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ZED（零能源设备）：具有自供电和反向散射功率的电子电气设备市场和技术（2024-2044）
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1444975

ZED（零能源设备）：具有自供电和反向散射功率的电子电气设备市场和技术（2024-2044）

Zero Energy Devices ZED: Self-powered and Backscatter-Powered Electronics and Electrics Markets, Technology 2024-2044
出版日期: | 出版商: Zhar Research | 英文 408 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2个工作天内

价格
简介目录
SWOT 评级： 7章节架构： 122024-2044 年预测线： 65公司数量： 90资讯图表/表格/图表： 113
报告统计资料

本报告调查了ZED（零能耗设备）技术和应用，包括技术定义、背景、过去的成功案例、ZED在6G通讯、无线感测器、物联网和其他电子设备中的潜力。它总结了ZED的进展ZED 的未来、ZED 能量收集系统的发展以及各种研究管道的概述。

目录

第 1 章执行摘要/概述

  • 本文檔的目的和范围
  • 调查方法
  • 定义/目的
  • 18个要点
  • 目前 ZED 成功案例
  • ZED 的最佳技术策略
  • 电信技术的进步为 ZED 带来了更多机会
  • 感测器 ZED 的进展
  • ZED路线图及其实现技术
  • 市场预测

第 2 章零能耗设备 (ZED) 定义、范例与未来需求

  • 摘要
  • ZED 趋势的原因
  • ZED的各种定义
  • ZED的背景：重迭和相邻的技术，自力更生和长寿命能源的例子
  • 延长主机设备寿命的电气自主性范例
  • 电子设备耗电量不断增加和 ZED 策略
  • 减少功耗和电池问题的策略
  • ZED 中的机载能量收集：透过简化实现减重、小型化、降低成本以及减少故障模式和危险材料
  • 控制电子产品对电网电力的需求成长
  • 物联网：失败的教训与成功的可能性
  • 能量收集简介
  • 为什么 ZED 感测器作为一种新需求而受到关注
  • 灵活、分层、二维能量收集和感测的重要性
  • 自供电感测器和整合感测器
  • 电信世代如何增加 ZED 机会

第 3 章 6G 通讯 RIS、CPE 与客户端设备的 ZED 机会

  • 摘要
  • 为什么我们需要 6G？
  • 6G 的颠覆性面
  • 主要公司的反对、未来的挑战与目标
  • 成本问题
  • 3GPP 6G ZED 愿景和 6G 无线供电 IoE 选项
  • 6G 传输硬体如何提供比 5G 更好的效能
  • 支援 6G 的最新硬体进展
  • 设备和边缘设备成为 ZED 的 6G 通讯机会
  • 6G 通讯中的具体 ZED 需求
  • 6G ZED 正在研究中
  • 目前已知的6G通讯的SWOT评估
  • 6G总体路线图

第 4 章 ZED 在无线感测器、物联网、个人电子产品和其他电子产品方面的进展

  • 感测器 ZED 的基础知识和进展：概述
  • 物联网节点与概念
  • 市场演变：测量的感测器参数变得多样化，需求变化迅速。
  • 感测器 ZED 的进步：自供电和自感应设备
  • 智慧型感测器的结构和用途
  • 自供电感测器和 ZED 感测器的研究管道范例
  • ZED 的进展：个人电子产品、工业和专业电子产品
  • 基于电池的 ZED 个人电子产品和其他电气和电子设备的范例
  • ZED 穿戴装置的进展

第 5 章无需安装电池的ZED：实现策略

  • 摘要
  • 电池逆风
  • 启用 ZED
  • ZED能量收集系统设计

第 6 章超低功耗电子装置、感测器和电气设备

  • 摘要
  • 超低功耗电子产品
    • 超低功耗读出介面和多功能电子装置
    • 超低功耗声子感测器内计算
    • 提高 6G 通讯的能源效率：欧盟委员会的 Hexa-X 项目
    • ZED 静态上下文标头压缩和碎片
    • 用于其他节能感测、处理和物联网的新电力传输选项
  • 超低功耗积体电路
    • 奈米功率 nPZero
    • Everactive：用于 ZED IoT 的超低功耗电路
    • 2nm 以上晶片：美国、台湾、中国、日本
    • 爱立信研究中心和麻省理工学院锂离子晶片
    • Move-X 的 MAMWLE：超低功耗无线模组
  • 超低功耗智慧型手机
  • 启用超材料和超表面或 ZED 作为 ZED
    • 定义和范围
    • 超材料 ZED 窗口
    • 用于 6G RIS ZED 和其他用途的超表面
    • 6G通讯RIS机会：SWOT评估

第 7 章仅在要求时为设备供电：用于 EAS、RFID、物联网、6G 通讯和其他电子产品的反向散射、SWIPT、WIET、WPT

  • 概述：反向散射、EAS、RFID、6G SWIPT
  • AmBC 用于环境反向散射通信，CD-ZED 用于人群检测
  • 基于 SWIPT 的混合波束形成
  • 消除储存的电路和基础设施：SWOT 评估
  • 进一步研究：近期发表 47 篇论文

第 8 章电磁波收集：从太阳能发电到功率元件

  • 摘要
  • 以频率划分的电磁能量收集工具包：太阳能
  • 增加单位体积和单位面积太阳能发电量的策略
  • ZED太阳能发电重要参数
  • 单结效率的限制
  • 太阳能电池效率的趋势
  • 成本降低经验曲线
  • 从 2024 年到 2044 年，多种格式选项将会演变
  • 太阳能发电与 p-n 结和其他选项的比较
  • 钙钛矿太阳能发电
  • 整合 MEMS 与太阳能作为 ZED
  • 更可行、更实惠的太阳能：范例
  • 无电池太阳能 ZED 之路：磁带、物联网、摄影机
  • 用于智慧手錶的透明和不透明太阳能
  • 用于感测和物联网的无电池无人机飞行
  • ZED 太阳能发电：SWOT 评估
  • 进一步的研究论文和活动

第 9 章环境电磁波收集：透过重复使用现有辐射对设备和通讯进行射频收集

  • 摘要
  • 电磁能量收集工具包（按频率）：RF
  • 一种收集人造环境射频辐射以产生板载电力的设备
  • 基本射频撷取器 RFEH
  • 射频采集器改进之路
  • 各种格式的射频撷取器的结果
  • 使用射频采集的感测器和生物识别访问
  • 穿戴式装置的射频撷取
  • 射频撷取方面的其他最新进展

第 10 章利用电动力学、压电性、摩擦电等装置的机械采集（声学、振动、线性和旋转运动）：热电、热电、蒸发水力发电、微生物燃料电池（生物燃料采集）

  • 摘要
  • 超越电磁辐射收集的 ZED 能量收集技术
  • 机械能源与收穫选项
  • 佐治亚理工学院一些选项的比较
  • 振动采集
  • 次声波的收穫
  • Kinetron 和其他电动（ "动电" ）采集器通常会收集次声波
  • 按钮收穫
  • EnOcean 建筑以 "无线、无电池、无限制" 的方式控制物联网
  • 零能源开发无电池ZED
  • 用于无电池感测器电源的蒸散动电采集
  • 声音取样
  • 马达摩擦能量收集
  • SWOT评估：热电发电
  • 水力发电
  • 灵活的能量收集：生物燃料电池皮肤感测器系统
  • 2024 年之前的研究管道

第 11 章设备的多模式能量收集

  • 摘要
  • 多模式和多源采集减少了间歇性
  • 2024 年之前的多模式收穫研究管道
  • ZED 的多模式能量收集：SWOT 评估

第 12 章超级电容器、变体和无电池 ZED 的无质量能量

  • 摘要
  • 电容器、超级电容器和电池的选择范围
  • 锂离子电容器的特点
  • 超级电容器及其衍生物的实际和潜在主要用途
  • ZED 无电池储能技术：SWOT 评估
  • 透过超级电容器及其变体实现的 ZED 范例
  • 无质量能量超级电容器结构电子学
  • 研究管线：超级电容器
  • 研究通路：混合方法
  • 研究管线：赝电容器
简介目录
REPORT STATISTICS
SWOT appraisals:7
Chapters:12
Forecast lines 2024-2044:65
Companies:90
Infograms, tables, graphs:113

Some of the questions answered:

  • How can I create a $1 billion ZED business?
  • Potential competitors, partners, acquisitions?
  • Market and technology roadmap for 2024-2044?
  • Technology readiness and potential improvement?
  • Appraisal of needs and appropriate technology options?
  • Market drivers and forecasts of background parameters?
  • Market forecasts by technology and application 2024-2044?
  • Deep analysis of research pipeline including 2024 with implications?
  • Explanation of trend to "massless energy", and other structural electronics?
  • Battery-free, ultra-low power electronics, non-toxic, non-flammable options emerging?

You could call a solar flashlight and an anti-theft tag "zero-energy devices" but the subject is about to take a huge leap forward well beyond these. You can create a billion-dollar business from making the next ZED materials or devices as detailed in the commerclally-oriented 408-page report, "Zero Energy Devices ZED: Self-Powered and Backscatter-Powered Electronics and Electrics Markets, Technology 2024-2044".

Dramatic advances ahead

The day is coming when you never recharge your smart watch or phone and, without need for a battery, they last longer than you do. Internet of Things will be more than a cynical renaming of existing wireless technology because the nodes will genuinely become things-collaborating-with-things and they will be affordable, much smaller, lasting decades and deployable in tens of billions year without pollution. The delights of promised 6G Communications in 2030 will be possible only with ZED metasurfaces enhancing the propagation path and it enabling edge-computing client ZED. You will live longer with ZED inside you. There is much more and you only find it in this deeply insightful, up-to-date report that even scopes research in 2024, future needs and technology evolution. The primary author has created several successful high-tech businesses, so the report is realistic, including warnings concerning dead ends and over-promising.

The big picture

The Executive Summary and Conclusions is sufficient in itself. It has 26 pages of easily- understood infograms and roadmaps followed by 65 forecast lines of ZED and allied technologies and applications. Chapter 2 (25 pages) introduces definitions, context and successes so far including the problem of increasing electricity consumption of electronics with the ZED antidote eliminating power consumption and battery issues. See how on-board energy harvesting is being simplified, saving weight, size, cost, failure modes and toxigens. Can ZED halt the increasing demand of electronics for grid-based electricity? ZED route to success with the Internet of Things? Why are ZED sensors a strong emerging need? Importance of flexible, laminar and 2D energy harvesting and sensing , even self-powered and integrated sensors 2024-2044? See how next telecommunications generations deliver more ZED opportunities.

The heart of the report

The heart of the report consists of three chapters on how to address certain important sectors with ZED then seven chapters on the important ZED enabling technologies emerging 2024-2044 to drive your success. Enjoy close examination of the latest research pipeline and realistic timescales and requirements for commercial success with much distilled into new SWOT appraisals, comparison charts and infograms. This is firm analysis of commercial opportunities not academic obscurity, rambling text or nostalgia.

ZED for 6G Communications

6G Communications is planned for 2030, with a radically improved form in 2035. The 49 pages of Chapter 3 address this, highlighting how it will both need widespread ZED in its infrastructure to succeed and it may enable huge numbers of edge computing ZED client devices.

ZED appearing as wireless sensors, IOT, personal and other electronics

Chapter 4 concerns "ZED progress with wireless sensors, IOT, personal and other electronics" so it takes a full 56 pages to interpret such a broad scope of achievements, opportunities and research approaches. The massive scope for vast numbers of fit-and-forget battery-free sensors gets particular attention. Sensor transducers that are their own source of electricity, ZED wearables including metaverse interfacing, ZED in automotive, medical and more - it is all here. Then come the technology chapters with your best opportunities to participate.

Optimal technology strategies

Chapter 5 "Strategies to achieve fit-and-forget battery-free ZED" in 30 pages presents battery headwinds 2024-2044 and ZED enablement, notably eight ZED enablers that can be combined. See self-healing materials for fit-and-forget then useful specification compromises with energy harvesting. Here is a battery-free perpetual micro-robot. Combining these approaches is brought to life with examples of "Batteryless energy harvesting with demand management" , "Quest for battery less ZED in heterogenous cellular networks", "Wireless sensor networks enable their ZED devices with severe performance compromises", "Oppo view of zero power communications and "ZED lessons from active RFID"

Energy harvesting system design for ZED

Then comes energy harvesting system design for ZED, the elements of a harvesting system and new infograms on energy harvesting system detail with improvement strategies 2024-2044 and on 13 families of energy harvesting technology considered for ZED 2024-2044 followed by more detail. Again, the approach is critical not evangelistic because companies and researchers vary in their approaches from very realistic in our 20-year timeframe to the extremely speculative and unwanted.

Next ultra-low power electronics makes new ZED feasible

Chapter 6 (39 pages) addresses the contribution to the success of ZED from "Ultra-low power electronics, sensors, and electrics". It is broad in scope but, because of their great importance, it particularly covers ultra-low power integrated circuits and metamaterials needing much less electricity so your energy harvesting and backscatter power can operate vastly more forms of device.

Backscatter on steroids

Chapter 7 (19 pages) "Powering devices only when interrogated: backscatter, SWIPT, WIET, WPT for EAS, RFID, IOT, 6G Communications and other electronics" then goes really deeply into that form of ZED enablement. This necessarily includes so-called "ambient backscatter communications AmBC", "crowd-detectable CD-ZED" and much new research. It is followed by three chapters on the all-important energy harvesting technologies evolving for ZED applications.

On-board harvesting options increase and combine

Chapter 8 (23 pages) is "Harvesting electromagnetic waves: photovoltaics to power devices" then Chapter 9 (18 pages) is "9. Harvesting ambient electromagnetic waves: RF harvesting power for devices and communication by recycling existing emissions" and the rest is covered in Chapter 10 (39 pages) "Mechanical harvesting for devices (acoustic, vibration, linear and rotational motion) using electrodynamics, piezoelectrics, triboelectrics etc. Thermoelectrics, pyroelectrics, evaporative hydrovoltaics, microbial fuel cells (biofuel harvesting)".

However, an aspect rarely addressed is the combination of these many energy harvesting technologies to reduce and sometimes eliminate the need for on-board energy storage to overcome their intermittency and inability to respond to load variations. Consequently, Chapter 11 (16 pages) covers, "Multi-mode energy harvesting for devices" including its progression into single smart materials. See examples such as "thermoelectric with photovoltaic", "photovoltaic with electrokinetic", "thermoelectric with photovoltaic and movement harvesting" and "push button harvesting with solar power and intermittency tolerant electronics". From 2024 and other research, learn how there is much more to come for smart watches through to medical implants.

Storage that batteries can never achieve

At this stage you will realise that many zero energy devices without storage have been presented throughout the report. You will accept that self-powered devices with long-life batteries can still be considered "ZED". Nonetheless, it is clear that the big opportunity ahead is where alternatives to on-board batteries are used to cover intermittency of energy harvesting and the need to respond to load variation. Chapter 12 (40 pages) therefore analyses, "Supercapacitors, variants and massless energy for battery-free ZED". It explains why supercapacitors and lithium-ion capacitors are the prime candidates but it also discusses others with few or none of the problems of batteries such as life, reliability, toxicity and flammability.

Massless energy will transform ZED

They all take more space and weight than a good battery in a ZED but two escape routes are presented. One is wide area thin formats and the other is what Imperial College London calls "massless energy". Here, a dumb load-bearing structure such as a watch case is replaced with a structural supercapacitor material incurring no increase in space or weight even if it has a photovoltaic overlayer. The report, "Zero Energy Devices ZED: Self-Powered and Backscatter-Powered Electronics and Electrics Markets, Technology 2024-2044" is your essential guide to this large new ZED opportunity.

CAPTION Maturity of primary ZED enabling technologies in 2024. Indicated number is technology readiness level TRL - maturity level of a technology throughout its research, development and deployment phase progression on a scale from 1 to 9. ZED is shown blue and ZED enabling technologies are shown yellow. Source Zhar Research report, "Zero Energy Devices ZED: Self-Powered and Backscatter-Powered Electronics and Electrics Markets, Technology 2024-2044".

CAPTION Backscatter ZED $ billion 2024-2044. Source: Zhar Research report, "Zero Energy Devices ZED: Self-Powered and Backscatter-Powered Electronics and Electrics Markets, Technology 2024-2044".

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions

  • 1.1. Purpose and scope of this report
  • 1.2. Methodology of this analysis
  • 1.3. Definition and purpose
  • 1.4. 18 Primary conclusions
  • 1.5. Current ZED successes
  • 1.6. Optimal technology strategies for ZED 2024-2044
  • 1.7. Progress of telecommunications generations to more ZED opportunities
  • 1.8. Progress towards sensor ZED 2024-2044
  • 1.9. Roadmap of ZED and its enabling technologies 2024-2044
  • 1.10. Market forecasts 2024-2044
    • 1.10.1. Backscatter ZED units sold billion RFID, EAS, 6G SWIPT 2024-2044
    • 1.10.2. Backscatter ZED $ billion RFID, EAS, 6G SWIPT 2024-2044
    • 1.10.3. Energy storage market battery vs batteryless $ billion 2023-2044
    • 1.10.4. Batteryless storage short vs long duration 2023-2044
    • 1.10.5. Batteryless energy storage vs lithium-ion battery market $ billion 2023-2044: table, graphs, explanation
    • 1.10.6. Lithium-ion battery market by three storage levels 2023-2044
    • 1.10.7. Batteryless energy storage by three storage levels $ billion 2023-2044: table
    • 1.10.8. Batteryless storage market by 13 technology categories $ billion 2023-2044 table
    • 1.10.9. 6G infrastructure enabling client devices without storage: global yearly 6G RIS sales by five types and total $ billion 2024-2044
    • 1.10.10. Global yearly 6G RIS sales by five types $ billion 2023-2043: area graph with explanation
    • 1.10.11. Sensors global value market for seven application sectors $ billion 2023-2044:
    • 1.10.12. Sensor value market % by 6 input media 2024, 2034, 2044: table with sub-categories and reasons
    • 1.10.13. Sensor value market % by six input media 2024-2044
    • 1.10.14. Smartphone sensor market units, unit price, value market $ billion 2023-2044
    • 1.10.15. Smartphone units sold globally 2023-2044 if 6G is successful
    • 1.10.16. X-reality hardware market with possible 6G impact 2024-2044

2. Definition, examples and future need for zero energy devices

  • 2.1. Overview
  • 2.2. Reasons for the trend to ZED
  • 2.3. Different definitions of zero energy device ZED
  • 2.4. Context of ZED: overlapping and adjacent technologies and examples of long-life energy independence
  • 2.5. Electrical autonomy examples that last for the life of their host equipment
  • 2.6. The increasing electricity consumption of electronics and ZED strategies
  • 2.7. Strategies to reduce power consumption and battery issues
  • 2.8. On-board energy harvesting for ZED is being simplified to save weight, size, cost and reduce the number of failure modes and toxigens
  • 2.9. Stopping the increasing demand of electronics for grid-based electricity
  • 2.10. Internet of Things: lessons of failure and possible route to success
  • 2.11. Introduction to energy harvesting
  • 2.12. Why ZED sensors are a strong emerging need
  • 2.13. Importance of flexible, laminar and 2D energy harvesting and sensing 2024-2044
  • 2.14. Self-powered and integrated sensors
  • 2.15. How telecommunications generations are progressing to more ZED opportunities

3. ZED opportunity with 6G Communications RIS, CPE and client devices

  • 3.1. Overview
  • 3.2. Why do we need 6G?
  • 3.3. Disruptive 6G aspects
  • 3.4. Arguments against, challenges ahead and objectives of key players
  • 3.5. The cost challenge
  • 3.6. 3GPP vision of options for 6G ZED and wireless powered IoE for 6G
  • 3.7. How 6G transmission hardware will achieve much better performance than 5G
  • 3.8. Recent hardware advances that can aid 6G 2024-2044
  • 3.9. 6G Communications opportunities for equipment and edge devices to become ZED
  • 3.10. Specific ZED needs in 6G communications
  • 3.11. 6G ZED in the research pipeline
    • 3.11.1. Machine Type Communication (MTC)
    • 3.11.2. Zero-energy air interface for advanced 5G and for 6G
    • 3.11.3. Zero-energy devices empowered 6G opportunities
    • 3.11.4. First real-time backscatter communication demonstrated for 6G in 2023
    • 3.11.5. Further reading-13 other recent research papers relevant to 6G ZED
  • 3.12. SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications as currently understood
  • 3.13. 6G general roadmap 2024-2044

4. ZED progress with wireless sensors, IOT, personal and other electronics

  • 4.1. Overview of basics and progress towards sensor ZED 2024-2044
  • 4.2. IOT nodes and concepts
  • 4.3. Market evolution: sensor parameters measured become multi-faceted, demand changes radically
  • 4.4. Progress to sensor ZED: self-powered and self-sensing devices
  • 4.5. Smart sensor anatomy and purpose
  • 4.6. Examples of self-powered sensors and ZED sensor research pipeline in 2024
  • 4.7. Progress towards ZED with personal electronics, industrial and professional electronics
  • 4.8. Examples of battery-based ZED personal and other electronics and electrics
  • 4.9. Progress with ZED wearables

5. Strategies to achieve fit-and-forget battery-free ZED

  • 5.1. Overview
  • 5.2. Battery headwinds 2024-2044
  • 5.3. ZED enablement
    • 5.3.1. Eight ZED enablers that can be combined
    • 5.3.2. ZED enabler: self-healing materials for fit-and-forget
    • 5.3.3. Specification compromise with energy harvesting: battery-free perpetual micro-robot
    • 5.3.4. Batteryless energy harvesting with demand management
    • 5.3.5. Quest for battery less ZED in heterogenous cellular networks
    • 5.3.6. Wireless sensor networks enable their ZED devices with severe performance compromises
    • 5.3.7. Oppo view of zero power communications
    • 5.3.8. ZED lessons from active RFID
  • 5.4. Energy harvesting system design for ZED
    • 5.4.1. Elements of a harvesting system
    • 5.4.2. Energy harvesting system detail with improvement strategies 2024-2044
    • 5.4.3. 13 families of energy harvesting technology considered for ZED 2024-2044

6. Ultra-low power electronics, sensors, and electrics

  • 6.1. Overview
  • 6.2. Ultra-low power electronics
    • 6.2.1. Ultra-low-power readout interfaces and multifunctional electronics
    • 6.2.2. Ultra-low-power phononic in-sensor computing
    • 6.2.3. Improved energy efficiency in 6G Communications: European Commission Hexa-X Project
    • 6.2.4. Static context header compression and fragmentation for ZED
    • 6.2.5. Other energy efficient sensing, processing and new power transfer options for IOT
  • 6.3. Ultra-low power integrated circuits
    • 6.3.1. Nanopower nPZero
    • 6.3.2. Everactive ultra-low power circuits for ZED IOT
    • 6.3.3. 2nm chips and beyond-USA, Taiwan, China, Japan
    • 6.3.4. Ericsson Research and MIT Lithionic chips
    • 6.3.5. Move-X's MAMWLE: Ultra-low-power radio module
  • 6.4. Ultra-low-power smartphone
  • 6.5. Metamaterials and metasurfaces as ZED or enabling ZED
    • 6.5.1. Definitions and scope
    • 6.5.2. Metamaterial ZED window
    • 6.5.3. Metasurfaces for 6G RIS ZED and other purposes
    • 6.5.4. SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications RIS opportunities

7. Powering devices only when interrogated: backscatter, SWIPT, WIET, WPT for EAS, RFID, IOT, 6G Communications and other electronics

  • 7.1. Overview: backscatter, EAS, RFID, 6G SWIPT
    • 7.1.1. Forms of wireless power transfer enabling batteryless and less-battery devices
    • 7.1.2. Backscatter communications
    • 7.1.3. Evolution of wireless electronic communication devices needing no on-board energy storage 1980-2035
  • 7.2. Ambient backscatter communications AmBC and Crowd-detectable CD-ZED
    • 7.2.1. View of Aalto University on AmBC and CD-ZED
    • 7.2.2. Orange AmBC and CD-ZED
    • 7.2.3. Battery-free AmBC: University of California San Diego
    • 7.2.4. Crowd-detectable CD-ZED research
  • 7.3. Hybrid beamforming-based SWIPT
  • 7.4. SWOT appraisal of circuits and infrastructure that eliminate storage
  • 7.5. Further research: 47 recent papers

8. Harvesting electromagnetic waves: photovoltaics to power devices

  • 8.1. Overview
  • 8.2. Electromagnetic energy harvesting toolkit by frequency: photovoltaics
  • 8.3. Strategies for increasing photovoltaic output per unit volume and area 2024-2044
  • 8.4. Some important parameters for ZED photovoltaics
  • 8.5. Limits of single junction efficiency
  • 8.6. PV cell efficiency trends
  • 8.7. Experience curve of cost reduction
  • 8.8. Some format options evolving 2024-2044
  • 8.9. Photovoltaics by pn junction compared to other options 2024-2044
  • 8.10. Perovskite photovoltaics
  • 8.11. Integrated MEMS with photovoltaics as ZED
  • 8.12. Photovoltaics feasible and affordable in more places: examples
  • 8.13. Routes to battery-free solar ZED: tape, IOT, cameras
  • 8.14. Transparent and opaque photovoltaics in smartwatches
  • 8.15. Battery-free drone flight for sensing and IOT
  • 8.16. SWOT appraisal of photovoltaics for ZED
  • 8.17. Further research papers and events in 2024

9. Harvesting ambient electromagnetic waves: RF harvesting power for devices and communication by recycling existing emissions

  • 9.1. Overview
  • 9.2. Electromagnetic energy harvesting toolkit by frequency: RF
  • 9.3. Devices harvesting ambient man-made RF emissions to produce on-board electricity
  • 9.4. Basic RF harvester RFEH
  • 9.5. Routes to RF harvester improvement
  • 9.6. Results for various forms of RF harvester
  • 9.7. Sensors and biometric access using RF harvesting
  • 9.8. RF harvesting for wearables
  • 9.9. Other recent advances in RF harvesting

10. Mechanical harvesting for devices (acoustic, vibration, linear and rotational motion) using electrodynamics, piezoelectrics, triboelectrics etc. Thermoelectrics, pyroelectrics, evaporative hydrovoltaics, microbial fuel cells (biofuel harvesting)

  • 10.1. Overview
  • 10.2. ZED energy harvesting technology beyond harvesting electromagnetic radiation 2024-2044
  • 10.3. Sources of mechanical energy and harvesting options 2024-2044
  • 10.4. GeorgiaTech comparison of some options
  • 10.5. Vibration harvesting
    • 10.5.1. General
    • 10.5.2. Hitachi Rail battery-free ZED vibration sensor powered by electrodynamic energy harvesting
  • 10.6. Harvesting infrasound
  • 10.7. Kinetron and other electrodynamic ("electrokinetic") harvesters typically harvesting infrasound
  • 10.8. Push button harvesting
  • 10.9. EnOcean building controls "no wires, no batteries, no limits" IOT
  • 10.10. Zero Energy Development battery-free ZED
  • 10.11. Transpiration electrokinetic harvesting for battery-free sensor power supply
  • 10.12. Acoustic harvesting
  • 10.13. Triboelectric energy harvesting of motion
  • 10.14. Thermoelectric harvesting with SWOT appraisal
  • 10.15. Hydrovoltaic harvesting
  • 10.16. Flexible energy harvesting: biofuel cell skin sensor system
  • 10.16. Research pipeline in 2024 and earlier

11. Multi-mode energy harvesting for devices

  • 11.1. Overview
  • 11.2. Multi-mode and multiple-source harvesting to reduce intermittency
    • 11.2.1. Thermoelectric with photovoltaic
    • 11.2.2. Photovoltaic with electrokinetic: Ressence Model 2 watch
    • 11.2.3. Thermoelectric with photovoltaic and movement harvesting: DCO, Wurth and Analog Devices products
    • 11.2.4. Push button harvesting with solar power and intermittency tolerant electronics BFree
  • 11.3. Multi-mode harvesting research pipeline 2024 and earlier
  • 11.4. SWOT appraisal of multi-mode energy harvesting for ZED

12. Supercapacitors, variants and massless energy for battery-free ZED

  • 12.1. Overview
  • 12.2. Spectrum of choice-capacitor to supercapacitor to battery
  • 12.3. Lithium-ion capacitor features
  • 12.4. Actual and potential major applications of supercapacitors and their derivatives 2024-2044
  • 12.5. SWOT appraisal of batteryless storage technologies for ZED
  • 12.6. Examples of ZED enabled by supercapacitors and variants
    • 12.6.1. Bicycle dynamo with supercapacitor or electrolytic capacitor
    • 12.6.2. IOT ZED enabled by LIC hybrid supercapacitor
    • 12.6.3. Supercapacitors in medical devices
  • 12.7. Massless energy-supercapacitor structural electronics
    • 12.7.1. Review
    • 12.7.2. Structural supercapacitors for aircraft: Imperial College London, Texas A&M University
    • 12.7.3. Structural supercapacitors for boats and other applications: University of California San Diego
    • 12.7.4. Structural supercapacitors for road vehicles: five research centers
    • 12.7.5. Structural supercapacitors for electronics and devices: Vanderbilt University USA
    • 12.7.6. Transparent structural supercapacitors on optoelectronic devices
  • 12.8. Research pipeline: Supercapacitors
  • 12.9. Research pipeline: Hybrid approaches
  • 12.10. Research pipeline: Pseudocapacitors