封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1542533

全球催化剂载体市场研究报告 - 2024 年至 2032 年产业分析、规模、份额、成长、趋势和预测

Global Catalyst Carrier Market Research Report - Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2024 to 2032

出版日期: | 出版商: Value Market Research | 英文 182 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2个工作天内

价格

全球催化剂载体市场需求预计将从2023年的5.0818亿美元达到2032年的近10.4241亿美元,2024-2032年研究期间的复合年增长率为8.31%。

催化剂载体通常由多孔材料製成,例如陶瓷或金属,其可容纳大量催化剂并允许反应物与其接触。它们是化学加工中的重要工具,因为它们可以帮助减少反应所需的能量,减少产生的废物量,并提高所需产品的产量。催化剂载体可用于多种应用,包括环境修復、能源生产以及化学品和药品的製造。

市场动态

市场成长背后的主要原因之一是它们可以帮助提高化学反应的效率,从而减少反应所需的能量和产生的废物量。这可以节省成本并带来环境效益。此外,它们可用于支持多种催化剂,包括由铂等贵金属製成的催化剂,这些催化剂价格昂贵且稀缺,可能会推动市场成长。最后,开发用于合成和表征催化剂载体的新材料和技术使得创建针对特定反应和应用进行最佳化的客製化载体成为可能。这导致其在各种行业中的使用增加。

研究报告涵盖波特五力模型、市场吸引力分析和价值链分析。这些工具有助于清晰地了解行业结构并评估全球范围内的竞争吸引力。此外,这些工具也对 Catalyst Carrier 全球市场的各个细分市场进行了包容性评估。催化剂载体产业的成长和趋势为本研究提供了整体方法。

市场区隔

Catalyst Carrier 市场报告的这一部分提供了有关国家和区域级别细分市场的详细资料,从而帮助策略师确定相应产品或服务的目标人口统计数据以及即将到来的机会。

按类型

  • 碳基
  • 氧化物
  • 氧化锆
  • 其他类型

按最终用途

  • 石油和天然气
  • 化学製造
  • 石化产品
  • 汽车
  • 其他最终用途

区域分析

本节涵盖区域前景,重点介绍北美、欧洲、亚太地区、拉丁美洲以及中东和非洲催化剂载体市场当前和未来的需求。此外,该报告重点关注所有主要地区各个应用领域的需求、估计和预测。

该研究报告还涵盖了市场主要参与者的全面概况以及对全球竞争格局的深入了解。催化剂载体市场的主要参与者包括科莱恩、卡博特公司、圣戈班集团、Noritake CO. Limited、CeramTec GmbH、Almatis BV、CoorsTek Inc.、Sasol Limited、Petrogas International、Calgon Carbon Corporation、Ultramet、Sinocata、JGC C&C 、 Devson 催化剂、Porocel、C&CS。本节包含竞争格局的整体视图,包括各种策略发展,例如关键併购、未来产能、合作伙伴关係、财务概况、合作、新产品开发、新产品发布和其他发展。

如果您有任何客製化要求,请写信给我们。我们的研究团队可以根据您的需求提供客製化报告。

目录

第一章:前言

  • 报告说明
    • 客观的
    • 目标受众
    • 独特的销售主张 (USP) 和产品
  • 研究范围
  • 研究方法
    • 市场研究过程
    • 市场研究方法论

第 2 章:执行摘要

  • 市集亮点
  • 全球市场概况

第 3 章:催化剂载体 - 产业分析

  • 简介 - 市场动态
  • 市场驱动因素
  • 市场限制
  • 机会
  • 产业动态
  • 波特五力分析
  • 市场吸引力分析
    • 按类型分類的市场吸引力分析
    • 按最终用途分類的市场吸引力分析
    • 市场吸引力分析:按地区

第 4 章:价值链分析

  • 价值链分析
  • 原料分析
    • 原料清单
    • 原料厂商清单
    • 主要原物料价格走势
  • 潜在买家名单
  • 行销管道
    • 直效行销
    • 间接行销
    • 行销通路发展趋势

第 5 章:全球催化剂载体市场分析:按类型

  • 按类型概述
  • 按类型分析历史和预测数据
  • 碳基
  • 氧化物
  • 氧化锆
  • 其他类型

第 6 章:全球催化剂载体市场分析:依最终用途分类

  • 按最终用途分类的概述
  • 按最终用途进行历史和预测资料分析
  • 石油和天然气
  • 化学製造
  • 石化产品
  • 汽车
  • 其他最终用途

第 7 章:全球催化剂载体市场分析:依地理位置

  • 区域展望
  • 介绍
  • 北美销售分析
    • 概览、历史与预测资料销售分析
    • 北美按细分市场销售分析
    • 北美按国家销售分析
    • 美国销售分析
    • 加拿大销售分析
    • 墨西哥销售分析
  • 欧洲销售分析
    • 概览、历史与预测资料销售分析
    • 欧洲按细分市场销售分析
    • 欧洲按国家销售分析
    • 英国销售分析
    • 法国销售分析
    • 德国销售分析
    • 义大利销售分析
    • 俄罗斯销售分析
    • 欧洲其他地区销售分析
  • 亚太地区销售分析
    • 概览、历史与预测资料销售分析
    • 亚太地区按细分市场销售分析
    • 亚太地区按国家销售分析
    • 中国销售分析
    • 印度销售分析
    • 日本销售分析
    • 韩国销售分析
    • 澳洲销售分析
    • 东南亚销售分析
    • 亚太地区其他地区销售分析
  • 拉丁美洲销售分析
    • 概览、历史与预测资料销售分析
    • 拉丁美洲按细分市场销售分析
    • 拉丁美洲按国家销售分析
    • 巴西销售分析
    • 阿根廷销售分析
    • 秘鲁销售分析
    • 智利销售分析
    • 拉丁美洲其他地区销售分析
  • 中东和非洲销售分析
    • 概览、历史与预测资料销售分析
    • 中东和非洲按细分市场销售分析
    • 中东和非洲按国家销售分析
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯销售分析
    • 阿联酋销售分析
    • 以色列销售分析
    • 南非销售分析
    • 中东其他地区和非洲销售分析

第 8 章:催化剂载体公司的竞争格局

  • 催化剂载体市场竞争
  • 伙伴关係/协作/协议
  • 併购
  • 新产品发布
  • 其他发展

第 9 章:公司简介

  • 顶级公司市占率分析
  • 市场集中度
  • Clariant
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • Cabot Corporation
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • Saint Gobain Group
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • Noritake CO. Limited
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • CeramTec GmbH
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • Almatis BV
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • CoorsTek Inc.
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • Sasol Limited
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • Petrogas International
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • Calgon Carbon Corporation
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • Ultramet
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • Sinocata
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • JGC C&C
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • Devson Catalyst
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • Porocel
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态
  • C&CS
    • 公司概况
    • 公司收入
    • 产品
    • 最新动态

註 - 在公司概况中,财务详细资讯和最新发展视情况而定,或对私人公司而言可能不包括在内

Product Code: VMR112110025

The global demand for Catalyst Carrier Market is presumed to reach the market size of nearly USD 1042.41 Million by 2032 from USD 508.18 Million in 2023 with a CAGR of 8.31% under the study period 2024-2032.

Catalyst carriers are typically made of a porous material, such as a ceramic or metal, that can hold a large amount of catalyst and allow the reactants to come into contact with it. They are an important tool in chemical processing because they can help to reduce the amount of energy required for a reaction, reduce the amount of waste produced, and increase the yield of the desired product. Catalyst carriers can be used in a variety of applications, including environmental remediation, energy production, and the manufacturing of chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

MARKET DYNAMICS

One of the major reasons behind the market growth is that they can help increase the efficiency of chemical reactions, which can reduce the amount of energy required for the reaction and the amount of waste produced. This can lead to cost savings and environmental benefits. Moreover, they can be used to support a wide range of catalysts, including those made of precious metals such as platinum, which can be expensive and scarce and may drive market growth. Finally, developing new materials and techniques for synthesizing and characterizing catalyst carriers has made it possible to create customized carriers that are optimized for specific reactions and applications. This has led to its an increased use in a variety of industries.

The research report covers Porter's Five Forces Model, Market Attractiveness Analysis, and Value Chain analysis. These tools help to get a clear picture of the industry's structure and evaluate the competition attractiveness at a global level. Additionally, these tools also give an inclusive assessment of each segment in the global market of Catalyst Carrier. The growth and trends of Catalyst Carrier industry provide a holistic approach to this study.

MARKET SEGMENTATION

This section of the Catalyst Carrier market report provides detailed data on the segments at country and regional level, thereby assisting the strategist in identifying the target demographics for the respective product or services with the upcoming opportunities.

By Type

  • Carbon-Based
  • Oxides
  • Zirconia
  • Other Types

By End-Use

  • Oil & Gas
  • Chemical Manufacturing
  • Petrochemicals
  • Automotive
  • Other End Use

REGIONAL ANALYSIS

This section covers the regional outlook, which accentuates current and future demand for the Catalyst Carrier market across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Further, the report focuses on demand, estimation, and forecast for individual application segments across all the prominent regions.

The research report also covers the comprehensive profiles of the key players in the market and an in-depth view of the competitive landscape worldwide. The major players in the Catalyst Carrier market include Clariant, Cabot Corporation, Saint Gobain Group, Noritake CO. Limited, CeramTec GmbH, Almatis B.V., CoorsTek Inc., Sasol Limited, Petrogas International, Calgon Carbon Corporation, Ultramet, Sinocata, JGC C&C, Devson Catalyst, Porocel, C&CS. This section consists of a holistic view of the competitive landscape that includes various strategic developments such as key mergers & acquisitions, future capacities, partnerships, financial overviews, collaborations, new product developments, new product launches, and other developments.

In case you have any custom requirements, do write to us. Our research team can offer a customized report as per your need.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PREFACE

  • 1.1. Report Description
    • 1.1.1 Objective
    • 1.1.2 Target Audience
    • 1.1.3 Unique Selling Proposition (USP) & offerings
  • 1.2. Research Scope
  • 1.3. Research Methodology
    • 1.3.1 Market Research Process
    • 1.3.2 Market Research Methodology

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 2.1. Highlights of Market
  • 2.2. Global Market Snapshot

3. CATALYST CARRIER - INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

  • 3.1. Introduction - Market Dynamics
  • 3.2. Market Drivers
  • 3.3. Market Restraints
  • 3.4. Opportunities
  • 3.5. Industry Trends
  • 3.6. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 3.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 3.7.1 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
    • 3.7.2 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End-Use
    • 3.7.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region

4. VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

  • 4.1. Value Chain Analysis
  • 4.2. Raw Material Analysis
    • 4.2.1 List of Raw Materials
    • 4.2.2 Raw Material Manufactures List
    • 4.2.3 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  • 4.3. List of Potential Buyers
  • 4.4. Marketing Channel
    • 4.4.1 Direct Marketing
    • 4.4.2 Indirect Marketing
    • 4.4.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

5. GLOBAL CATALYST CARRIER MARKET ANALYSIS BY TYPE

  • 5.1. Overview By Type
  • 5.2. Historical and Forecast Data Analysis By Type
  • 5.3. Carbon-Based Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 5.4. Oxides Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 5.5. Zirconia Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 5.6. Other Types Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

6. GLOBAL CATALYST CARRIER MARKET ANALYSIS BY END-USE

  • 6.1. Overview By End-Use
  • 6.2. Historical and Forecast Data Analysis By End-Use
  • 6.3. Oil & Gas Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.4. Chemical Manufacturing Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.5. Petrochemicals Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.6. Automotive Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.7. Other End Use Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

7. GLOBAL CATALYST CARRIER MARKET ANALYSIS BY GEOGRAPHY

  • 7.1. Regional Outlook
  • 7.2. Introduction
  • 7.3. North America Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.2 North America By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.3 North America By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.4 United States Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.5 Canada Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.6 Mexico Sales Analysis
  • 7.4. Europe Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.2 Europe By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.3 Europe By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.4 United Kingdom Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.5 France Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.6 Germany Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.7 Italy Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.8 Russia Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.9 Rest Of Europe Sales Analysis
  • 7.5. Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.2 Asia Pacific By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.3 Asia Pacific By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.4 China Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.5 India Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.6 Japan Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.7 South Korea Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.8 Australia Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.9 South East Asia Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.10 Rest Of Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
  • 7.6. Latin America Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.2 Latin America By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.3 Latin America By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.4 Brazil Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.5 Argentina Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.6 Peru Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.7 Chile Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.8 Rest of Latin America Sales Analysis
  • 7.7. Middle East & Africa Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.2 Middle East & Africa By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.3 Middle East & Africa By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.4 Saudi Arabia Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.5 UAE Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.6 Israel Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.7 South Africa Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.8 Rest Of Middle East And Africa Sales Analysis

8. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE OF THE CATALYST CARRIER COMPANIES

  • 8.1. Catalyst Carrier Market Competition
  • 8.2. Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
  • 8.3. Merger And Acquisitions
  • 8.4. New Product Launch
  • 8.5. Other Developments

9. COMPANY PROFILES OF CATALYST CARRIER INDUSTRY

  • 9.1. Top Companies Market Share Analysis
  • 9.2. Market Concentration Rate
  • 9.3. Clariant
    • 9.3.1 Company Overview
    • 9.3.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.3.3 Products
    • 9.3.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.4. Cabot Corporation
    • 9.4.1 Company Overview
    • 9.4.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.4.3 Products
    • 9.4.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.5. Saint Gobain Group
    • 9.5.1 Company Overview
    • 9.5.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.5.3 Products
    • 9.5.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.6. Noritake CO. Limited
    • 9.6.1 Company Overview
    • 9.6.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.6.3 Products
    • 9.6.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.7. CeramTec GmbH
    • 9.7.1 Company Overview
    • 9.7.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.7.3 Products
    • 9.7.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.8. Almatis B.V.
    • 9.8.1 Company Overview
    • 9.8.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.8.3 Products
    • 9.8.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.9. CoorsTek Inc.
    • 9.9.1 Company Overview
    • 9.9.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.9.3 Products
    • 9.9.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.10. Sasol Limited
    • 9.10.1 Company Overview
    • 9.10.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.10.3 Products
    • 9.10.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.11. Petrogas International
    • 9.11.1 Company Overview
    • 9.11.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.11.3 Products
    • 9.11.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.12. Calgon Carbon Corporation
    • 9.12.1 Company Overview
    • 9.12.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.12.3 Products
    • 9.12.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.13. Ultramet
    • 9.13.1 Company Overview
    • 9.13.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.13.3 Products
    • 9.13.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.14. Sinocata
    • 9.14.1 Company Overview
    • 9.14.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.14.3 Products
    • 9.14.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.15. JGC C&C
    • 9.15.1 Company Overview
    • 9.15.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.15.3 Products
    • 9.15.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.16. Devson Catalyst
    • 9.16.1 Company Overview
    • 9.16.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.16.3 Products
    • 9.16.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.17. Porocel
    • 9.17.1 Company Overview
    • 9.17.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.17.3 Products
    • 9.17.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.18. C&CS
    • 9.18.1 Company Overview
    • 9.18.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.18.3 Products
    • 9.18.4 Recent Developments

Note - In company profiling, financial details and recent developments are subject to availability or might not be covered in the case of private companies

LIST OF TABLES

  • Market Snapshot
  • Drivers: Impact Analysis
  • Restraints: Impact Analysis
  • List of Raw Material
  • List of Raw Material Manufactures
  • Analysis By Type (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Carbon-Based Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Oxides Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Zirconia Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Other Types Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Analysis By End-Use (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Oil & Gas Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Chemical Manufacturing Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Petrochemicals Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Automotive Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Other End Use Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Global Catalyst Carrier Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • North America Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • United States Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Canada Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Mexico Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Europe Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Europe Market Estimate By Country (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • United Kingdom Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • France Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Germany Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Italy Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Russia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Spain Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Europe Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Asia Pacific Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • China Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Japan Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • India Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • South Korea Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Australia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • South East Asia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Asia Pacific Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Latin America Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Brazil Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Argentina Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Peru Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Chile Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Latin America Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Middle East & Africa Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Saudi Arabia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • UAE Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Israel Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • South Africa Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Middle East and Africa Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
  • Mergers And Acquisition

LIST OF FIGURES

  • Research Scope of Catalyst Carrier Report
  • Market Research Process
  • Market Research Methodology
  • Global Catalyst Carrier Market Size, By Region (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Porters Five Forces Analysis
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis By End-Use
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region
  • Value Chain Analysis
  • Global Market Analysis By Type (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Carbon-Based Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Oxides Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Zirconia Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Other Types Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Global Market Analysis By End-Use (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Oil & Gas Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Chemical Manufacturing Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Petrochemicals Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Automotive Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Other End Use Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Global Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • North America Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Europe Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Asia Pacific Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Latin America Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Middle East & Africa Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Recent Development in Industry
  • Top Company Market Share Analysis

Kindly note that the above listed are the basic tables and figures of the report and are not limited to the TOC.