全球异恶草酮市场 - 2023-2030
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1359949

全球异恶草酮市场 - 2023-2030

Global Clomazone Market - 2023-2030

出版日期: | 出版商: DataM Intelligence | 英文 193 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2个工作天内

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简介目录

概述 :

2022年,全球异恶草酮市场达到4.085亿美元,预计2030年将达到5.079亿美元,2023-2030年预测期间复合年增长率为2.3%。

异恶草酮在杂草管理系统中的广泛使用是由于其较低的价格和有效的一年生草控制。异恶草酮可用于成功管理有问题的物种,例如阔叶讯号草(Urochloa platyphylla)和稗草。

此外,对二氯喹啉酸和敌稗具有抗性的稗草的普遍存在,显着增加了异恶草酮用于水稻杂草控制的使用量。预测期内异恶草酮市场的扩张将受到全球范围内大米需求的推动。

此外,当依照建议用量用于水稻时,异恶草酮可以更好地控制禾本科植物,但对阔叶和莎草物种无效。根据美国农业部的数据,2021 年美国糙米产量为1.918 亿英担(cwt),比2020 年减少16%,但收成比2019 年略有改善。这是提高农作物产量的更好方法,这将刺激扩张由于产量下降,需要对异恶草酮市场进行补充。

动态:

除草剂需求增加

由于杂草对现有商业除草剂的抗药性不断增强,因此迫切需要新的除草剂作用模式(MOA)。由于其在控制多种农业除草剂方面的经济性和有效性,例如大豆、棉花、水稻、甘蔗、烟草、辣椒和南瓜中的阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草,这一需求产生了对异恶草酮的需求。它是化学类异噁唑的成员,在单子叶和双子叶植物出现之前或出现后不久使用时,具有广泛的杂草控製作用。

此外,随着全球人口的成长,农业需要变得更有效率,因此需要采取新的策略来提高粮食产量。根据预测,到 2050 年,为了更好地养活世界上 91 亿人口,2005 年至 2007 年间,全球粮食产量可能增加约 70%。发展中国家的产量应增加近两倍这样它就会得到这个。这表明一些关键商品的产量将大幅上升。例如,联合国粮农组织预测,一年一度的谷物产量可能需要在援助下增加约10亿吨。由于对这些产品的需求,异恶草酮市场在预测期内将会增加。

政府法规支持异恶草酮市场

世界各国政府都依赖除草剂来加强其农业部门,因为异恶草酮是一种选择性除草剂,主要用于控制大豆、棉花和花生等农作物的杂草。

例如,印度的 Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) 等政府政策将有助于农业产业的扩张。全国所有农民家庭将获得卢比的收入援助。根据该计划,每年 6000 卢比,分三期等额支付。每四个月2000元/-,让农民更专注于种植。异恶草酮的市场将随着农业的发展而扩大。

使用除草剂的不良影响

在两栖类栖息的稻田中,异恶草酮是一种常见的除草剂。因此,非目标暴露可能会使这些物种面临危险。然而,奈米颗粒正在被创造用作运输农业化学品的机制。这些奈米粒子被认为更有效且对环境的危害更小,因为它们改变了除草剂的释放方式。

此外,《中国生态农业学报》也发布了异恶草酮及其组合对大豆田及后续作物杂草影响的研究。试验结果表明,异恶草酮(36CS)对禾本科杂草有明显的防除效果,但对大豆田的某些阔叶杂草无效。虽然异恶草酮和氯嘧磺隆的组合可以成功地消除禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草,但它对玉米的株高、穗位高度和无粒穗的长度具有不利影响。异恶草酮及其组合可引起玉米幼苗白化症。

目录

第 1 章:方法与范围

  • 研究方法论
  • 报告的研究目的和范围

第 2 章:定义与概述

第 3 章:执行摘要

  • 按类型分類的片段
  • 按作物摘录
  • 配方片段
  • 按配销通路分類的片段
  • 按申请阶段分類的片段
  • 按地区分類的片段

第 4 章:动力学

  • 影响因素
    • 司机
      • 除草剂需求增加
      • 政府法规支持异恶草酮市场
    • 限制
      • 使用除草剂的不良影响
    • 机会
    • 影响分析

第 5 章:产业分析

  • 波特五力分析
  • 供应链分析
  • 定价分析
  • 监管分析
  • 俄乌战争影响分析
  • DMI 意见

第 6 章:COVID-19 分析

  • COVID-19 分析
    • 新冠疫情爆发前的情景
    • 新冠疫情期间的情景
    • 新冠疫情后的情景
  • COVID-19 期间的定价动态
  • 供需谱
  • 疫情期间政府与市场相关的倡议
  • 製造商策略倡议
  • 结论

第 7 章:按类型

  • 悬乳剂 (SE)
  • 乳油 (EC)
  • 液体(LI)
  • 颗粒(GR)
  • 胶囊混悬液 (CS)
  • 其他的

第 8 章:按配方

  • 液体悬浮液
  • 乳油
  • 可湿性粉剂
  • 其他的

第 9 章:依作物分类

  • 谷物
  • 水果
  • 蔬菜
  • 其他的

第 10 章:按配销通路

  • 电子商务
  • 专卖店
  • 大型超市/超市
  • 其他的

第 11 章:依申请阶段

  • 种植前
  • 紧急情况前
  • 紧急情况后

第 12 章:按地区

  • 北美洲
    • 我们
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 法国
    • 义大利
    • 俄罗斯
    • 欧洲其他地区
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 亚太
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 澳洲
    • 亚太其他地区
  • 中东和非洲

第13章:竞争格局

  • 竞争场景
  • 市场定位/份额分析
  • 併购分析

第 14 章:公司简介

  • BASF SE
    • 公司简介
    • 产品组合和描述
    • 财务概览
    • 最近的发展
  • Dow Agrosciences
  • Zhejiang Rayfull Chemicals Co.,Ltd.
  • Hebni Enge Biotech Co, Ltd.
  • UPL Europe Ltd
  • Interprovincial Cooperative Limited.
  • FMC Corporation
  • Adama
  • Sipcam Oxon Spa
  • Syngenta LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

第 15 章:附录

简介目录
Product Code: AG6976

Overview:

Global Clomazone Market reached US$ 408.5 million in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 507.9 million by 2030, growing with a CAGR of 2.3% during the forecast period 2023-2030.

The widespread usage of clomazone in weed management systems is due to its lower price and potent annual grass control. Clomazone can be used to successfully manage problematic species such as broadleaf signalgrass (Urochloa platyphylla) and barnyard grass.

Additionally, the prevalence of barnyard grass resistant to quinclorac and propanil has increased the usage of clomazone significantly for weed control in rice. The expansion of the clomazone market during the forecast period will be driven by the demand for rice on a worldwide scale.

Further, when used at the recommended rates for rice, clomazone offers better control of grasses but is ineffective against broadleaf and sedge species. According to the USDA, the United States produced 191.8 million hundredweight (cwt) of rough rice in 2021, a 16 percent decrease from 2020 but a little improvement over the harvest in 2019. A better way to enhance crop output, which will spur the expansion of the clomazone market, is needed as a result of the drop in production.

Dynamics:

Increasing Demand For Herbicide

There is a huge need for new herbicide modes of action (MOAs) due to the weeds' increasing development of resistance to currently available commercial herbicides. Due to its affordability and efficacy in controlling several agricultural herbicides, such as broadleaved and grass weeds in weeds in soybean, cotton, rice, sugarcane, tobacco, peppers, and pumpkin, this requirement has generated a need for clomazone. It is a member of the chemical class isoxazole and has a wide range of weed-controlling effects when used before or shortly after the emergence of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.

Additionally, agriculture will need to become more effective as the global population rises, necessitating new strategies for elevating meal production. According to projections, a better way to feed the 9.1 billion human beings that might be residing in the world by way of 2050, the global meal output could increase by approximately 70% between 2005 and 2007. Production ought to nearly triple within the developing nations so that it will gain this. This suggests that the output of some critical commodities will upward thrust substantially. For example, the FAO predicted that the once-a-year cereal manufacturing might want to increase with the aid of approximately 1,000 million tonnes. Due to the want for these products, the clomazone market will increase during the forecast period.

Government Regulations Supported to Clomazone Market

Governments all over the world are relying on herbicides to strengthen their agriculture sectors since clomazone is a selective herbicide used largely to control weeds in crops like soybeans, cotton, and peanuts.

For instance, government policies like India's Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) would aid in the expansion of the agricultural industry. All farmer families nationwide would get an income assistance of Rs. 6000/- per year under the Scheme in three equal installments of Rs. 2000/- every four months, allowing the farmers to concentrate more on their cultivation. The market for clomazone will expand along with the expansion of the agriculture industry.

Adverse Effect of Using Herbicide

In rice fields, where amphibian species reside, clomazone is a common herbicide. As a result, non-target exposure might put such species in danger. However, nanoparticles are being created to be employed as a mechanism for transporting agrochemicals. These nanoparticles are thought to be more effective and less hazardous to the environment because they modify how the herbicide is released.

Further, The Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture released a study on the effects of clomazone and its combination on weeds in soybean fields and the following crops. According to the findings of the experiment, clomazone(36CS) has a clear controlling impact on gramineous weeds but is ineffective against certain latifoliate weeds in soybean fields. While the combination of clomazone and chlorimuron-ethyl is successful in eliminating both gramineous and latifoliate weeds, it has an adverse effect on plant height, ear setting height, and the length of the ear without grains of maize. Albinism in maize seedlings can be brought on by clomazone and its combination.

Segment Analysis:

The global clomazone market is segmented based on type, crop, formulations, distribution channel, stage of application and region.

Demanded for Spray Form Solution

Since its wetting component retains the herbicides of the targeted weed until destruction takes place, the liquid suspension has seen a substantial increase in popularity on the clomazone market. Under the influence of UV light, liquid herbicides that have been sprayed on the ground or applied as liquid suspensions will evaporate or deteriorate. On weeds, this lessens the biocontrol agents' uptake and transmission. The targeted weed's bioherbicides are trapped by the synergistic impact of surfactant as a wetting agent until the weed is destroyed. The molecules at the liquid's surface are in general more energetic than those inside. An ideal contact angle and surface tension are produced by surfactants, which also create optimum wetting efficiency.

Additionally, farmers and other agricultural experts often select herbicide formulations depending on how well they control the target weeds. Depending on how well it outperforms other formulations in weed management, there may or may not be a market for clomazone in a liquid suspension.

Geographical Penetration:

Europe Dominates the Clomazone Market

The regulation and use of agricultural chemical compounds, specifically herbicides, are concern to strict rules in the European Union. There won't be as many products on the market as there can be because the approval system for energetic components and formulations may be stringent. However, if legal, these products are frequently seen as safe and can have sizable market demand.

Agriculture-related environmental and safety concerns have traditionally received more attention in Europe. To be used, clomazone, like other herbicides, must pass stringent safety and environmental requirements, which may have an impact on market share. On September 7, 2022, Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 540/2011 will be amended in Europe in relation to the lengthening of the approval periods for the active ingredient clomazone. These extensions of approvals will fuel the expansion of the clomazone industry throughout the upcoming years.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players include: BASF SE, Dow Agrosciences, Zhejiang Rayfull Chemicals Co.,Ltd., Hebni Enge Biotech Co, Ltd., UPL Europe Ltd, Interprovincial Cooperative Limited., FMC Corporation, Adama, Sipcam Oxon Spa and Syngenta

COVID-19 Impact Analysis:

The clomazone herbicide company operations, like many other sectors, has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 epidemic in a variety of ways. Herbicide availability and distribution were initially impacted by supply chain interruptions, lockdowns, and travel restrictions. Herbicide spraying schedules were impacted, and this caused logistical difficulties for producers as well as farmers.

The epidemic also impacted labor availability by limiting the mobility of seasonal agricultural laborers. As a result, questions were raised regarding the timely use of herbicides. Aside from that, economic uncertainty led some farmers to reevaluate their spending plans and maybe cut back on pesticide use to save money. The need for herbicides like clomazone, which farmers used to preserve their crops and provide food security, remained mostly consistent as the agricultural sector, which was crucial, continued to function.

Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis:

The market for clomazone has also been considerably impacted through the Russia-Ukraine conflict. A common herbicide in agriculture is clomazone, which is used to manipulate weeds in crops along with cotton, soybeans, and maize. Russia and Ukraine are both extensive actors in the global agriculture zone, and the prevention inside the place has hampered clomazone manufacturing and output.

In addition, one of the war's immediate effects has been an interruption in the clomazone supply. Russia and Ukraine are both significant manufacturers of the chemicals and raw materials required to make this pesticide. Clomazone shortages and price rises are a result of transportation routes being affected by the conflict.

By Type

  • Suspo-Emulsion (SE)
  • Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC)
  • Liquid (LI)
  • Granules (GR)
  • Capsule Suspensions (CS)
  • Others

By Crop

  • Grains
  • Fruits
  • Vegetables
  • Others

By Formulations

  • Liquid Suspensions
  • Emulsifiable Concentrates
  • Wettable Powders
  • Others

By Distribution Channel

  • E-Commerce
  • Specialty Stores
  • Hypermarket/Supermarket
  • Others

By Stage of Application

  • Pre-Plant
  • Pre-Emergency
  • Post-Emergency

By Region

  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Russia
    • Rest of Europe
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Rest of South America
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

  • On January 12, 2022, Sipcam Oxon developed a new herbicide named Bismark to manage grass and broadleaf weeds in various crops. Based on Clomazone and Pendimethalin, Bismark is a CS formulation. In Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece, Bismark is a well-known brand. In France, where Bismark will be introduced by Phyteurop during the current season, a new registration has just been acquired.
  • On July 6, 2023, Reator (Clomazone 360 g/l CS), a selective herbicide, was launched in Brazil by FMC. The product's producer claims that because the solution maintains great selectivity and increases the application window for farmers, it may be utilized with newly emerging soybeans.

Why Purchase the Report?

  • To visualize the global clomazone market segmentation based on type, formulation, crop, distribution channel, stage of application and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
  • Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
  • Excel data sheet with numerous data points of clomazone market-level with all segments.
  • PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
  • Product mapping available as Excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global clomazone market report would provide approximately 77 tables, 83 figures and 193 Pages.

Target Audience 2023

  • Manufacturers/ Buyers
  • Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
  • Research Professionals
  • Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Snippet by Type
  • 3.2. Snippet by Crop
  • 3.3. Snippet by Formulation
  • 3.4. Snippet by Distribution Channel
  • 3.5. Snippet by Stage of Application
  • 3.6. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

  • 4.1. Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1. Drivers
      • 4.1.1.1. Increasing Demand for Herbicide
      • 4.1.1.2. Government Regulations Supported to Clomazone Market
    • 4.1.2. Restraints
      • 4.1.2.1. Adverse Effect of Using Herbicide
    • 4.1.3. Opportunity
    • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

  • 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. Regulatory Analysis
  • 5.5. Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis
  • 5.6. DMI Opinion

6. COVID-19 Analysis

  • 6.1. Analysis of COVID-19
    • 6.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
    • 6.1.2. Scenario During COVID
    • 6.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
  • 6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
  • 6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
  • 6.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
  • 6.5. Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
  • 6.6. Conclusion

7. By Type

  • 7.1. Introduction
    • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Type
  • 7.2. Suspo-Emulsion (SE)*
    • 7.2.1. Introduction
    • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 7.3. Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC)
  • 7.4. Liquid (LI)
  • 7.5. Granules (GR)
  • 7.6. Capsule Suspensions (CS)
  • 7.7. Others

8. By Formulation

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Formulation
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Formulation
  • 8.2. Liquid Suspensions*
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 8.3. Emulsifiable Concentrates
  • 8.4. Wettable Powders
  • 8.5. Others

9. By Crop

  • 9.1. Introduction
    • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Crop
    • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Crop
  • 9.2. Grains*
    • 9.2.1. Introduction
    • 9.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 9.3. Fruits
  • 9.4. Vegetables
  • 9.5. Others

10. By Distribution Channel

  • 10.1. Introduction
    • 10.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 10.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Distribution Channel
  • 10.2. E-Commerce*
    • 10.2.1. Introduction
    • 10.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 10.3. Specialty Stores
  • 10.4. Hypermarket/Supermarket
  • 10.5. Others

11. By Stage of Application

  • 11.1. Introduction
    • 11.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Stage of Application
    • 11.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Stage of Application
  • 11.2. Pre-Plant*
    • 11.2.1. Introduction
    • 11.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 11.3. Pre-Emergency
  • 11.4. Post-Emergency

12. By Region

  • 12.1. Introduction
    • 12.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
    • 12.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 12.2. North America
    • 12.2.1. Introduction
    • 12.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 12.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Formulation
    • 12.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Crop
    • 12.2.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 12.2.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Stage of Application
    • 12.2.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.2.8.1. U.S.
      • 12.2.8.2. Canada
      • 12.2.8.3. Mexico
  • 12.3. Europe
    • 12.3.1. Introduction
    • 12.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 12.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Formulation
    • 12.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Crop
    • 12.3.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 12.3.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Stage of Application
    • 12.3.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.3.8.1. Germany
      • 12.3.8.2. UK
      • 12.3.8.3. France
      • 12.3.8.4. Italy
      • 12.3.8.5. Russia
      • 12.3.8.6. Rest of Europe
  • 12.4. South America
    • 12.4.1. Introduction
    • 12.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 12.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Formulation
    • 12.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Crop
    • 12.4.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 12.4.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Stage of Application
    • 12.4.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.4.8.1. Brazil
      • 12.4.8.2. Argentina
      • 12.4.8.3. Rest of South America
  • 12.5. Asia-Pacific
    • 12.5.1. Introduction
    • 12.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 12.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Formulation
    • 12.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Crop
    • 12.5.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 12.5.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Stage of Application
    • 12.5.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.5.8.1. China
      • 12.5.8.2. India
      • 12.5.8.3. Japan
      • 12.5.8.4. Australia
      • 12.5.8.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 12.6. Middle East and Africa
    • 12.6.1. Introduction
    • 12.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 12.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Formulation
    • 12.6.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Crop
    • 12.6.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 12.6.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Stage of Application

13. Competitive Landscape

  • 13.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 13.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 13.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

14. Company Profiles

  • 14.1. BASF SE*
    • 14.1.1. Company Overview
    • 14.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
    • 14.1.3. Financial Overview
    • 14.1.4. Recent Developments
  • 14.2. Dow Agrosciences
  • 14.3. Zhejiang Rayfull Chemicals Co.,Ltd.
  • 14.4. Hebni Enge Biotech Co, Ltd.
  • 14.5. UPL Europe Ltd
  • 14.6. Interprovincial Cooperative Limited.
  • 14.7. FMC Corporation
  • 14.8. Adama
  • 14.9. Sipcam Oxon Spa
  • 14.10. Syngenta LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

15. Appendix

  • 15.1. About Us and Services
  • 15.2. Contact Us