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二氧化碳去除 (CDR) 市场（全球）（2025-2045 年）
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1657666

二氧化碳去除 (CDR) 市场（全球）（2025-2045 年）

The Global Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Market 2025-2045
出版日期: | 出版商: Future Markets, Inc. | 英文 256 Pages, 101 Tables, 59 Figures | 订单完成后即时交付

价格

由于企业对净零目标的承诺不断增加以及对负排放技术必要性的认识不断提高，全球二氧化碳去除（CDR）市场正在迅速增长。目前的市场规模估计约为 20 亿美元，预计到 2030 年将成长到 500 亿美元，到 2035 年可能超过 2,500 亿美元。

这个市场包括一系列技术，其中直接空气捕获（DAC）、生物能源与碳捕获和储存（BECCS）以及增强风化是主要的人工方法。植树造林、土壤碳封存和海洋方法等自然解决方案对这些技术方法进行了补充。直接空气捕获虽然目前规模较小，但正在吸引大量投资和企业兴趣，其成本从每吨二氧化碳 200 美元到 900 美元不等，具体取决于技术和规模。

许多领域的技术发展正在迅速进步。直接空气捕获公司正在透过设计改进和营□□运经验来扩大营运规模并降低成本。增强型防寒保暖计画正在从研究转向商业示范，BECCS 设施的规模和效率正在扩大。新方法正在从研究阶段涌现，包括生物油封存和矿化技术。市场成长的动力来自于企业对高品质碳排放额度不断增长的需求，尤其是科技公司和金融机构。提前的市场承诺和长期购买协议为专案开发商提供了重要的收入确定性。政府透过美国45Q税收抵免和欧盟创新基金等计划提供的支持正在改善该项目的经济效益。

自愿碳市场正在不断发展，以区分碳清除信用额和传统的碳避免信用额，其中碳清除信用额的交易价格更高。市场基础设施□□的发展包括新的交易平台、改进的验证方法和专门的金融产品。与现有碳市场的整合和标准化协议的发展正在支持市场的成熟。

人们越来越意识到需要去除二氧化碳以满足气候变迁目标，这使得未来市场前景强劲。预计技术进步和规模效应将大幅降低成本，到 2035 年，某些方法的成本可能达到每吨 100-200 美元。市场成长面临的课题包括目前成本高、基础设施要求高以及监管不确定性。

影响未来发展的关键趋势包括多种 CDR 方法的整合、区域移除中心的发展以及对持久性和验证的更多关注。市场可能会保持去除技术的多样性，但技术提供者之间的整合将加剧。为了取得成功，必须同时开发支援性基础设施，特别是二氧化碳运输和储存网路。

预计全球范围内的政策支持将会加强，碳定价机制和监管框架将会不断发展，以支持CD□□R的部署。在标准和协议方面的国际合作可以加速发展，同时确保环境的完整性。该行业正吸引风险资本和战略行业进入者越来越多的投资，支持持续创新和规模发展。

市场预测显示出巨大的成长潜力，预计到 2050 年将需要千兆吨级的去除能力。要实现这一规模需要在技术开发、基础设施投资和支持性政策框架方面持续努力。永续的市场成长需要与更广泛的气候缓解活动相结合，并仔细考虑环境影响。

本报告分析了全球二氧化碳移除 (CDR) 市场，深入瞭解了 2045 年之前的技术、市场趋势和成长机会。

目录

第 1 章执行摘要

  • 二氧化碳排放的主要来源
  • 二氧化碳作为商品
  • 碳市场的历史与演变
  • 实现气候目标
  • CDR 技术缓解成本
  • 市场地图
  • 自愿性碳市场中的 CDR
  • CDR投资
  • 二氧化碳移除 (CDR) 和碳捕获、利用和储存 (CCUS)
  • 市场规模

第 2 章简介

  • 陆地上传统的 CDR
  • 主要的 CDR 方法
  • 新的 CDR 方法
  • 市场推动因素
  • 价值链
  • 二氧化碳去除技术的开发

第3章 碳信用额

  • 概述
  • 碳定价
  • 碳去除与碳避免抵消
  • 碳信用认证
  • 碳登记册
  • 碳信用质量
  • 自愿碳排放额度
  • 合规碳信用额
  • 持久二氧化碳移除 (CDR) 积分
  • 公司承诺
  • 政府支持并加强监管
  • 推动碳补偿计画的核查与监测
  • 区块链技术在碳信用交易的潜力
  • 购买和出售碳信用额
  • 身份验证
  • 课题与风险
  • 市场规模

第 4 章 生物质碳去除与储存 (BICRS)

  • 原料
  • BiCRS 转换路径
  • 生物能源与碳捕获与储存 (BECCS)
  • 生物炭
  • 超越 BECCS 和生物炭

第 5 章 直接空气捕获与储存 (DACCS)

  • 概述
  • 展开
  • 点源碳捕获与直接空气捕获
  • DAC 和其他能源
  • 部署与扩充
  • 成本
  • 技术
  • DAC 工厂和项目 - 在当前和计划中
  • DAC 市场
  • 成本分析
  • 课题
  • SWOT 分析
  • 企业与生产

第 6 章 基于矿化的 CDR

  • 概述
  • 混凝土中的二氧化碳储存
  • 氧化物环路
  • 加速风化
  • 成本分析
  • SWOT 分析

第7章 造林/再造林

  • 概述
  • 二氧化碳去除技术
  • 技术
  • 趋势和机遇
  • 课题与风险
  • SWOT 分析

第 8 章 土壤碳封存 (SCS)

  • 概述
  • 练习
  • 测量与验证
  • 公司
  • 趋势和机遇
  • 碳信用额
  • 课题与风险
  • SWOT 分析

第 9 章 海洋二氧化碳移除

  • 概述
  • 从海水中捕获二氧化碳
  • 海洋肥化
  • 海洋碱化
  • 监测、报告和核查 (MRV)
  • 海洋 CDR 碳信用额
  • 趋势和机遇
  • 海洋碳信用额
  • 成本分析
  • 课题与风险
  • SWOT 分析
  • 公司

第10章 公司简介（143家公司简介）

第 11 章缩写

第 12 章 研究方法

第 13 章参考资料

The global carbon dioxide removal (CDR) market is experiencing rapid growth driven by increasing corporate commitments to net-zero targets and growing recognition of the need for negative emissions technologies. Current market size is estimated at approximately $2 billion, with projections suggesting expansion to $50 billion by 2030 and potentially exceeding $250 billion by 2035.

The market encompasses various technologies, with direct air capture (DAC), bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and enhanced weathering representing the leading engineered approaches. Natural solutions including afforestation, soil carbon sequestration, and ocean-based methods complement these technological approaches. Direct air capture, while currently small in scale, is attracting significant investment and corporate interest, with costs ranging from $200-900 per ton CO2 removed depending on technology and scale.

Technology development is advancing rapidly across multiple fronts. Direct air capture companies are scaling operations and reducing costs through improved designs and operational experience. Enhanced weathering projects are moving from research to commercial demonstration, while BECCS facilities are expanding in scale and efficiency. Novel approaches including bio-oil sequestration and mineralization technologies are emerging from research phases. Market growth is supported by increasing corporate demand for high-quality carbon removal credits, particularly from technology companies and financial institutions. Advanced market commitments and long-term purchase agreements are providing crucial revenue certainty for project developers. Government support through programs like the US 45Q tax credit and European Union innovation funding is improving project economics.

The voluntary carbon market is evolving to differentiate carbon removal credits from traditional avoidance credits, with removal credits commanding premium prices. Market infrastructure development includes new trading platforms, improved verification methodologies, and specialized financial products. Integration with existing carbon markets and development of standardized protocols are supporting market maturity.

Future market prospects are strong, driven by increasing recognition of the need for carbon dioxide removal to meet climate goals. Technological advancement and scaling effects are expected to reduce costs significantly, potentially reaching $100-200 per ton for some approaches by 2035. Market growth faces challenges including high current costs, infrastructure requirements, and regulatory uncertainty.

Key trends shaping future development include integration of multiple CDR approaches, development of regional removal hubs, and increasing focus on permanence and verification. The market is likely to see consolidation among technology providers while maintaining diversity in removal approaches. Success requires parallel development of supporting infrastructure, particularly CO2 transport and storage networks.

Policy support is expected to strengthen globally, with carbon pricing mechanisms and regulatory frameworks evolving to support CDR deployment. International cooperation on standards and protocols could accelerate market development while ensuring environmental integrity. The sector is attracting increasing investment from both venture capital and strategic industrial players, supporting continued innovation and scaling.

The market outlook suggests significant growth potential, with estimates indicating the need for gigatonne-scale removal capacity by 2050. Achievement of this scale requires sustained commitment to technology development, infrastructure investment, and supportive policy frameworks. Integration with broader climate mitigation efforts and careful consideration of environmental impacts will be crucial for sustainable market growth.

"The Global Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Market 2025-2045" provides detailed insights into technologies, market trends, and growth opportunities through 2045. The report examines the transformation from conventional carbon reduction approaches to active carbon removal solutions, offering crucial market forecasts and competitive intelligence across all major CDR technologies and approaches. The study provides extensive coverage of key technologies including Direct Air Capture (DAC), Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), Enhanced Weathering, Ocean-based CDR, and nature-based solutions. It analyzes major application areas, market drivers, and deployment challenges while offering detailed market forecasts from 2025-2045 segmented by technology and geography.

Key features include:

  • Comprehensive analysis of carbon credit markets and pricing mechanisms
  • Detailed technology assessments and commercialization roadmaps
  • In-depth coverage of over 140 companies shaping the industry. Companies profiled include 3R-BioPhosphate, 44.01, 8Rivers, AirCapture, Air Liquide, Air Quality Solutions, AspiraDAC, Avnos, Banyu Carbon, BC Biocarbon, Biochar Now, Bio-Logica Carbon, Biomacon, Biosorra, Blusink, Brineworks, Calcin8 Technologies, Cambridge Carbon Capture, Capchar, Captura Corporation, Captur Tower, Capture6, Carba, Carbon Blade, Carbon Blue, Carbon CANTONNE, Carbon Capture Inc., Carbon Clean, Carbon Collect, CarbonCure Technologies, CarbonFree, CarbonQuest, CarbonStar Systems, Carbon Engineering, Carbon Reform, CarbonZero, Carbyon, Charm Industrial, Chiyoda Corporation, Clairity Technology, Climeworks, CO280, CO2CirculAir, Cool Planet Energy, CREW Carbon, C-Quester, Cquestr8, Decarbontek, Deep Sky, Drax, Ebb Carbon, EcoCera, EcoLocked, Eion Carbon, E-Quester, Equatic, Equinor, Freres Biochar, Funga, GigaBlue, Graphyte, Grassroots Biochar, GreenCap Solutions, Green Sequest, Greenlyte Carbon Technologies, Gulf Coast Sequestration, Heimdal CCU, Heirloom Carbon Technologies, High Hopes Labs, Holy Grail, Hydrocell, Hyvegeo, Infinitree, InnoSepra, Inplanet, InterEarth, ION Clean Energy, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Levidian Nanosystems, Limenet, Lithos Carbon, Mantel Capture, Mercurius Biorefining, Minera Systems, Mission Zero Technologies, MOFWORX, Mosaic Materials, Myno Carbon, NEG8 Carbon, NeoCarbon, NetZero, Neustark, Nevel, Novocarbo, novoMOF, Noya, Nuada Carbon Capture, Occidental Petroleum, OCOchem, Octavia Carbon, Onnu, Parallel Carbon and more.
  • Analysis of policy frameworks and regulatory environments
  • Environmental impact and sustainability considerations
  • Strategic insights into market opportunities and challenges
  • Regional market analysis covering major global regions
  • Detailed cost analysis and economic viability assessments

The report provides particular focus on emerging technologies and innovative approaches, including mineralization-based CDR, soil carbon sequestration, and hybrid solutions. It examines the crucial role of carbon markets, pricing mechanisms, and verification systems in driving industry growth.

Extended coverage includes:

  • Technology readiness levels across all CDR approaches
  • Supply chain analysis and value chain optimization
  • Investment trends and funding analysis
  • Corporate commitments and market drivers
  • Infrastructure requirements and deployment challenges
  • Environmental impact assessments
  • Policy and regulatory frameworks

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1.1. Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
  • 1.2. CO2 as a commodity
  • 1.3. History and evolution of carbon markets
  • 1.4. Meeting climate targets
  • 1.5. Mitigation costs of CDR technologies
  • 1.6. Market map
  • 1.7. CDR in voluntary carbon markets
  • 1.8. CDR investments
  • 1.9. Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) and Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)
  • 1.10. Market size
    • 1.10.1. Carbon dioxide removal capacity by technology
    • 1.10.2. DACCS Carbon Removal
    • 1.10.3. BECCS Carbon Removal
    • 1.10.4. Biochar and Biomass Burial Carbon Removal
    • 1.10.5. Mineralization Carbon Removal
    • 1.10.6. Ocean-based Carbon Removal

2. INTRODUCTION

  • 2.1. Conventional CDR on land
    • 2.1.1. Wetland and peatland restoration
    • 2.1.2. Cropland, grassland, and agroforestry
  • 2.2. Main CDR methods
  • 2.3. Novel CDR methods
  • 2.4. Market drivers
  • 2.5. Value chain
  • 2.6. Deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies

3. CARBON CREDITS

  • 3.1. Description
  • 3.2. Carbon pricing
  • 3.3. Carbon Removal vs Carbon Avoidance Offsetting
  • 3.4. Carbon credit certification
  • 3.5. Carbon registries
  • 3.6. Carbon credit quality
  • 3.7. Voluntary Carbon Credits
    • 3.7.1. Definition
    • 3.7.2. Purchasing
    • 3.7.3. Market players
    • 3.7.4. Pricing
  • 3.8. Compliance Carbon Credits
    • 3.8.1. Definition
    • 3.8.2. Market players
    • 3.8.3. Pricing
  • 3.9. Durable carbon dioxide removal (CDR) credits
  • 3.10. Corporate commitments
  • 3.11. Increasing government support and regulations
  • 3.12. Advancements in carbon offset project verification and monitoring
  • 3.13. Potential for blockchain technology in carbon credit trading
  • 3.14. Buying and Selling Carbon Credits
    • 3.14.1. Carbon credit exchanges and trading platforms
    • 3.14.2. Over-the-counter (OTC) transactions
    • 3.14.3. Pricing mechanisms and factors affecting carbon credit prices
  • 3.15. Certification
  • 3.16. Challenges and risks
  • 3.17. Market size

4. BIOMASS WITH CARBON REMOVAL AND STORAGE (BICRS)

  • 4.1. Feedstocks
  • 4.2. BiCRS Conversion Pathways
  • 4.3. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)
    • 4.3.1. Biomass conversion
    • 4.3.2. CO2 capture technologies
    • 4.3.3. BECCS facilities
    • 4.3.4. Cost analysis
    • 4.3.5. BECCS carbon credits
    • 4.3.6. Challenges
  • 4.4. BIOCHAR
    • 4.4.1. What is biochar?
    • 4.4.2. Properties of biochar
    • 4.4.3. Feedstocks
    • 4.4.4. Production processes
      • 4.4.4.1. Sustainable production
      • 4.4.4.2. Pyrolysis
      • 4.4.4.3. Gasification
      • 4.4.4.4. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
      • 4.4.4.5. Torrefaction
      • 4.4.4.6. Equipment manufacturers
    • 4.4.5. Biochar pricing
    • 4.4.6. Biochar carbon credits
      • 4.4.6.1. Overview
      • 4.4.6.2. Removal and reduction credits
      • 4.4.6.3. The advantage of biochar
      • 4.4.6.4. Prices
      • 4.4.6.5. Buyers of biochar credits
      • 4.4.6.6. Competitive materials and technologies
  • 4.5. Approaches beyond BECCS and biochar
    • 4.5.1. Bio-oil based CDR
    • 4.5.2. Integration of biomass-derived carbon into steel and concrete
    • 4.5.3. Bio-based construction materials for CDR

5. DIRECT AIR CAPTURE AND STORAGE (DACCS)

  • 5.1. Description
  • 5.2. Deployment
  • 5.3. Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
  • 5.4. DAC and other Energy Sources
  • 5.5. Deployment and Scale-Up
  • 5.6. Costs
  • 5.7. Technologies
    • 5.7.1. Solid sorbents
    • 5.7.2. Liquid sorbents
    • 5.7.3. Liquid solvents
    • 5.7.4. Airflow equipment integration
    • 5.7.5. Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
    • 5.7.6. Direct conversion
    • 5.7.7. Co-product generation
    • 5.7.8. Low Temperature DAC
    • 5.7.9. Regeneration methods
    • 5.7.10. Commercialization and plants
    • 5.7.11. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
  • 5.8. DAC plants and projects-current and planned
  • 5.9. Markets for DAC
  • 5.10. Cost analysis
  • 5.11. Challenges
  • 5.12. SWOT analysis
  • 5.13. Players and production

6. MINERALIZATION-BASED CDR

  • 6.1. Overview
  • 6.2. Storage in CO2-Derived Concrete
  • 6.3. Oxide Looping
  • 6.4. Enhanced Weathering
    • 6.4.1. Overview
    • 6.4.2. Benefits
    • 6.4.3. Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
    • 6.4.4. Applications
    • 6.4.5. Commercial activity and companies
    • 6.4.6. Challenges and Risks
  • 6.5. Cost analysis
  • 6.6. SWOT analysis

7. AFFORESTATION/REFORESTATION

  • 7.1. Overview
  • 7.2. Carbon dioxide removal methods
    • 7.2.1. Nature-based CDR
    • 7.2.2. Land-based CDR
  • 7.3. Technologies
    • 7.3.1. Remote Sensing
    • 7.3.2. Drone technology and robotics
    • 7.3.3. Automated forest fire detection systems
    • 7.3.4. AI/ML
    • 7.3.5. Genetics
  • 7.4. Trends and Opportunities
  • 7.5. Challenges and Risks
  • 7.6. SWOT analysis

8. SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION (SCS)

  • 8.1. Overview
  • 8.2. Practices
  • 8.3. Measuring and Verifying
  • 8.4. Companies
  • 8.5. Trends and Opportunities
  • 8.6. Carbon credits
  • 8.7. Challenges and Risks
  • 8.8. SWOT analysis

9. OCEAN-BASED CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL

  • 9.1. Overview
  • 9.2. CO2 capture from seawater
  • 9.3. Ocean fertilisation
    • 9.3.1. Biotic Methods
    • 9.3.2. Coastal blue carbon ecosystems
    • 9.3.3. Algal Cultivation
    • 9.3.4. Artificial Upwelling
  • 9.4. Ocean alkalinisation
    • 9.4.1. Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement
    • 9.4.2. Direct Ocean Capture
    • 9.4.3. Artificial Downwelling
  • 9.5. Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
  • 9.6. Ocean-based CDR Carbon Credits
  • 9.7. Trends and Opportunities
  • 9.8. Ocean-based carbon credits
  • 9.9. Cost analysis
  • 9.10. Challenges and Risks
  • 9.11. SWOT analysis
  • 9.12. Companies

10. COMPANY PROFILES (143 company profiles)

11. ABBREVIATIONS

12. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

13. REFERENCES

List of Tables

  • Table 1. History and Evolution of Carbon Credit Markets
  • Table 2. Long-term marginal abatement costs of selected removal methods
  • Table 3. Companies in Voluntary Carbon Markets
  • Table 4. CDR investments and VC funding by company
  • Table 5. CDR versus CCUS
  • Table 6. Carbon dioxide removal capacity by technology (million metric tons of CO2/year), 2020-2045
  • Table 7. Carbon Dioxide Removal Revenues by Technology (Billion US$)
  • Table 8. DACCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
  • Table 9. DACCS Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
  • Table 10. BECCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
  • Table 11. Biochar and Biomass Burial Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
  • Table 12. BiCRS Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
  • Table 13. Mineralization Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
  • Table 14. Mineralization Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
  • Table 15. Ocean-based Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
  • Table 16. Ocean-based Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
  • Table 17. Global purchases of CO2 removal (tonnes) 2019-2024
  • Table 18. Main CDR methods
  • Table 19. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods
  • Table 20. Carbon Dioxide Removal Technology Benchmarking
  • Table 21. Novel CDR Methods
  • Table 22. Market drivers for carbon dioxide removal (CDR)
  • Table 23. CDR Value Chain
  • Table 24. Engineered Carbon Dioxide Removal Value Chain
  • Table 25. Carbon pricing and carbon markets
  • Table 26. Carbon Removal vs Emission Reduction Offsets
  • Table 27. Carbon Crediting Programs
  • Table 28. Voluntary Carbon Credits Key Market Players and Projects
  • Table 29. Compliance Carbon Credits Key Market Players and Projects
  • Table 30. Comparison of Voluntary and Compliance Carbon Credits
  • Table 31. Durable Carbon Removal Buyers
  • Table 32. Prices of CDR Credits
  • Table 33. Major Corporate Carbon Credit Commitments
  • Table 34. Key Carbon Market Regulations and Support Mechanisms
  • Table 35. Carbon credit prices by company and technology
  • Table 36. Carbon Credit Exchanges and Trading Platforms
  • Table 37. OTC Carbon Market Characteristics
  • Table 38. Challenges and Risks
  • Table 39.Carbon Market 2024 and Forecast to 2035
  • Table 40. TRL of Biomass Conversion Processes and Products by Feedstock
  • Table 41. BiCRS feedstocks
  • Table 42. BiCRS conversion pathways
  • Table 43. BiCRS Technological Challenges
  • Table 44. CO2 capture technologies for BECCS
  • Table 45. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon
  • Table 46. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2
  • Table 47. BECCS Challenges
  • Table 48. Summary of key properties of biochar
  • Table 49. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties
  • Table 50. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics
  • Table 51. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages
  • Table 52. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass
  • Table 53. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production
  • Table 54. Biochar production equipment manufacturers
  • Table 55. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits
  • Table 56. Bio-oil-based CDR pros and cons
  • Table 57. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
  • Table 58. DAC vs Point-Source Carbon Capture
  • Table 59. Capture Cost of DAC
  • Table 60. Component Specific Capture Cost Contributions for DACCS
  • Table 61. CO2 Capture/Separation Mechanisms in DAC
  • Table 62. Emerging solid sorbent materials for DAC
  • Table 63.Solid Sorbent vs Liquid Solvent-based DAC
  • Table 64. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
  • Table 65. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
  • Table 66. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
  • Table 67. DAC technology developers and production
  • Table 68. DAC projects in development
  • Table 69. Markets for DAC
  • Table 70. Costs summary for DAC
  • Table 71. Cost estimates of DAC
  • Table 72. Challenges for DAC technology
  • Table 73. TRLs of Direct Air Capture Companies
  • Table 74. DACCS Carbon Credit Sales by Company
  • Table 75. DAC companies and technologies
  • Table 76. Ex Situ Mineralization CDR Methods
  • Table 77. Source Materials for Ex Situ Mineralization
  • Table 78. Companies in CO2-derived Concrete
  • Table 79. Enhanced Weathering Applications
  • Table 80. Enhanced Weathering Materials and Processes
  • Table 81. Enhanced Weathering Companies
  • Table 82. Trends and Opportunities in Enhanced Weathering
  • Table 83. Challenges and Risks in Enhanced Weathering
  • Table 84. Cost analysis of enhanced weathering
  • Table 85. Nature-based CDR approaches
  • Table 86. Comparison of A/R and BECCS
  • Table 87. Forest Carbon Removal Projects
  • Table 88. Companies in Robotics in A/R
  • Table 89. Trends and Opportunities in Afforestation/Reforestation
  • Table 90.Challenges and Risks in Afforestation/Reforestation
  • Table 91. Soil Carbon Sequestration Methods
  • Table 92. Soil Sampling and Analysis Methods
  • Table 93. Remote Sensing and Modeling Techniques
  • Table 94. Companies Using Microbial Inoculation for Soil Carbon Sequestration
  • Table 95. Marketplaces for SCS-based CDR Credits
  • Table 96. Challenges and Risks in Soil Carbon Sequestration
  • Table 97. Ocean-based CDR methods
  • Table 98. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Chart for Ocean-based CDR
  • Table 99. Benchmarking of Ocean-based CDR Methods
  • Table 100. Ocean-based CDR: Biotic Methods
  • Table 101. Market Players in Ocean-based CDR

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Carbon emissions by sector
  • Figure 2. Overview of CCUS market
  • Figure 3. Pathways for CO2 use
  • Figure 4. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport
  • Figure 5. Carbon Dioxide Removal Market Map
  • Figure 6. Carbon dioxide removal capacity by technology (million metric tons of CO2/year), 2020-2045
  • Figure 7. Carbon dioxide removal revenues by technology (billion US$), 2020-2045
  • Figure 8. DACCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
  • Figure 9. DACCS Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
  • Figure 10. BECCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
  • Figure 11. Biochar and Biomass Burial Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
  • Figure 12. BiCRS Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
  • Figure 13. Mineralization Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
  • Figure 14. Mineralization Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
  • Figure 15. Ocean-based Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
  • Figure 16. Ocean-based Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
  • Figure 17. BiCRS Value Chain
  • Figure 18. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process
  • Figure 19. Schematic of biochar production
  • Figure 20. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures
  • Figure 21. Compressed biochar
  • Figure 22. Biochar production diagram
  • Figure 23. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture
  • Figure 24. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
  • Figure 25. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario
  • Figure 26. DAC technologies
  • Figure 27. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
  • Figure 28. Climeworks' first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
  • Figure 29. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
  • Figure 30. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
  • Figure 31. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
  • Figure 32. Global map of DAC and CCS plants
  • Figure 33. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
  • Figure 35. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
  • Figure 36. SWOT analysis: DACCS
  • Figure 37. Capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere using bricks of calcium hydroxide
  • Figure 38. Carbon capture using mineral carbonation
  • Figure 39. SWOT analysis: enhanced weathering
  • Figure 40. SWOT analysis: afforestation/reforestation
  • Figure 41. Soil Carbon Sequestration Value Chain
  • Figure 42. SWOT analysis: SCS
  • Figure 43. SWOT analysis: Ocean-based CDR
  • Figure 44. Schematic of carbon capture solar project
  • Figure 45. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln
  • Figure 46. Carbon Blade system
  • Figure 47. CarbonCure Technology
  • Figure 48. Direct Air Capture Process
  • Figure 49. Orca facility
  • Figure 50. Carbon Capture balloon
  • Figure 51. Holy Grail DAC system
  • Figure 52. Infinitree swing method
  • Figure 53. Mosaic Materials MOFs
  • Figure 54. Neustark modular plant
  • Figure 55. OCOchem's Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
  • Figure 56. RepAir technology
  • Figure 57. Soletair Power unit
  • Figure 58. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right)
  • Figure 59. Takavator