
• Siemens AG
• Bruker Corporation

Report Scope

In this report, the Global 3D Imaging Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

3D Imaging Market, By Component

• Software
• Hardware
• Services

3D Imaging Market, By Organization

• Large Enterprises
• Small & Medium-sized Enterprises

3D Imaging Market, By Deployment Mode

• On-premise
• Cloud

3D Imaging Market, By Application

• Layout & Animation
• Image Reconstruction
• 3D Modelling
• 3D Scanning
• 3D Rendering
• Others

3D Imaging Market, By Region

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • Spain
• Asia Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • South Korea
• South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
• Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global 3D Imaging Market.

Available Customizations:

Global 3D Imaging Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

• 1.1. Market Definition
• 1.2. Scope of the Market
  • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
  • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
  • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

• 2.1. Objective of the Study
• 2.2. Baseline Methodology
• 2.3. Key Industry Partners
• 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
• 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
• 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
• 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

• 3.1. Overview of the Market
• 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
• 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
• 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
• 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global 3D Imaging Market Outlook

• 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 5.1.1. By Value
• 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 5.2.1. By Component (Software, Hardware, Services)
  • 5.2.2. By Organization (Large Enterprises, Small & Medium-sized Enterprises)
  • 5.2.3. By Deployment Mode (On-premise, Cloud)
  • 5.2.4. By Application (Layout & Animation, Image Reconstruction, 3D Modelling, 3D Scanning, 3D Rendering, Others)
  • 5.2.5. By Region
  • 5.2.6. By Company (2025)
• 5.3. Market Map

6. North America 3D Imaging Market Outlook

• 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 6.1.1. By Value
• 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 6.2.1. By Component
  • 6.2.2. By Organization
  • 6.2.3. By Deployment Mode
  • 6.2.4. By Application
  • 6.2.5. By Country
• 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
  • 6.3.1. United States 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.2.1. By Component
      • 6.3.1.2.2. By Organization
      • 6.3.1.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 6.3.1.2.4. By Application
  • 6.3.2. Canada 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.2.1. By Component
      • 6.3.2.2.2. By Organization
      • 6.3.2.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 6.3.2.2.4. By Application
  • 6.3.3. Mexico 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.2.1. By Component
      • 6.3.3.2.2. By Organization
      • 6.3.3.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 6.3.3.2.4. By Application

7. Europe 3D Imaging Market Outlook

• 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 7.1.1. By Value
• 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 7.2.1. By Component
  • 7.2.2. By Organization
  • 7.2.3. By Deployment Mode
  • 7.2.4. By Application
  • 7.2.5. By Country
• 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
  • 7.3.1. Germany 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.2.1. By Component
      • 7.3.1.2.2. By Organization
      • 7.3.1.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 7.3.1.2.4. By Application
  • 7.3.2. France 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.2.1. By Component
      • 7.3.2.2.2. By Organization
      • 7.3.2.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 7.3.2.2.4. By Application
  • 7.3.3. United Kingdom 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.2.1. By Component
      • 7.3.3.2.2. By Organization
      • 7.3.3.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 7.3.3.2.4. By Application
  • 7.3.4. Italy 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.2.1. By Component
      • 7.3.4.2.2. By Organization
      • 7.3.4.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 7.3.4.2.4. By Application
  • 7.3.5. Spain 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.2.1. By Component
      • 7.3.5.2.2. By Organization
      • 7.3.5.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 7.3.5.2.4. By Application

8. Asia Pacific 3D Imaging Market Outlook

• 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 8.1.1. By Value
• 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 8.2.1. By Component
  • 8.2.2. By Organization
  • 8.2.3. By Deployment Mode
  • 8.2.4. By Application
  • 8.2.5. By Country
• 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
  • 8.3.1. China 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.2.1. By Component
      • 8.3.1.2.2. By Organization
      • 8.3.1.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 8.3.1.2.4. By Application
  • 8.3.2. India 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.2.1. By Component
      • 8.3.2.2.2. By Organization
      • 8.3.2.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 8.3.2.2.4. By Application
  • 8.3.3. Japan 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.2.1. By Component
      • 8.3.3.2.2. By Organization
      • 8.3.3.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 8.3.3.2.4. By Application
  • 8.3.4. South Korea 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.2.1. By Component
      • 8.3.4.2.2. By Organization
      • 8.3.4.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 8.3.4.2.4. By Application
  • 8.3.5. Australia 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.2.1. By Component
      • 8.3.5.2.2. By Organization
      • 8.3.5.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 8.3.5.2.4. By Application

9. Middle East & Africa 3D Imaging Market Outlook

• 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 9.1.1. By Value
• 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 9.2.1. By Component
  • 9.2.2. By Organization
  • 9.2.3. By Deployment Mode
  • 9.2.4. By Application
  • 9.2.5. By Country
• 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
  • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.2.1. By Component
      • 9.3.1.2.2. By Organization
      • 9.3.1.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 9.3.1.2.4. By Application
  • 9.3.2. UAE 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.2.1. By Component
      • 9.3.2.2.2. By Organization
      • 9.3.2.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 9.3.2.2.4. By Application
  • 9.3.3. South Africa 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.2.1. By Component
      • 9.3.3.2.2. By Organization
      • 9.3.3.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 9.3.3.2.4. By Application

10. South America 3D Imaging Market Outlook

• 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 10.1.1. By Value
• 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 10.2.1. By Component
  • 10.2.2. By Organization
  • 10.2.3. By Deployment Mode
  • 10.2.4. By Application
  • 10.2.5. By Country
• 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
  • 10.3.1. Brazil 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.2.1. By Component
      • 10.3.1.2.2. By Organization
      • 10.3.1.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 10.3.1.2.4. By Application
  • 10.3.2. Colombia 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.2.1. By Component
      • 10.3.2.2.2. By Organization
      • 10.3.2.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 10.3.2.2.4. By Application
  • 10.3.3. Argentina 3D Imaging Market Outlook
    • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.2.1. By Component
      • 10.3.3.2.2. By Organization
      • 10.3.3.2.3. By Deployment Mode
      • 10.3.3.2.4. By Application

11. Market Dynamics

• 11.1. Drivers
• 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

• 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
• 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
• 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global 3D Imaging Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

• 14.1. Competition in the Industry
• 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
• 14.3. Power of Suppliers
• 14.4. Power of Customers
• 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

• 15.1. Canon Inc.
  • 15.1.1. Business Overview
  • 15.1.2. Products & Services
  • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
  • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
  • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
• 15.2. 3D Systems Corporation
• 15.3. Leica Geosystems AG
• 15.4. Hexagon AB
• 15.5. FARO Technologies, Inc.
• 15.6. Keysight Technologies, Inc.
• 15.7. Nikon Corporation
• 15.8. Topcon Corporation
• 15.9. Siemens AG
• 15.10. Bruker Corporation

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer