全球脑指纹技术市场研究报告-产业分析、规模、份额、成长、趋势及2025年至2033年预测

全球脑指纹技术市场规模预计将从 2024 年的 47 亿美元成长到 2033 年的 80.3 亿美元，在 2026 年至 2033 年的预测期内，年复合成长率(CAGR) 将达到 6.14%。

脑指纹技术市场正在成为更广泛的生物辨识认证领域中一个有前景的领域。这项创新技术利用脑波模式，根据个体对特定刺激的认知反应来识别个体。随着执法、国防和医疗保健等各个领域对安全问题的关注不断升级，对先进身份验证方法的需求预计将会增长。脑指纹辨识提供了一种独特的解决方案，可增强安全性，同时最大限度地降低身分盗窃和诈欺的风险，从而推动市场扩张。

技术进步在脑指纹技术的发展中发挥着至关重要的作用。神经成像和讯号处理方面的创新正在提高脑电波分析的准确性和可靠性，使其成为各种应用的可行选择。此外，人工智慧和机器学习的融合使得更复杂的资料解释成为可能，从而可以即时分析认知反应。随着这些技术的不断发展，它们不仅会提高脑指纹系统的性能，还会扩大其在安全性和身份验证方面的潜在应用。

此外，脑指纹技术市场正受益于人们对生物辨识解决方案的认识和接受度的提升。随着组织优先考虑安全和隐私，对创新身分验证方法的需求预计会增加。这一趋势可能会推动技术提供者和最终用户之间的合​​作，促进满足特定安全需求的客製化解决方案的开发。技术进步、日益增长的安全问题和市场需求的整合，使脑指纹技术领域能够持续成长，并为未来的生物辨识认证做出重大贡献。

我们的报告经过精心製作，为客户提供有关各个行业和市场的全面且可行的见解。每份报告都包含几个关键部分，以确保彻底了解市场格局：

市场概览：市场的详细介绍，包括定义、分类和行业现状概述。

市场动态：深入分析影响市场成长的关键驱动因素、限制因素、机会与挑战。本节探讨技术进步、监管变化和新兴趋势等因素。

細項分析：根据产品类型、应用、最终用户和地理位置等标准将市场细分为不同的细分市场。该分析强调了每个部分的表现和潜力。

竞争格局：对主要市场参与者的全面评估，包括其市场份额、产品组合、策略倡议和财务表现。本节深入分析了领先公司的竞争动态和采用的关键策略。

市场预测：根据历史资料和当前市场状况，对特定时期内的市场规模和成长趋势进行预测。这包括定量分析和图形表示，以说明未来的市场轨迹。

区域分析：评估不同地理区域的市场表现，确定关键市场和区域趋势。这有助于了解区域市场动态和机会。

新兴趋势与机会：识别当前和新兴的市场趋势、技术创新和潜在投资领域。本节提供了对未来市场发展和成长前景的见解。

目录

第一章：前言

• 报告描述
  • 客观的
  • 目标受众
  • 独特的销售主张 (USP) 和产品
• 研究范围
• 研究方法
  • 市场研究流程
  • 市场研究方法

第 2 章：执行摘要

• 市集亮点
• 全球市场概况

第三章：脑指纹技术产业分析

• 简介 - 市场动态
• 市场驱动因素
• 市场限制
• 机会
• 产业趋势
• 波特五力分析
• 市场吸引力分析
  • 依技术进行市场吸引力分析
  • 市场吸引力分析：按应用
  • 按最终用户进行的市场吸引力分析
  • 市场吸引力分析：按地区

第四章：价值链分析

• 价值链分析
• 原料分析
  • 原料清单
  • 原料製造商清单
  • 主要原物料价格走势
• 潜在买家名单
• 行销管道
  • 直效行销
  • 间接行销
  • 行销通路发展趋势

第五章：全球脑指纹技术市场分析：依技术

• 依技术概述
• 按技术进行历史和预测数据分析
• 脑电图（EEG）
• 功能性磁振造影（fMRI）
• 脑磁图（MEG）
• 其他的

第六章：全球脑指纹技术市场分析：按应用

• 概述：按应用
• 历史和预测数据分析：按应用
• 刑事调查
• 国家安全
• 医疗诊断
• 其他的

第七章：全球脑指纹技术市场分析：按最终用户

• 最终用户概览
• 最终用户的历史和预测数据分析
• 执法机构
• 政府
• 卫生保健
• 其他的

第八章：全球脑指纹技术市场分析：按地区

• 区域展望
• 介绍
• 北美销售分析
  • 概述、历史和预测数据销售分析
  • 北美各细分市场销售分析
  • 北美各国销售分析
  • 美国销售分析
  • 加拿大销售分析
  • 墨西哥销售分析
• 欧洲销售分析
  • 概述、历史和预测数据销售分析
  • 欧洲各细分市场销售分析
  • 欧洲各国销售分析
  • 英国销售分析
  • 法国销售分析
  • 德国销售分析
  • 义大利销售分析
  • 俄罗斯销售分析
  • 欧洲其他地区销售分析
• 亚太地区销售分析
  • 概述、历史和预测数据销售分析
  • 亚太地区分部销售分析
  • 亚太地区国家销售分析
  • 中国销售分析
  • 印度销售分析
  • 日本销售分析
  • 韩国销售分析
  • 澳洲销售分析
  • 东南亚销售分析
  • 亚太地区其他地区销售分析
• 拉丁美洲销售分析
  • 概述、历史和预测数据销售分析
  • 拉丁美洲各细分市场销售分析
  • 拉丁美洲各国销售分析
  • 巴西销售分析
  • 阿根廷销售分析
  • 秘鲁销售分析
  • 智利销售分析
  • 拉丁美洲其他地区销售分析
• 中东和非洲销售分析
  • 概述、历史和预测数据销售分析
  • 中东和非洲分部销售分析
  • 中东和非洲国家销售分析
  • 沙乌地阿拉伯销售分析
  • 阿联酋销售分析
  • 以色列销售分析
  • 南非销售分析
  • 中东和非洲其他地区销售分析

第九章：脑指纹技术公司的竞争格局

• 脑指纹技术市场竞争
• 伙伴关係/合作/协议
• 併购
• 新产品发布
• 其他发展

第十章：公司简介

• 顶级公司市占率分析
• 市场集中度
• Brainwave Science LLC
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态
• Brain Fingerprinting Laboratories Inc.
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态
• BrainScope Company Inc.
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态
• NeuroSky Inc.
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态
• Emotiv Inc.
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态
• Advanced Brain Monitoring Inc.
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态
• Neuroelectrics
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态
• Compumedics Limited
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态
• Natus Medical Incorporated
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态
• Cadwell Industries Inc.
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态
• Nihon Kohden Corporation
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态
• ANT Neuro
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态
• Mindfield Biosystems Ltd.
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态
• OpenBCI
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态
• Neurosoft
• 公司概况
• 公司收入
• 产品
• 最新动态

注意 - 在公司简介中，财务细节和最新发展取决于可用性，对于私人公司，可能不予涵盖

Global Brain Fingerprinting Technology Market size is anticipated to grow from USD 4.7 Billion in 2024 to USD 8.03 Billion by 2033, showcasing a robust Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.14% during the forecast period of 2026 to 2033.

The brain fingerprinting technology market is emerging as a promising sector within the broader field of biometric authentication. This innovative technology leverages brainwave patterns to identify individuals based on their cognitive responses to specific stimuli. As security concerns continue to escalate across various sectors, including law enforcement, defense, and healthcare, the demand for advanced authentication methods is expected to grow. Brain fingerprinting offers a unique solution that enhances security while minimizing the risk of identity theft and fraud, driving market expansion.

Technological advancements are playing a crucial role in the development of brain fingerprinting technology. Innovations in neuroimaging and signal processing are enhancing the accuracy and reliability of brainwave analysis, making it a viable option for various applications. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning is enabling more sophisticated data interpretation, allowing for real-time analysis of cognitive responses. As these technologies continue to evolve, they will not only improve the performance of brain fingerprinting systems but also expand their potential applications in security and identity verification.

Moreover, the brain fingerprinting technology market is benefiting from increasing awareness and acceptance of biometric solutions. As organizations prioritize security and privacy, the demand for innovative authentication methods is expected to rise. This trend is likely to drive collaboration between technology providers and end-users, fostering the development of tailored solutions that meet specific security needs. The convergence of technological advancements, growing security concerns, and market demand positions the brain fingerprinting technology sector for sustained growth and significant contributions to the future of biometric authentication.

Our reports are meticulously crafted to provide clients with comprehensive and actionable insights into various industries and markets. Each report encompasses several critical components to ensure a thorough understanding of the market landscape:

Market Overview: A detailed introduction to the market, including definitions, classifications, and an overview of the industry's current state.

Market Dynamics: In-depth analysis of key drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges influencing market growth. This section examines factors such as technological advancements, regulatory changes, and emerging trends.

Segmentation Analysis: Breakdown of the market into distinct segments based on criteria like product type, application, end-user, and geography. This analysis highlights the performance and potential of each segment.

Competitive Landscape: Comprehensive assessment of major market players, including their market share, product portfolio, strategic initiatives, and financial performance. This section provides insights into the competitive dynamics and key strategies adopted by leading companies.

Market Forecast: Projections of market size and growth trends over a specified period, based on historical data and current market conditions. This includes quantitative analyses and graphical representations to illustrate future market trajectories.

Regional Analysis: Evaluation of market performance across different geographical regions, identifying key markets and regional trends. This helps in understanding regional market dynamics and opportunities.

Emerging Trends and Opportunities: Identification of current and emerging market trends, technological innovations, and potential areas for investment. This section offers insights into future market developments and growth prospects.

SEGMENTATION COVERED IN THE REPORT

By Technique

• Electroencephalography (EEG)
• Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
• Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
• Others

By Application

• Criminal Investigation
• National Security
• Medical Diagnosis
• Others

By End-User

• Law Enforcement Agencies
• Government
• Healthcare
• Others
• COMPANIES PROFILED
• Brainwave Science LLC
• Brain Fingerprinting Laboratories Inc.
• BrainScope Company Inc.
• NeuroSky Inc.
• Emotiv Inc.
• Advanced Brain Monitoring Inc.
• Neuroelectrics
• Compumedics Limited
• Natus Medical Incorporated
• Cadwell Industries Inc.
• Nihon Kohden Corporation
• ANT Neuro
• Mindfield Biosystems Ltd.
• OpenBCI
• Neurosoft.
• The above list can be customized.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PREFACE

• 1.1. Report Description
  • 1.1.1 Objective
  • 1.1.2 Target Audience
  • 1.1.3 Unique Selling Proposition (USP) & offerings
• 1.2. Research Scope
• 1.3. Research Methodology
  • 1.3.1 Market Research Process
  • 1.3.2 Market Research Methodology

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 2.1. Highlights of Market
• 2.2. Global Market Snapshot

3. BRAIN FINGERPRINTING TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

• 3.1. Introduction - Market Dynamics
• 3.2. Market Drivers
• 3.3. Market Restraints
• 3.4. Opportunities
• 3.5. Industry Trends
• 3.6. Poerter's Five Force Analysis
• 3.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis
  • 3.7.1 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Technique
  • 3.7.2 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
  • 3.7.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End-User
  • 3.7.4 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region

4. VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

• 4.1. Value Chain Analysis
• 4.2. Raw Material Analysis
  • 4.2.1 List of Raw Materials
  • 4.2.2 Raw Material Manufactures List
  • 4.2.3 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
• 4.3. List of Potential Buyers
• 4.4. Marketing Channel
  • 4.4.1 Direct Marketing
  • 4.4.2 Indirect Marketing
  • 4.4.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

5. GLOBAL BRAIN FINGERPRINTING TECHNOLOGY MARKET ANALYSIS BY TECHNIQUE

• 5.1. Overview By Technique
• 5.2. Historical and Forecast Data Analysis By Technique
• 5.3. Electroencephalography (EEG) Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 5.4. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 5.5. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 5.6. Others Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

6. GLOBAL BRAIN FINGERPRINTING TECHNOLOGY MARKET ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION

• 6.1. Overview By Application
• 6.2. Historical and Forecast Data Analysis By Application
• 6.3. Criminal Investigation Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 6.4. National Security Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 6.5. Medical Diagnosis Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 6.6. Others Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

7. GLOBAL BRAIN FINGERPRINTING TECHNOLOGY MARKET ANALYSIS BY END-USER

• 7.1. Overview By End-User
• 7.2. Historical and Forecast Data Analysis By End-User
• 7.3. Law Enforcement Agencies Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 7.4. Government Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 7.5. Healthcare Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 7.6. Others Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

8. GLOBAL BRAIN FINGERPRINTING TECHNOLOGY MARKET ANALYSIS BY GEOGRAPHY

• 8.1. Regional Outlook
• 8.2. Introduction
• 8.3. North America Sales Analysis
  • 8.3.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 8.3.2 North America By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 8.3.3 North America By Country Sales Analysis
  • 8.3.4 United States Sales Analysis
  • 8.3.5 Canada Sales Analysis
  • 8.3.6 Mexico Sales Analysis
• 8.4. Europe Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.2 Europe By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.3 Europe By Country Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.4 United Kingdom Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.5 France Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.6 Germany Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.7 Italy Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.8 Russia Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.9 Rest Of Europe Sales Analysis
• 8.5. Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.2 Asia Pacific By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.3 Asia Pacific By Country Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.4 China Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.5 India Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.6 Japan Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.7 South Korea Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.8 Australia Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.9 South East Asia Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.10 Rest Of Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
• 8.6. Latin America Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.2 Latin America By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.3 Latin America By Country Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.4 Brazil Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.5 Argentina Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.6 Peru Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.7 Chile Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.8 Rest of Latin America Sales Analysis
• 8.7. Middle East & Africa Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.2 Middle East & Africa By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.3 Middle East & Africa By Country Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.4 Saudi Arabia Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.5 UAE Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.6 Israel Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.7 South Africa Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.8 Rest Of Middle East And Africa Sales Analysis

9. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE OF THE BRAIN FINGERPRINTING TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES

• 9.1. Brain Fingerprinting Technology Market Competition
• 9.2. Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
• 9.3. Merger And Acquisitions
• 9.4. New Product Launch
• 9.5. Other Developments

10. COMPANY PROFILES OF BRAIN FINGERPRINTING TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY

• 10.1. Top Companies Market Share Analysis
• 10.2. Market Concentration Rate
• 10.3. Brainwave Science LLC
  • 10.3.1 Company Overview
  • 10.3.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.3.3 Products
  • 10.3.4 Recent Developments
• 10.4. Brain Fingerprinting Laboratories Inc.
  • 10.4.1 Company Overview
  • 10.4.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.4.3 Products
  • 10.4.4 Recent Developments
• 10.5. BrainScope Company Inc.
  • 10.5.1 Company Overview
  • 10.5.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.5.3 Products
  • 10.5.4 Recent Developments
• 10.6. NeuroSky Inc.
  • 10.6.1 Company Overview
  • 10.6.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.6.3 Products
  • 10.6.4 Recent Developments
• 10.7. Emotiv Inc.
  • 10.7.1 Company Overview
  • 10.7.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.7.3 Products
  • 10.7.4 Recent Developments
• 10.8. Advanced Brain Monitoring Inc.
  • 10.8.1 Company Overview
  • 10.8.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.8.3 Products
  • 10.8.4 Recent Developments
• 10.9. Neuroelectrics
  • 10.9.1 Company Overview
  • 10.9.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.9.3 Products
  • 10.9.4 Recent Developments
• 10.10. Compumedics Limited
  • 10.10.1 Company Overview
  • 10.10.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.10.3 Products
  • 10.10.4 Recent Developments
• 10.11. Natus Medical Incorporated
  • 10.11.1 Company Overview
  • 10.11.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.11.3 Products
  • 10.11.4 Recent Developments
• 10.12. Cadwell Industries Inc.
  • 10.12.1 Company Overview
  • 10.12.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.12.3 Products
  • 10.12.4 Recent Developments
• 10.13. Nihon Kohden Corporation
  • 10.13.1 Company Overview
  • 10.13.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.13.3 Products
  • 10.13.4 Recent Developments
• 10.14. ANT Neuro
  • 10.14.1 Company Overview
  • 10.14.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.14.3 Products
  • 10.14.4 Recent Developments
• 10.15. Mindfield Biosystems Ltd.
  • 10.15.1 Company Overview
  • 10.15.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.15.3 Products
  • 10.15.4 Recent Developments
• 10.16. OpenBCI
  • 10.16.1 Company Overview
  • 10.16.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.16.3 Products
  • 10.16.4 Recent Developments
• 10.17. Neurosoft
  • 10.17.1 Company Overview
  • 10.17.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.17.3 Products
  • 10.17.4 Recent Developments

Note - In company profiling, financial details and recent developments are subject to availability or might not be covered in the case of private companies

LIST OF TABLES

• Market Snapshot
• Drivers: Impact Analysis
• Restraints: Impact Analysis
• List of Raw Material
• List of Raw Material Manufactures
• Analysis By Technique (USD MN)
• Electroencephalography (EEG) Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Others Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Analysis By Application (USD MN)
• Criminal Investigation Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• National Security Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Medical Diagnosis Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Others Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Analysis By End-User (USD MN)
• Law Enforcement Agencies Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Government Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Healthcare Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Others Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Global Brain Fingerprinting Technology Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• North America Market Analysis (USD MN)
• United States Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Canada Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Mexico Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Europe Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Europe Market Estimate By Country (USD MN)
• United Kingdom Market Analysis (USD MN)
• France Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Germany Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Italy Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Russia Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Spain Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Rest of Europe Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Asia Pacific Market Analysis (USD MN)
• China Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Japan Market Analysis (USD MN)
• India Market Analysis (USD MN)
• South Korea Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Australia Market Analysis (USD MN)
• South East Asia Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Rest of Asia Pacific Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Latin America Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Brazil Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Argentina Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Peru Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Chile Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Rest of Latin America Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Middle East & Africa Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Saudi Arabia Market Analysis (USD MN)
• UAE Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Israel Market Analysis (USD MN)
• South Africa Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Rest of Middle East and Africa Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
• Mergers And Acquisition

LIST OF FIGURES

• Research Scope of Brain Fingerprinting Technology Report
• Market Research Process
• Market Research Methodology
• Global Brain Fingerprinting Technology Market Size, By Region (USD MN)
• Porters Five Forces Analysis
• Market Attractiveness Analysis By Technique
• Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
• Market Attractiveness Analysis By End-User
• Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region
• Value Chain Analysis
• Global Market Analysis By Technique (USD MN)
• Electroencephalography (EEG) Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Others Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Global Market Analysis By Application (USD MN)
• Criminal Investigation Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• National Security Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Medical Diagnosis Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Others Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Global Market Analysis By End-User (USD MN)
• Law Enforcement Agencies Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Government Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Healthcare Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Others Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Global Market Sales (USD MN)
• North America Market Sales (USD MN)
• Europe Market Sales (USD MN)
• Asia Pacific Market Sales (USD MN)
• Latin America Market Sales (USD MN)
• Middle East & Africa Market Sales (USD MN)
• Recent Development in Industry
• Top Company Market Share Analysis

Kindly note that the above listed are the basic tables and figures of the report and are not limited to the TOC.