市场调查报告书
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全球稀土市场——2023-2030Global Rare Earth Elements Market - 2023-2030 |
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稀土市场规模增长显着,在预测期内(2023 年至 2030 年)以 9.4% 的复合年增长率增长。
稀土是元素週期表中的 17 种金属和化合物,它们是具有特定属性的元素。 稀土在提取过程中作为主要产品生产,或在其他关键元素(如铀和钍)提取过程中作为单独产品生产。 公司的大部分业务位于中国,其他业务位于美国、澳大利亚和加拿大。
中国稀土行业完全由国有企业主导,中国政府的市场整合计划有望让国有企业的作用更加强大。 併购和扩大新产能是市场主要参与者采取的主要战略之一。 稀土价格波动使主要参与者面临激烈的交易投机。
决定公司在稀土市场竞争力的主要因素是定量资源基础、定性资源基础、采矿和提炼技术方面的技术优势以及联邦激励措施。研发专业知识、客户范围和垂直整合、程度合资企业和战略合作伙伴关係、对企业施加的环境法规、运营所在国家/地区的贸易壁垒、专业知识和熟练劳动力的可用性。
由于风力发电中直接驱动涡轮机的使用增加,稀土市场份额上升。
在风能生产中越来越多地使用直接驱动涡轮机正在提高稀土的市场份额。
风能已成为一种经济高效的清洁发电解决方案。 它被称为替代不可再生燃料的清洁解决方案。 此外,风电场提供了一种替代发电方式,同时减少了温室气体排放。 由于联邦政府收紧生产激励措施和排放法规,预计未来风力发电市场将继续扩大。
风力涡轮机使用大型齿轮箱发电。 直驱式永磁发电机以其高效和低维护停机时间取代了传统的齿轮驱动涡轮机。 一些直接驱动涡轮机的效率比齿轮驱动涡轮机高 25-30%。
典型的大型风力涡轮机需要近两吨由硼、铁和钕合金製成的高强度磁铁。 MW 涡轮机使用了约半吨永磁体,外加 150-200 千克镨金属镨、镝和钕的混合物。
2019年风电装机650.8吉瓦,2019年新增59.7吉瓦,领跑全球风电专家。
由于在中国和欧洲的积极扩张活动,预计份额将上升至 8%。 中国已宣布计划到 2020 年将风电装机容量提高到 200GW。 到 2020 年,这种主要针对直接驱动涡轮机的需求将耗尽全球生产的钕和镨金属的全部供应。
供需缺口和替代材料的兴起为稀土增长创造了极具挑战性的环境。
虽然世界稀土供应高度集中在某些地区,但需求却广泛分布于世界各地。 因此,贸易在将稀土氧化物输送到世界各地的各种最终用途行业方面发挥着关键作用。 目前的生产主要局限于美国和中国,其他地方几乎没有生产。
这些国家/地区非常依赖数量有限的采矿点来提供供应,因此生产中断会导致价格大幅波动,从而难以供应各种敏感的最终用途。经常成为 环境问题、联邦配额和不断上升的生产成本常常导致这些国家的小型矿山关闭。
这将导致主要进口国的供应和出口中断,这些国家要么诉诸回收利用,要么改用替代材料。 例如,镍、铬和锰改性的钛和钒可用作镍氢电池中的稀土替代金属。 此外,由于储量的商业开采存在时间滞后,最终使用需求的激增已经超过了供应的增长。 因此,应认真考虑替代材料。
COVID-19 影响分析
由于製造业停工,COVID-19 大流行导致全球稀土市场略有下滑。 在 COVID-19 流行期间,世界上有几个国家限制了生产活动。 此外,2020 年 4 月至 6 月的低需求抑制了电子产品和汽车的增长。 国际能源署宣布,在 2020 年 1 月至 4 月的 COVID-19 大流行期间,汽车销量与 2019 年相比同比下降 15%,而乘用车和轻型商用车的电力销量在 2019 年也有所下降。它已经较上年水平大幅下降。
此外,2020年8月,几家主要製造商开始生产电子设备和电动汽车,因此对稀土的需求略有增加。 主要製造商面临原材料短缺。 此外,随着一些机构、学校和学院转向在线课程,带动了对智能手机的需求,发展中国家的需求激增导致智能手机、扬声器等移动电子设备销量增加,
Rare Earth Elements Market size was worth US$ XX million in 2022 and is estimated to show significant growth by reaching up to US$ XX million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 9.4% within the forecast period (2023-2030).
Rare earth elements are seventeen metals and compounds grouped in the periodic table with specific properties. Rare earth is either produced as primary products during extraction or as by-products during the extraction of some other principal elements such as uranium and thorium. Most of the firms' operating activities are located in China, with other firms based out of U.S., Australia and Canada.
State-owned firms enjoy complete dominance over the rare earth industry in China and with the Chinese government's market consolidation plan, it is expected that the state's role to get stronger. Mergers & acquisitions and new capacity expansions are among the key strategies adopted by the market's major players. Because of volatile rare earth prices, key players are subject to intense trade speculation.
The factors that play a major role in determining the competitive edge of a company in the rare earth market are: resource base in terms of volume, resource base in terms of quality, technological edge in mining and extraction techniques, access to federal incentives, R&D expertise, customer reach and the extent of vertical integration, joint ventures and strategic partnerships, environmental regulations imposed on operations, trade barriers in the country of operations and expertise and availability of skilled manpower.
Increasing usage of direct-drive turbines for wind energy production drives the market share for rare earth elements.
Wind energy has become a cost-effective and clean solution for electricity generation. It is termed the clean alternative to non-renewable fuels. Furthermore, wind energy farms provide an alternative method to generate electricity with reduced emission of greenhouse gases. Wind energy generation is expected to show incremental market growth in the future because of growing federal incentives for production and regulations on emissions.
Wind turbines involve the usage of large gearboxes for electricity generation. Direct-drive permanent magnet generators replace conventional gear-driven turbines because of the latter's efficiency and lower maintenance downtime. Some direct-drive turbines are 25-30% more efficient than gear-driven turbines.
A typical large wind turbine requires nearly two tons of high-strength magnets, usually alloys of boron, iron and didymium metal. Each MW of turbine uses about half a ton of permanent magnet and, in turn, involves using 150-200 kg of didymium metal, a mixture of praseodymium, dysprosium and neodymium.
The installed wind power capacity as of 2019 stands at 650.8 GW, 59.7 GW added in 2019, Leading wind experts from around the world.
The share is expected to rise to 8% because of aggressive expansion activities in China and Europe. China announced plans to raise its wind power capacity to 200 GW by 2020. This demand primarily comprises direct-drive turbines and will consume the entire supply of neodymium and praseodymium metal produced worldwide by 2020.
The global supply of rare earth is heavily concentrated in certain geographies while the demand is widely spread worldwide. As a result, trade plays a vital role in reaching rare earth oxides to various end-use industries worldwide. The current production is mainly restricted to U.S. and China, with little produced in other geographies.
As a result of supply disruption overdependence on a limited number of mining sites in these countries, any disruption to production often results in huge price fluctuations and challenges the availability of various sensitive end-uses. Environmental concerns, enactment of federal quotas and rising production costs often result in the closure of small mining sites in these countries.
It leads to the disruption of supplies and exports to key importing countries, which either rely on recycling or switch to substitutable materials. For instance, titanium and vanadium modified with nickel, chromium and manganese can be used as substitutable metals for rare earth in NiMH batteries. In addition to the above, the rapidly growing end-use demand outpaces supply growth due to a lag period involved in the commercial development of reserves. This rising deficit only propels a serious evaluation of substitutable materials.
The global rare earth elements market has slightly declined due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as manufacturing industries were closed. Several countries globally have restricted production activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, the growth of electronic devices and automobiles declined due to low demand from April to June 2020. As per International Energy Agency, during January to April 2020 COVID-19 pandemic period, the sale of cars contracted by 15% over the year compared to 2019, while electric sales for passenger and light-duty commercial vehicles also declined broadly as compared to 2019 levels.
In addition, the demand for rare earth elements slightly increased in August 2020 as several leading manufacturers started producing electronic devices, electric vehicles, etc. The leading manufacturers were facing a lack in the supply of raw materials. Further demand is increased suddenly due to the increasing sale of portable electronic devices such as smartphones, speakers, etc., due to a surge in demand in developing countries as several institutions, schools and colleges shifted into online classes, which have propelled the demand for smartphones.
The global rare earth elements market is segmented by type, source, application, end-user and region.
The growing demand for compounds in applications such as catalysts, polishing agents, phosphors and magnets in various growing end-use industries is boosting the segment's growth
The global rare earth elements market is segmented based on type: metal and compounds. The compounds dominate the market of the mentioned types. Similar to rare earth metals, rare earth compounds are also found in niche volumes in the earth, which may or may not have rare earth metals. Rare earth elements are also used in compounds in various commercial applications. Cerium compounds, carbonates, chlorides and oxides are rare earth compounds. These compounds are used as catalysts, polishing agents, phosphors and magnets in various growing end-use industries
Compounds evolved as the largest product category in the global rare earth elements market, accounting for a share of 89.22% of total sales revenue in 2020. The rapidly growing sales of electronic components led to the growth of rare earth compounds across the globe. Further, the evolution of personal wearable electronics led to new growth avenues in rechargeable batteries, driving the need for rare earth compounds.
The growing demand for rare earth can be attributed to the expanding automotive industry in North America. For example, in 2018, Tesla announced using neodymium in its Model 3 Long Range cars. The introduction of rare earth metals is anticipated to spur the demand for neodymium over the forecast period.
U.S. dominates the North America rare earth Elements (MIM) market. The U.S. is the second largest consumer of rare earth metals after China. These elements are predominantly used in catalyst compositions as catalytic converters and refinery applications.
The country has significant unexploited reserves and relies on production from the Mountain Pass mine in California and on imports that cater to domestic demand. U.S. Department of Energy reported that in 2018 U.S. imported all of the REEs it consumes, about 80% of which come from China. In 2018, the DOE informed that the nation imported around US$160 million rare earth compounds and metals, excluding some such as scandium and yttrium.
However, the real economic cost of REEs is so deceptive that the nation imports nearly all of its REEs in the form of finished goods rather than raw materials. When put in these terms, U.S. Department of Energy projected that U.S. imported US$ 2.6 trillion of finished goods containing REEs in 2018.
The global rare earth elements market is highly competitive with local and global key players. The key players contributing to the market's growth are China Rare Earth Holdings Limited, Arafura Resources Limited, Lynas Corporation, Ltd., Avalon Advanced Materials Inc., Alkane Resources Ltd, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. Ltd, Canada Rare Earth Corporation, Iluka Resources Ltd., Eutectix LLC, Rare Element Resources Ltd and others.
The major companies are adopting several growth strategies, such as product launches, acquisitions and collaborations, contributing to the global growth of the rare earth elements market.
For instance, in December 2019, USA Rare Earth and Australian Rare Earth Company Arafura Resources entered a strategic relationship. Under a letter of intent, Arafura will send Heavy Rare Earth (HREE) concentrate from Nolans for processing at USA Rare Earth's Colorado pilot plant.
Overview: Lynas is one of the world's largest producers of rare earth materials. It has two major operations: a mining and concentration plant at Mount Weld, Western Australia and a refining facility at Kuantan, Malaysia. The company's rare earth oxides are mined and initially processed at their Mt Weld Concentration Plant. Lynas Rare Earths are used in many high-tech and future-facing industries, including electronics, wind turbines, catalytic converters and electric and hybrid motor vehicles.
Product Portfolio: Rare earth products: Neodymium and Praseodymium (NdPr) used in magnets, Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce) and Mixed Heavy Rare Earths (SEG) are the high-quality products included in their product portfolio.
On January 2021, Lynas Corporation inked an agreement with U.S. Government to build a light rare earth separation plant in Texas. The plant will process material directly sourced from Lynas' cracking and leaching plant under development in Western Australia. It is expected to produce nearly 5000 tonnes of rare earth products annually, including around 1250 tonnes of neodymium-praseodymium (NdPr).
The global rare earth elements market report would provide approximately 61 market data tables, 55 figures and 212 pages.
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