全球波特兰水泥市场 - 2023-2030
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1372103

全球波特兰水泥市场 - 2023-2030

Global Portland Cement Market - 2023-2030

出版日期: | 出版商: DataM Intelligence | 英文 201 Pages | 商品交期: 约2个工作天内

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简介目录

概述

2022年,全球波特兰水泥市场规模达39亿美元,预计2030年将达到56亿美元,2023-2030年预测期间复合年增长率为4.6%。

波特兰水泥因其高抗压强度和硬度而主要用于装甲车和个人盾牌以抵抗子弹穿透。陶瓷板通常用作软质防弹背心的插入物。波特兰水泥在军事和国防领域拥有许多机会,是一个新兴产业。

由于波特兰水泥具有高水准的弹道威胁防御能力,因此经常用于飞机装甲的生产。在预测期内,预计这将推动波特兰水泥市场的发展。此外,使用波特兰水泥来製造车辆装甲可以防止恶劣的天气条件、耐腐蚀并且易于车辆移动。

硅酸盐水泥的防弹衣应用占了40%以上的市占率。同样,北美在波特兰水泥市场上占据主导地位,占据了最大的市场份额,超过 1/3。预计该地区波特兰水泥市场的发展将受到政府军事计画的推动,例如为武装部队提供全身装甲的四肢保护计画和士兵躯干保护系统。

动力学

人口成长、快速城市化和对永续建设的关注

许多重要因素正在推动波特兰水泥市场的巨大成长。随着地球上人口的增加,对住房、基础设施和商业建筑的需求也在增加。反过来,这增加了对波特兰水泥等建筑用品的需求。

城市化速度是另一个重要面向。截至2021 年,地球上超过55% 的人口是城市居民,联合国研究人员预计,到2050 年,这一数字将上升至68%。新的城市、办公室、公寓和基础设施的发展都是由这种都市化趋势带来的,很大程度依赖市场。

波特兰水泥製造商也透过减少碳排放和能源消耗为永续实践做出贡献。它透过低碳水泥、替代原料和节能窑炉技术等创新来实现这一目标。

政府法规正在推动该产业走向永续发展。全球各国政府都推出了法规和激励措施来促进生态友善建筑实践,鼓励使用环保水泥和混凝土。

住房需求、房地产繁荣和大型基础设施项目

联合国预测,到 2050 年,全球将有 97 亿人口,导致住房和波特兰水泥使用的需求不断增加。 2021年,儘管面临疫情挑战,全球房地产产业仍展现出非凡的韧性。值得注意的是,根据全国房地产经纪人协会的数据,美国现有房屋销售量达到 14 年来的新高。

印度、中国和巴西等国家的房地产业迅速扩张,增加了对便携式水泥等建筑用品的需求。全球大型基础设施项目持续实施。在美国,2021年签署的基础设施法案为基础建设分配了大量资金,涵盖道路、桥樑和公共交通等领域。

这些大型专案需要大量水泥,政府通常会为其开发分配大量预算。例如,印度雄心勃勃的基础设施计划,包括巴拉特马拉项目和萨加马拉项目,推动了该地区波特兰水泥的需求。

环境法规和排放控制

根据世界水泥协会的数据,到 2021 年,波特兰水泥产业约占全球二氧化碳排放量的 11%,排放量来自化石燃料的燃烧和水泥生产过程中的排放。它包括熟料生产和水泥厂使用的能源。

各国政府和国际实体已推出严格的法规,旨在减少与水泥製造相关的碳排放。例如,欧盟排放交易体系(EU ETS)将水泥生产纳入其碳交易框架内。许多国家已经制定了水泥产业的减排目标和标准,要求製造商投资于减少排放的技术。

永续水泥替代品,例如低碳水泥和粉煤灰和矿渣等辅助胶凝材料,已经取得了进展。与传统波特兰水泥相比,这些材料的环境足迹较小。

能源消耗高、成本高

能源成本占水泥产业总生产费用的很大一部分。当能源价格上涨或能源效率无法最佳化时,会直接影响水泥生产成本。高生产成本会侵蚀水泥製造商的利润率。

水泥是一种全球贸易商品,製造商在国内和国际领域竞争。能源成本较低地区的公司可以更具竞争力地生产水泥,并有可能取代能源费用较高地区的製造商。

随着能源价格上涨,水泥的製造成本不断上升。对于规模较小或财务实力较差的水泥生产商来说,这尤其具有挑战性,影响了他们的竞争力。高能源成本可能导致水泥产品价格上涨。当製造商将这些增加的成本转嫁给消费者时,可能会降低水泥的承受能力,从而可能抑制需求。

目录

第 1 章:方法与范围

  • 研究方法论
  • 报告的研究目的和范围

第 2 章:定义与概述

第 3 章:执行摘要

  • 按类型的片段
  • 按颜色的片段
  • 按应用片段
  • 按地区分類的片段

第 4 章:动力学

  • 影响因素
    • 司机
      • 人口成长、快速城市化和对永续建设的关注
      • 住房需求、房地产繁荣和大型基础设施项目
    • 限制
      • 环境法规和排放控制
      • 能源消耗高、成本高
    • 机会
    • 影响分析

第 5 章:产业分析

  • 波特五力分析
  • 供应链分析
  • 定价分析
  • 监管分析
  • 俄罗斯乌克兰战争影响分析
  • DMI 意见

第 6 章:COVID-19 分析

  • COVID-19 分析
    • 新冠疫情爆发前的情景
    • 新冠疫情期间的情景
    • 新冠疫情后的情景
  • COVID-19 期间的定价动态
  • 供需谱
  • 疫情期间政府与市场相关的倡议
  • 製造商的策略倡议
  • 结论

第 7 章:按类型

  • 普通型(Ⅰ型)
  • 改良型(II型)
  • 高早强(III型)
  • 低热(IV 型)
  • 耐硫酸盐(V 型)

第 8 章:按颜色

  • 白色的
  • 灰色的

第 9 章:按应用

  • 住宅
  • 商业的
  • 基础设施
  • 其他的

第 10 章:按地区

  • 北美洲
    • 我们
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 法国
    • 义大利
    • 俄罗斯
    • 欧洲其他地区
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 亚太
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 澳洲
    • 亚太其他地区
  • 中东和非洲

第 11 章:竞争格局

  • 竞争场景
  • 市场定位/份额分析
  • 併购分析

第 12 章:公司简介

  • Dangote Cement
    • 公司简介
    • 产品组合和描述
    • 财务概览
    • 最近的发展
  • LafargeHolcim
  • Cemex
  • HeidelbergCement
  • Anhui Conch Cement
  • China National Building Material (CNBM)
  • Taiwan Cement Corporation
  • Votorantim Cimentos
  • CEMEX Group
  • Buzzi Unicem

第 13 章:附录

简介目录
Product Code: MA7140

Overview

Global Portland Cement Market reached US$ 3.9 billion in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 5.6 billion by 2030, growing with a CAGR of 4.6% during the forecast period 2023-2030.

Portland cement is primarily used in armored vehicles and personal shields to resist bullet penetration because of its high compressive strength and hardness. ceramic plates are generally used as inserts in soft ballistic vests. With many opportunities in the military and defense sectors, portland cement is a rising industry.

As Portland cement offers a high level of defense against ballistic threats, it is frequently employed in the production of aircraft armor. During the projected period, this is anticipated to fuel the market for portland cement. Additionally, the use of portland cement in the creation of vehicle armor safeguards against adverse weather conditions, corrosion resistance and ease of vehicle mobility.

The body armor application of portland cement accounts for over 40% of the market share. Similarly, North America dominates the portland cement market, capturing the largest market share of over 1/3rd. The development of the portland cement market in the region is anticipated to be fueled by government military programs like the Extremity Protection program and Soldier Protection System-Torso for delivering full body armor to the armed services.

Dynamics

Population Growth, Rapid Urbanization and Focus on Sustainable Construction

Numerous important elements are driving the enormous rise in the portland cement market. The need for housing, infrastructure and commercial structures grows as more people live on the earth. In turn, this increases demand for building supplies like portland cement.

The speed of urbanization is another important aspect. Over 55% of people on Earth were urban dwellers as of 2021 and researchers from United Nations anticipate that number to rise to 68% by 2050. New cities, office buildings, apartments and infrastructure developments are all brought about by this urbanization trend, all of which significantly rely on the market.

Portland cement manufacturers are also contributing to sustainable practices by reducing carbon emissions and energy consumption. It achieve this through innovations such as low-carbon cement, alternative raw materials and energy-efficient kiln technologies.

Government regulations are pushing the industry toward sustainability. Governments globally have introduced regulations and incentives to promote eco-friendly construction practices, encouraging the use of environmentally-conscious cement and concrete.

Housing Demand, Real Estate Boom and Mega Infrastructure Projects

The United Nations predicts that by 2050, there will be 9.7 billion people on the globe, leading to increasing demand for housing and portland cement use. In 2021, the global real estate sector demonstrated remarkable resilience despite challenges posed by the pandemic. Notably, according to the National Association of Realtors, existing house sales in U.S. reached a 14-year high.

The real estate industries of nations like India, China and Brazil saw rapid expansion, which increased demand for building supplies like portable cement. Large-scale infrastructure projects continued to be executed globally. In U.S, the signing of an infrastructure bill in 2021 allocated substantial funds for infrastructure development, encompassing areas like roads, bridges and public transit.

These mega projects require substantial quantities of cement and governments often allocate significant budgets for their development. For instance, India's ambitious infrastructure plan, including the Bharatmala project and Sagarmala project, has driven the portland cement demand in the region.

Environmental Regulations and Emission Control

According to the World Cement Association, in 2021, the portland cement industry accounted for approximately 11% of global CO2 emissions, stemming from both the combustion of fossil fuels and emissions tied to the cement production process. It encompasses clinker production and the energy used in cement plants.

Governments and international entities have rolled out stringent regulations aimed at curtailing carbon emissions linked to cement manufacturing. For instance, the European Union's Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) includes cement production within its carbon trading framework. Numerous countries have established emissions reduction targets and standards for the cement sector, mandating investments in technologies that mitigate emissions by manufacturers.

Sustainable cement alternatives, such as low-carbon cement and supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash and slag, have been gaining ground. The materials offer a diminished environmental footprint when compared to traditional Portland cement.

High Energy Consumption and Costs

Energy costs represent a substantial portion of the overall production expenses in the cement industry. When energy prices rise or energy efficiency isn't optimized, it directly impacts the cost of producing cement. High production costs can erode profit margins for cement manufacturers.

Cement is a globally traded commodity and manufacturers compete on both the domestic and international fronts. Companies in regions with lower energy costs can produce cement more competitively, potentially displacing manufacturers in areas with higher energy expenses.

As energy prices rise, the cost of manufacturing cement escalates. It can be particularly challenging for smaller or less financially robust cement producers, impacting their competitiveness. High energy costs can lead to price inflation for cement products. When manufacturers pass on these increased costs to consumers, it can reduce the affordability of cement, potentially dampening demand.

Segment Analysis

The global portland cement market is segmented based on type, color, application and region.

Commercial Applications Fuel Surge in Portland Cement Market

The commercial segment held 34.1% of the global market share. Commercial use of Portland cement prospers alongside economic progress. As economies expand, the demand for commercial spaces surges. For instance, in 2019, the global GDP growth rate reached approximately 2.9%, translating into increased investments in commercial real estate such as office complexes, retail establishments and hospitality venues.

The relentless march of urbanization exerts a pivotal influence on the demand for commercial applications. According to a United Nations report in 2020, over 55% of the global population was situated in urban areas, with projections foreseeing a rise to 68% by 2050. It transition necessitates the construction of office buildings, shopping centers and hotels, all of which rely heavily on Portland cement. Notably, the construction of new commercial buildings in U.S increased by 4.1% between 2019 and 2020.

Commercial spaces often thrive in regions with well-developed infrastructure. Extensive investments by governments and private entities in infrastructure, including transportation networks and utility systems, necessitate substantial quantities of cement.

Increasingly, sustainability is becoming a guiding principle in commercial construction practices. Builders and developers are embracing eco-friendly construction materials, including environmentally-conscious cement, to meet stringent environmental criteria

Geographical Penetration

Infrastructure Development, Urbanization and Construction Projects

The Asia-Pacific portland cement market held the largest market share of 38.3% in 2022 in the portland cement market analysis. The Asia-Pacific, which is home to some of the economies that are growing the fastest globally, has become a center of construction activity. Over 60% of the global construction market belonged to it in 2021.

Across Asia-Pacific, nations have embarked on ambitious infrastructure ventures, spanning roads, bridges, ports and airports. The endeavors are born from the imperative of accommodating burgeoning populations and nurturing economic prosperity.

The Belt and Road Initiative: China's visionary Belt and Road Initiative, unveiled in 2013, has been a transformative force in the region. It colossal endeavor seeks to connect Asia, Europe and Africa through an intricate web of infrastructure projects. By 2020, more than 2,600 such projects had been set in motion, igniting a substantial appetite for portland cement.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players in the market include: Dangote Cement, LafargeHolcim, Cemex, HeidelbergCement, Anhui Conch Cement, China National Building Material (CNBM), Taiwan Cement Corporation, Votorantim Cimentos, CEMEX Group and Buzzi Unicem.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in late 2019 created unprecedented challenges for industries globally, including the global Portland cement market. As countries grappled with lockdowns, supply chain disruptions and reduced economic activity, the construction sector, which is a significant consumer of cement, was significantly impacted.

The onset of the pandemic in early 2020 led to widespread lockdowns and restrictions, impacting construction activities globally. Major cement-consuming industries, such as infrastructure and real estate, came to a standstill, leading to a slump in demand for Portland cement. As a result, many cement plants either suspended or reduced production to align with the reduced demand.

The COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted global supply chains, impacting the transportation of raw materials to Portland cement manufacturing plants. Movement restrictions and border closures delayed shipments and caused production delays. Additionally, some countries faced shortages of raw materials due to disruptions in their supply chain networks.

With the outbreak of the pandemic, many Portland cement manufacturing units faced labor shortages as workers fell sick or were unable to travel to work due to lockdown restrictions. To curb the spread of the virus, cement plants implemented stringent safety measures, reducing the number of workers allowed on-site at a time. However, these measures were vital to safeguard the health of the workforce and maintain essential operations during the pandemic.

Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis

The conflict has the potential to disrupt the supply chains of crucial raw materials required for Portland cement production, like coal, gypsum and clinker. Ukraine and Russia are substantial producers and suppliers of these materials to neighboring nations and beyond.

Such disruptions can lead to production delays and increased costs for cement manufacturers on a global scale. Higher energy costs resulted in increased cement prices, which can impact construction project budgets and timelines. Such uncertainty can impact investments in construction projects, potentially leading to delays or project cancellations.

Currency exchange rates may experience turbulence during geopolitical conflicts. The value of currencies in countries directly or indirectly affected by the war may fluctuate, impacting the cost of imported cement and construction materials. The fluctuations can affect the profitability of international cement companies operating in the affected regions.

By Type

  • Ordinary (Type I)
  • Modified (Type II)
  • High-Early-Strength (Type III)
  • Low-Heat (Type IV)
  • Sulfate-Resistant (Type V)

By Color

  • White
  • Grey

By Application

  • Residential
  • Commercial
  • Infrastructure
  • Others

By Region

  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Russia
    • Rest of Europe
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Rest of South America
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

  • In May 2023, In the Eastern India market, Dalmia Cement (Bharat) introduced Dalmia Supreme cement, a Portland pozzolana cement (PPC). The cement, according to the manufacturer, is a specialized, best-in-class product created for all building applications that offers faster setting times, higher density, more chemical resistance and better workability than regular Portland cement (OPC).
  • In February 2022, as part of its efforts to reduce CO2 emissions, CEMEX USA announced that it has successfully distributed Portland limestone cement (PLC), produced at its plants in Brooksville, Florida and Demopolis, Alabama, throughout the southeastern U.S. A component of CEMEX's Future in Action program, which aims to lessen the carbon footprint of its operations and products, is increased PLC manufacturing.
  • In March 2023, the EcoShieldTM geopolymer cement-free solution, developed by SLB, reduces the CO2 impact of good construction. Compared to traditional well cementing technologies, which utilize Portland cement, this cutting-edge technology removes up to 85% of the embodied CO2 emissions. Up to 5 million metric tonnes of CO2 emissions might be prevented each year by the EcoShield system, which is the same as taking 1.1 million automobiles off the road.

Why Purchase the Report?

  • To visualize the global portland cement market segmentation based on type, color, application and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
  • Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
  • Excel data sheet with numerous data points of Portland cement market-level with all segments.
  • The PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
  • Product mapping available as Excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global portland cement Market Report would provide approximately 61 tables, 59 figures and 201 Pages.

Target Audience 2023

  • Manufacturers/ Buyers
  • Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
  • Research Professionals
  • Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Snippet By Type
  • 3.2. Snippet By Color
  • 3.3. Snippet By Application
  • 3.4. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

  • 4.1. Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1. Drivers
      • 4.1.1.1. Population Growth, Rapid Urbanization and Focus on Sustainable Construction
      • 4.1.1.2. Housing Demand, Real Estate Boom and Mega Infrastructure Projects
    • 4.1.2. Restraints
      • 4.1.2.1. Environmental Regulations and Emission Control
      • 4.1.2.2. High Energy Consumption and Costs
    • 4.1.3. Opportunity
    • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

  • 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. Regulatory Analysis
  • 5.5. Russia Ukraine War Impact Analysis
  • 5.6. DMI Opinion

6. COVID-19 Analysis

  • 6.1. Analysis of COVID-19
    • 6.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
    • 6.1.2. Scenario During COVID
    • 6.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
  • 6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
  • 6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
  • 6.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
  • 6.5. Manufacturers' Strategic Initiatives
  • 6.6. Conclusion

7. By Type

  • 7.1. Introduction
    • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Type
  • 7.2. Ordinary (Type I)*
    • 7.2.1. Introduction
    • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 7.3. Modified (Type II)
  • 7.4. High-Early-Strength (Type III)
  • 7.5. Low-Heat (Type IV)
  • 7.6. Sulfate-Resistant (Type V)

8. By Color

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Color
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Color
  • 8.2. White*
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 8.3. Gray

9. By Application

  • 9.1. Introduction
    • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Application
  • 9.2. Residential*
    • 9.2.1. Introduction
    • 9.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 9.3. Commercial
  • 9.4. Infrastructure
  • 9.5. Others

10. By Region

  • 10.1. Introduction
    • 10.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
    • 10.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 10.2. North America
    • 10.2.1. Introduction
    • 10.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 10.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Color
    • 10.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 10.2.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 10.2.6.1. U.S.
      • 10.2.6.2. Canada
      • 10.2.6.3. Mexico
  • 10.3. Europe
    • 10.3.1. Introduction
    • 10.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 10.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Color
    • 10.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 10.3.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 10.3.6.1. Germany
      • 10.3.6.2. UK
      • 10.3.6.3. France
      • 10.3.6.4. Italy
      • 10.3.6.5. Russia
      • 10.3.6.6. Rest of Europe
  • 10.4. South America
    • 10.4.1. Introduction
    • 10.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 10.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Color
    • 10.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 10.4.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 10.4.6.1. Brazil
      • 10.4.6.2. Argentina
      • 10.4.6.3. Rest of South America
  • 10.5. Asia-Pacific
    • 10.5.1. Introduction
    • 10.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 10.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Color
    • 10.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 10.5.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 10.5.6.1. China
      • 10.5.6.2. India
      • 10.5.6.3. Japan
      • 10.5.6.4. Australia
      • 10.5.6.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 10.6. Middle East and Africa
    • 10.6.1. Introduction
    • 10.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 10.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Color
    • 10.6.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application

11. Competitive Landscape

  • 11.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 11.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 11.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

12. Company Profiles

  • 12.1. Dangote Cement*
    • 12.1.1. Company Overview
    • 12.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
    • 12.1.3. Financial Overview
    • 12.1.4. Recent Developments
  • 12.2. LafargeHolcim
  • 12.3. Cemex
  • 12.4. HeidelbergCement
  • 12.5. Anhui Conch Cement
  • 12.6. China National Building Material (CNBM)
  • 12.7. Taiwan Cement Corporation
  • 12.8. Votorantim Cimentos
  • 12.9. CEMEX Group
  • 12.10. Buzzi Unicem

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

13. Appendix

  • 13.1. About Us and Services
  • 13.2. Contact Us