固体冷却材料及系统 (PDRC、热、热电等) 的市场与技术 (2025-2045年)

处于主导地位的蒸汽压缩冷却未来将不可避免地经历S形曲线，预计20年内其市场占有率将大幅下降。未来十年，许多固态冷却新创公司预计将扩大市场占有率，并被冷却巨头收购，为投资者提供主要退出途径。

固态冷却为冷却带来了许多新的创新，包括引入1kW 微晶片、更高温度的6G 通讯基础设施计划、下一代柔性太阳能电池板，甚至是即使在50°C 的夏季也能保持凉爽的衣服前景是满足需求的。固态冷却是多功能智慧材料（包括结构电子产品）趋势的一部分。

本报告提供固体冷却材料及系统的市场调查，彙整新的固体冷却技术概要，主要材料的R&D趋势，技术蓝图，主要材料的市场规模的转变·预测，案例研究，进入经营者，事业机会分析等资料。

目录

第1章 摘要整理·结论

• 本报告的目的
• 调查方法
• 增加冷却需求的多种原因
• 固态冷却的本质以及为何它现在成为优先事项
• 散热工具包，多功能趋势，最佳固态散热工具
• 18个主要结论
• 主要降温技术：2000年-2045年
• 重要的热量冷却研究数量：依技术分类
• 固态冷却研究的主要材料
• PDRC评估
• 电热冷却的评估
• 弹性热量冷却的评估
• 热电冷却的评估
• 冷却路线图：依市场/技术划分
• 市场预测
• 背景预测

第2章 简介

• 概要
• 冷却需求往往较大且性质不同。
• 冷却需求重大变更范例：2025-2045 年
• 冷却技术将如何过渡到智慧材料
• 重塑空调，使其更节能、环保且价格实惠
• 广泛使用和提议的不良材料：这对您来说是一个机会
• 2024 年公布的固态冷却竞争对手范例

第3章 PDRC (Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling)

• 概要
• PDRC 基础知识
• 基于结构和成分的辐射冷却材料
• 潜在优势与应用
• 2024 年和 2023 年的其他重要进展
• PDRC 商业化的公司
• 3M USA
• BASF Germany
• i2Cool USA
• LifeLabs USA
• Plasmonics USA
• Radicool Japan, Malaysia etc.
• SkyCool Systems USA
• SolCold Israel
• Spinoff from University of Massachusetts Amherst USA
• SRI USA
• PDRC SWOT报告

第4章 自我适应型·转换可能·调整可能·Janus型·反斯托克斯型的固体冷却

• 整体概况/SWOT
• 辐射冷却技术成熟度曲线
• 自适应且可切换的辐射冷却
• 双方协调辐射冷却：SWOT 评估
• 反斯托克斯萤光冷却：SWOT 评估

第5章 相位改变·热冷却

• 结构和铁磁相变冷却模式和材料
• 固态相变冷却：在特定应用中可能与其他形式竞争
• 与热量冷却相关的物理原理
• 热量冷却的工作原理
• 热电冷却和热冷却的比较以及优越热冷却技术的鑑定
• 促进热量冷却使用的研究提案
• 电热冷却
• 磁热冷却：SWOT 评估
• 机械热冷却（弹性、压力、扭转）
• 多热量冷却

第6章 实行技术:超材料以及其他的先进性的光冷却:新兴材料和设备

• 超材料
• 先进的光子冷却和加热预防

第7章 与其他的固体冷却的用户及电力供给者的未来的热电冷却热电发电

• 基础知识
• 热电材料
• 广泛且灵活的热电冷却：有待解决的市场空白
• 建筑物的辐射冷却：2024 年热电发电带来的多功能性
• TEC 与 TEG 散热问题：不断发展的解决方案
• 热电冷却和冷却发电方面的 20 项进展及 2024 年回顾
• 2023 年的进展
• 82 家 Peltier 热电模组和产品製造商

Summary

Solid state cooling is now a superb investment with impressive research advances through 2024. Uniquely, the new Zhar Research report, "Solid State Cooling Materials and Systems PDRC, Caloric, Thermoelectric, Other: Markets, Technology 2025-2045" gives that new picture with PhD level analysis.

Shake up

Nothing is forever and the dominant vapor compression cooling will be subject to the inevitable S curve, sharply losing share within 20 years. Long before that, within ten years, many solid-state cooling startups starting to take share will be bought by the cooling giants playing catch-up, this providing an excellent exit for investors.

Serving new needs

Solid-state cooling will serve the many new needs for cooling such as 1kW microchips arriving, planned hotter 6G Communications infrastructure, next generation flexible solar panels and even apparel that cools well in the lethal 50C summers arriving. Solid-state cooling is part of the trend to multifunctional smart materials including structural electronics: vapor compression is not.

Latest research is important

This commercially-oriented 339-page report has 292 research advances assessed from 2024 and 2023, 102 companies mentioned, ten SWOT appraisals, 33 new infograms, 17 forecast lines 2025-2045. The primary focus is on the technologies judged to have the largest commercial potential 2025-2045 - radiative cooling into the atmospheric window, notably the variant called passive daytime radiative cooling, the many forms of caloric cooling and thermoelectric cooling being reinvented. Multi-mode and multifunctional forms are revealed and new enabling technologies such as metamaterial cooling explained.

Lucid insights

The 30-page Executive Summary and Conclusions is sufficient in itself, presenting roadmaps 2025-2045, those 17 forecast lines, many new pie charts, comparisons, SWOTs, radical new needs. See projections such as best cooling temperature differences and cooling power achievements likely 2025-2045 by technology. Which two caloric cooling technologies win? See the most promising materials for each technology ranked from research and latest company initiatives and some toxigen issues that are an opportunity for you.

The 26-page Introduction puts it in context such as emerging countries such as Saudi Arabia and India being in hotter locations just as global warning is added. See the new cooling needs from ever hotter microchips graphed, telecommunications base station and data center power escalation graphed. Here are the allied technologies such as thermal conductors shown in maturity curves 2025, 2035, 2045 and the solid-state cooling options they support. See how the need for vapor compression will be eased by adding some of the new technologies. However, this is an unbiassed report, so the chapter ends with detail on two examples of competition for solid state cooling that emerged in 2024. The rest of the report is much more detailed with two chapters on different forms of radiative cooling, one on the enabling metamaterials, one on caloric cooling and one on emerging new forms of thermoelectric cooling.

Chapter 3 "Passive Daylight Radiative Cooling" takes 98 pages, massively important because, taking no power, it is easily integrated into apparel and buildings. This technology combines radiative cooling into the atmospheric window with reflection of heat. Exactly how does it work in structures and fabrics? Smart windows, invisible facades and remarkable other applications being progressed? See how ten companies commercialising PDRC. The materials involved are very closely examined. Can it be coloured without compromise? Transparent, aerogel, porous, ceramic and meta-material forms? Overall, the 13 most important formulations of material for PDRC are prioritised, particularly incorporating the research breakthroughs in 2024.

Chapter 4 (30 pages) takes you into allied technologies and advanced functionalities of PDRC with, "Self-adaptive, switchable, tuned, Janus and anti-Stokes solid state cooling". This includes two-way radiative cooling, use of fluorescence and different materials such as vanadium salts and liquid crystal. As with all the other chapters, enjoy SWOT appraisals, diagrams and analysis, not rambling text.

Chapter 5, "Phase change and particularly caloric cooling" compares the cooling obtained by phase changes between solid, liquid and gas and the feeble cooling between different solid crystalline states. However, this chapter then almost entirely focuses on the exciting solid-state one - caloric cooling by alteration of ferroic state. See magnetocaloric, elastocaloric, twistocaloric, barocaloric and electrocaloric compared and why an additional liquid option is not promising. Learn how latest research leads us to look particularly closely at the complementary technologies electrocaloric and elastocaloric, the winning materials from latest research and the issues to overcome before successful commercialisation such as sometimes toxigen intermediaries, moving parts or high voltages. Nonetheless, the potential on a 20-year view is shown to be considerable.

In a report on solid state cooling, thermoelectrics might seem the dullest option - mature yet only achieving a market size of around one billion dollars. However, the closer look in this report reveals that this huge and precise cooling capacity even on a tiny scale is badly needed for some new needs. Learn how it can be boosted by using some of the other solid state cooling options on the hot side. In addition, see how wide area, low-cost thermoelectrics is a real, though not immediate, possibility when latest research is appraised in detail. This chapter 7, "Future thermoelectric cooling and thermoelectric harvesting as a user of and power provider for other solid-state cooling" (72 pages) ends with 82 manufacturers listed.

Zhar Research report, "Solid State Cooling Materials and Systems PDRC, Caloric, Thermoelectric, Other: Markets, Technology 2025-2045" is essential reading for those seeking to make or use the next generation of cooling technology and all in added value materials that seek large new opportunities.

CAPTION: Some reasons for the escalating need for cooling. Source, Zhar Research report, "Solid State Cooling Materials and Systems PDRC, Caloric, Thermoelectric, Other: Markets, Technology 2025-2045".

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions

• 1.1. Purpose of this report
• 1.2. Methodology of this analysis
• 1.3. The many reasons for the escalating need for cooling
• 1.4. The nature of solid-state cooling and why it is now a priority
• 1.5. Cooling toolkit, trend to multifunctionality with best solid-state cooling tools shown red
• 1.6. 18 Primary conclusions
• 1.7. Typical best reported temperature drop achieved by technology 2000-2045 extrapolated
• 1.8. Number of important caloric cooling research advances 2024 and 2023 by technology revealing best options
• 1.9. Leading materials in number of latest research advances on solid state cooling
• 1.10. Appraisal of Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling PDRC
  • 1.10.1. SWOT appraisal of PDRC
  • 1.10.2. Popularity of materials by family in recent research on PDRC and allied radiative cooling
• 1.11. Appraisal of electrocaloric cooling
  • 1.11.1. SWOT appraisal of electrocaloric cooling
  • 1.11.2. Electrocaloric materials by popularity in research
• 1.12. Appraisal of elastocaloric cooling
• 1.13. Appraisal of thermoelectric cooling
  • 1.13.1. SWOT appraisal of thermoelectric cooling, temperature control and harvesting
  • 1.13.2. Formulation popularity of latest thermoelectric cooling technology
• 1.14. Cooling roadmap by market and by technology 2025-2045
• 1.15. Market forecasts 2025-2045 as tables with graphs
  • 1.15.1. Cooling module global market by seven technologies $ billion 2025-2045
  • 1.15.2. Terrestrial radiative cooling performance in commercial products W/sq. m 2025-2045
• 1.16. Background forecasts
  • 1.16.1. Air conditioner value market $ billion 2025-2045 and by region
  • 1.16.2. Global market for HVAC, refrigerators, freezers, other cooling $ billion 2025-2045
  • 1.16.3. Refrigerator and freezer value market $ billion 2025-2045
  • 1.16.4. Market for 6G vs 5G in 2 categories base stations units millions yearly 2025-2045

2. Introduction

• 2.1. Overview
• 2.2. Need for cooling becomes much larger and often different in nature
• 2.3. Examples of radical changes in the requirements for cooling 2025-2045
  • 2.3.1. Escalation of demand for air conditioning and forthcoming changes in requirement
  • 2.3.2. How 6G Communications from 2030 will bring new cooling requirements: infograms
  • 2.3.3. Severe new microchip cooling requirements arriving
  • 2.3.4. Other cooling problems and opportunities emerging in electronics and ICT
• 2.4. How cooling technology will trend to smart materials 2025-2045
• 2.5. Reinventing air conditioning to be lower power, greener, more affordable
• 2.7. Undesirable materials widely used and proposed: this is an opportunity for you
• 2.8. Examples of competition for solid state cooling announced in 2024

3. Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC)

• 3.1. Overview
• 3.2. PDRC basics
• 3.3. Radiative cooling materials by structure and formulation with research analysis
• 3.4. Potential benefits and applications
  • 3.4.1. Overall opportunity and progress
  • 3.4.2. Transparent PDRC for facades, solar panels and windows including 8 advances in 2024
  • 3.4.3. Wearable PDRC, textile and fabric with 7 advances in 2024 and SWOT
  • 3.4.4. PDRC cold side boosting power of thermoelectric generators
  • 3.4.5. Color without compromise including advances in 2024
  • 3.4.6. Aerogel and porous material approaches
  • 3.4.7. Environmental and inexpensive PDRC materials development
• 3.5. Other important advances in 2024 and 2023
  • 3.5.1. 24 important advances in 2024
  • 3.5.2. Advances in 2023
• 3.6. Companies commercialising PDRC
• 3.6.1 3M USA
  • 3.6.2. BASF Germany
  • 3.6.3. i2Cool USA
  • 3.6.4. LifeLabs USA
  • 3.6.5. Plasmonics USA
  • 3.6.6. Radicool Japan, Malaysia etc.
  • 3.6.7. SkyCool Systems USA
  • 3.6.8. SolCold Israel
  • 3.6.9. Spinoff from University of Massachusetts Amherst USA
  • 3.6.10. SRI USA
• 3.7. PDRC SWOT report

4. Self-adaptive, switchable, tuned, Janus and Anti-Stokes solid state cooling

• 4.1. Overview of the bigger picture with SWOT
• 4.2. Maturity curve of radiative cooling technologies
• 4.3. Self-adaptive and switchable radiative cooling
  • 4.3.1. The vanadium phase change approaches in 2024
  • 4.3.2. Alternative using liquid crystal
• 4.4. Tuned radiative cooling using both sides: Janus emitter JET advances in 2024, 2023 and SWOT
• 4.5. Anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling with SWOT appraisal

5. Phase change and particularly caloric cooling

• 5.1. Structural and ferroic phase change cooling modes and materials
• 5.2. Solid-state phase-change cooling potentially competing with other forms in named applications
• 5.3. The physical principles adjoining caloric cooling
• 5.4. Operating principles for caloric cooling
• 5.5. Caloric compared to thermoelectric cooling and winning caloric technologies identified
• 5.6. Some proposals for work to advance the use of caloric cooling
• 5.7. Electrocaloric cooling
  • 5.7.1. Overview and SWOT appraisal
  • 5.7.2. Operating principles, device construction, successful materials and form factors
  • 5.7.3. Electrocaloric material popularity in latest research with explanation
  • 5.7.4. Giant electrocaloric effect
  • 5.7.5. Electrocaloric cooling: issues to address
  • 5.7.6. Six important advances and a review in 2024
  • 5.7.7. 17 other advances in 2023
  • 5.7.8. Notable earlier electrocaloric research
• 5.8. Magnetocaloric cooling with SWOT appraisal
• 5.9. Mechanocaloric cooling (elastocaloric, barocaloric, twistocaloric) cooling
  • 5.9.1. Elastocaloric cooling overview: operating principle, system design, applications, SWOT
  • 5.9.2. 19 elastocaloric advances in 2024
  • 5.9.3. Barocaloric cooling
• 5.10. Multicaloric cooling

6. Enabling technology: Metamaterial and other advanced photonic cooling: emerging materials and devices

• 6.1. Metamaterials
  • 6.1.1. Metamaterial and metasurface basics
  • 6.1.2. The meta-atom, patterning and functional options
  • 6.1.3. SWOT assessment for metamaterials and metasurfaces generally
  • 6.1.4. Metamaterial energy harvesting may power metamaterial active cooling
  • 6.1.5. Thermal metamaterial with 11 advances in 2024
• 6.4. Advanced photonic cooling and prevention of heating

7. Future thermoelectric cooling and thermoelectric harvesting as a user of and power provider for other solid-state cooling

• 7.1. Basics
  • 7.1.1. Operation, examples
  • 7.1.2. Thermoelectric cooling and temperature control applications 2025 and 2045
  • 7.1.3. SWOT appraisal of thermoelectric cooling, temperature control and harvesting
• 7.2. Thermoelectric materials
  • 7.2.1. Requirements
  • 7.2.2. Useful and misleading metrics
  • 7.2.3. Quest for better zT performance which is often the wrong approach
  • 7.2.4. Some alternatives to bismuth telluride being considered
  • 7.2.5. Non-toxic and less toxic thermoelectric materials, some lower cost
  • 7.2.6. Ferron and spin driven thermoelectrics
• 7.3. Wide area and flexible thermoelectric cooling is a gap in the market for you to address
  • 7.3.1. The need and general approaches
  • 7.3.2. Advances in flexible and wide area thermoelectric cooling in 2024 and 2023
  • 7.3.3. Wide area or flexible TEG research 40 examples from 2024 that may lead to similar TEC
• 7.4. Radiation cooling of buildings: multifunctional with thermoelectric harvesting in 2024
• 7.5. The heat removal problem of TEC and TEG - evolving solutions
• 7.6. 20 advances in thermoelectric cooling and harvesting involving cooling and a review in 2024
• 7.7. Advances in 2023
• 7.8. 82 Manufactures of Peltier thermoelectric modules and products