2024年全球自动驾驶汽车（AV）法规

不断发展的法律规范和策略创新为自动驾驶汽车（AV）市场的转型铺平了道路

该研究对 2024 年全球自动驾驶汽车 (AV) 法规进行了策略分析，强调了跨区域测试的关键发展、区域动态和塑造 AV 生态系统的框架。它检验了北美、欧洲、亚太地区 (APAC) 和新兴市场的监管发展和测试工作。美国监管格局仍然分散，各州法律不同，造成操作不一致，而欧洲在跨境测试和严格的安全通讯协定方面处于领先。包括中国、日本和新加坡在内的亚太国家在政府政策和智慧城市发展的推动下，在 4 级和 5 级测试中表现出色。德国和日本已经规范了消费者对 3 级自动车道维持系统的使用，并正在起草法规以加速 4 级的采用。联合国欧洲经济委员会和美国国家公路交通安全管理局等国际组织正在协调全球标准。机器人计程车已在受控环境中有选择地部署，但 5 级的全面部署仍有待技术、监管和社会认可的里程碑式进展。该研究为相关人员提供了有关影响 AV 创新和市场成长的各种监管方法、挑战和机会的见解。

目录

策略要务

• 为何成长变得越来越困难？
• The Strategic Imperative 8（TM）
• 三大策略要务对全球自动驾驶汽车 (AV) 产业的影响

成长机会分析

• 分析范围
• 成长动力
• 成长抑制因素

世界各地的 AV 法规

• AV 法规概述 - 全球
• 欧洲自动驾驶汽车监理与测试概况
• AV 监管与测试格局概述—亚太地区及中国
• 北美自动驾驶汽车监理与测试格局概述
• 欧洲 AV 测试格局
• 亚太主要国家的自动驾驶汽车测试格局
• 北美 AV法律规范

定义

• SAE International 定义自动驾驶级别

欧洲AV法规

• 联合国欧洲经济委员会AV指南框架
• 联合国欧洲经济委员会关于自动驾驶功能部署的规定
• ACEA自动驾驶蓝图
• 监理概况 – 欧洲（最发达）
• 监管概览 – 欧洲（中等/最小进化）
• 监理概览—奥地利
• 监管概览—比利时
• 监管概览—丹麦
• 监理概况—法国
• 监管概览—德国
• 监管概览—希腊
• 义大利监理概览
• 英国监管概览
• 其他欧洲国家的法律规范
• 欧洲 AV 测试格局

AV 法规 – 亚太地区

• 亚太地区监管概览
• 中国监管概览
• 中国机器人计程车示范计划及参与企业
• 中国政府推动智慧网联汽车发展的倡议
• 中国智慧城市计划推动智慧网联汽车的早期部署
• 自动驾驶汽车OEM在中国智慧网联汽车领域的策略投资
• 监理概况—日本
• 监管概况—新加坡
• 马来西亚监管概览
• 韩国监管概览
• 澳洲监管概览
• 监理摘要 - 纽西兰
• 印度监管概览
• 亚太主要国家自动驾驶汽车测试现况及发展

AV 法规 – 北美

• 北美监管概览
• NHTSA 的美国ADS 框架
• 美国联邦和州监管机构的作用
• 美国战略自动驾驶汽车发展与部署蓝图
• 美国自动驾驶汽车测试和部署法规
• 北美 AV法律规范
• 美国自动驾驶汽车法律规范
• 监理摘要 - 加拿大
• 监管概述 - AV 测试法规
• 监管概况—墨西哥
• 北美AV乘用车公开测试计划
• 北美远端操作法规
• 美国远端控制法规

L3、L4车辆主要参与企业

• L3级车辆主要参与企业
• L4机器人计程车主要参与企业

成长机会宇宙

• 成长机会一：监理差异化推动高阶汽车创新
• 成长机会2：透过L4车辆的营运扩展用例
• 成长机会3：透过扩大 L2+ 和 L3 车辆的规模来扩大应用
• 成长机会#4：监管协调简化测试和部署

结论

• 重点
• 部分简称和首字母缩写列表

附录与后续步骤

• 成长机会的益处和影响
• 后续步骤Next steps
• 文件清单
• 免责声明

Evolving Regulatory Frameworks and Strategic Innovations Pave the Way for Autonomous Vehicle Market Transformation

This study provides a strategic analysis of global autonomous vehicle (AV) regulations in 2024, highlighting key developments in testing across regions, regional dynamics, and frameworks shaping the AV ecosystem. It examines legislative progress and testing initiatives across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), and emerging markets. The US regulatory landscape remains fragmented, with state-specific laws creating operational inconsistencies, while Europe leads with cross-border testing and stringent safety protocols. APAC nations, including China, Japan, and Singapore, excel in Level 4 and Level 5 testing, driven by government policies and smart city advancements. Germany and Japan have regulated consumer use of Level 3 automated lane keeping systems and are drafting regulations to accelerate Level 4 adoption. International bodies, such as the UNECE and the NHTSA, are harmonizing global standards. Robotaxis are selectively deployed in controlled settings, while full Level 5 deployment awaits technological, regulatory, and public acceptance milestones. This study equips stakeholders with insights into diverse regulatory approaches, challenges, and opportunities shaping AV innovation and market growth.

Scope of Analysis

• The AV market is growing in the United States, China, and Europe, but it is still in the early stages of development in many countries in Asia-Pacific (APAC).
• While AV development and testing have reached higher levels of autonomy, such as Level 4 (L4; highly autonomous) and Level 5 (L5; fully autonomous), L4 technologies have seen selective deployment. Robotaxis and autonomous shuttles operate in various cities under controlled conditions. Full deployment of L5 AVs remains a future goal, reliant on technological breakthroughs, comprehensive regulatory frameworks, and public acceptance.
• Global regulations favoring testing and deployment will determine the adoption timeline for consumer markets. Germany and Japan have regulated consumer use of Level 3 (L3) automated lane keeping systems (ALKS), enabling early market adoption of ALKS in these countries. In addition, these countries have proposed draft regulations for L4 systems to foster higher adoption rates.
• International regulatory bodies, such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the US' National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), are driving global frameworks for AVs. UNECE's Regulation No. 157 enables L3 ALKS, while recent updates, such as the 2024 Driver Control Assistance Systems (DCAS) rules, further align automation standards. These efforts aim to harmonize L3-L5 deployment, build consumer trust, and accelerate global adoption.
• This study analyzes the regulatory framework for AV testing and deployment in Europe, North America, and APAC, covering 27 countries, including China.

The Impact of the Top Three Strategic Imperatives on the Global Autonomous Vehicle Industry

Geopolitical Chaos

Why

Recent geopolitical tensions have led to the imposition of tariffs and trade restrictions, particularly between major economies such as the United States and China. These tensions have disrupted the global supply chain for critical autonomous vehicle (AV) components, including semiconductors and sensors, essential for autonomous driving (AD) technologies.

Frost Perspective

AV manufacturers must diversify their supply chains and invest in domestic production capabilities to ensure compliance with local and global regulations.

Industry stakeholders should actively engage in cross-border discussions to standardize AV regulatory frameworks despite geopolitical tensions.

Transformative Megatrends

Why

The evolution of environmental and safety regulations globally has accelerated the push for connected, autonomous, shared, and electric (CASE) vehicles.

Governments are mandating stricter emissions standards, advanced safety protocols, and autonomy frameworks to reduce congestion, enhance sustainability, and improve road safety.

Frost Perspective

Automakers are shifting investments to align with compliance timelines. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are being integrated as a standard to meet regulatory mandates for safety.

Cross-border harmonization of regulatory standards is critical for global adoption, particularly as nations such as the EU set strict 2025-2030 goals for electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous technology.

Competitive Intensity

Why

The rapid rise of direct-to-consumer (D2C) models (e.g., subscription services for AV usage) has compressed the value chain. This shift impacts how AVs are marketed, sold, and serviced, leading to new regulatory considerations around data privacy, consumer protection, and vehicle life cycle management.

Frost Perspective

AVs' data-intensive nature has led to stringent government data protection laws, requiring original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to prioritize privacy and secure transmissions. To stay competitive, manufacturers must adopt subscription-based models that align with regulations while enhancing the customer experience.

Growth Drivers

• Safety, Accident Prevention, and Congestion Reduction: Safety concerns drive AV regulations, with AVs expected to reduce accidents caused by human error. Addressing congestion and improving traffic flow, governments are integrating AVs into smart infrastructure while mandating collision avoidance systems and advanced safety features to accelerate adoption.
• Technology Readiness: Advancements in AI, machine learning (ML), sensor technologies, and 5G connectivity are driving AV systems' capability and scalability. Regulatory bodies are closely monitoring these technological developments to set clear standards for AV deployment and ensure safety and reliability.
• Smart City Integration with AVs: Cities worldwide are integrating AVs into urban planning to address traffic congestion, optimize mobility, and reduce emissions. AV deployment will increasingly become an integral part of smart infrastructure projects.
• Industry Push and Lobbying: Key stakeholders, including OEMs, technology companies, and industry associations, are lobbying governments for faster regulatory approvals and financial incentives. Industry collaboration and investment in pilot projects and testing programs are accelerating the development and deployment of AV technologies.

Growth Restraints

• Liability and Legal Frameworks: Determining liability in the event of an AV-related accident is a significant challenge, as traditional laws do not account for autonomous decision-making systems. Governments are working to establish clear legal frameworks that address manufacturer, operator, and user responsibility, delaying large-scale regulatory approval.
• Security and Data Privacy Concerns: AVs generate vast amounts of data, raising concerns about cybersecurity threats, data misuse, and consumer privacy. Governments are hesitant to approve widespread AV deployment without robust security frameworks and assurances against hacking or malicious exploitation of connected systems.
• Economic Disruption and Job Loss Concerns: Governments are cautious about enabling widespread AV deployment due to fears of mass job displacement in sectors such as trucking, taxi services, and public transportation. The political and social backlash from affected industries and workers poses a significant challenge for policymakers, slowing regulatory progress.
• Public Safety and Trust Deficit: Governments are concerned about the public perception of AV safety, especially in light of incidents during testing phases. This has led to hesitancy in allowing broad deployment without sufficient real-world validation. Ensuring public safety through robust testing and phased rollouts is critical before gaining regulatory approvals.

Table of Contents

Autonomous Vehicle Regulations, Global, 2024 PFRF-

Strategic Imperatives

• Why is it Increasingly Difficult to Grow?
• The Strategic Imperative 8™
• The Impact of the Top Three Strategic Imperatives on the Global Autonomous Vehicle Industry

Growth Opportunity Analysis

• Scope of Analysis
• Growth Drivers
• Growth Restraints

Global AV Regulations

• AV Regulatory Overview-Global
• AV Regulations and Testing Landscape Overview-Europe
• AV Regulations and Testing Landscape Overview-APAC and China
• AV Regulations and Testing Landscape Overview-North America
• AV Testing Landscape in Europe
• AV Testing Landscape in Key APAC Countries
• AV Regulatory Framework in North America

Definitions

• SAE International's Definition of Levels of Driving Automation

AV Regulations-Europe

• UNECE Framework for AV Guidelines
• UNECE Regulations for Autonomous Feature Deployment
• ACEA Automated and Autonomous Roadmap
• Regulatory Overview-Europe Most Evolved
• Regulatory Overview-Europe Moderately and Least Evolved
• Regulatory Overview-Austria
• Regulatory Overview-Belgium
• Regulatory Overview-Denmark
• Regulatory Overview-France
• Regulatory Overview-Germany
• Regulatory Overview-Greece
• Regulatory Overview-Italy
• Regulatory Overview-United Kingdom
• Regulatory Framework of Other European Countries
• AV Testing Landscape in Europe

AV Regulations-APAC

• Regulatory Overview-APAC
• Regulatory Overview-China
• Robotaxi Testing Projects and Participants in China
• Government Initiatives for ICV Adoption in China
• Smart City Projects to Foster Early ICV Deployment in China
• Autonomous Driving OEMs' Strategic Investments in ICV Deployments in China
• Regulatory Overview-Japan
• Regulatory Overview-Singapore
• Regulatory Overview-Malaysia
• Regulatory Overview-South Korea
• Regulatory Overview-Australia
• Regulatory Overview-New Zealand
• Regulatory Overview-India
• AV Testing Landscape and Deployment in Key APAC Countries

AV Regulations-North America

• Regulatory Overview-North America
• NHTSA Framework for ADS in the United States
• US Federal and State Regulatory Roles
• US Roadmap for Strategic AV Development and Deployment
• AV Testing and Deployment Regulations in the United States
• AV Regulatory Framework in North America
• AV Regulatory Framework in the United States
• Regulatory Overview-Canada
• Regulatory Overview-AV Testing Regulations
• Regulatory Overview-Mexico
• Public Testing Projects for AVs Passenger Cars in North America
• Teleoperation Regulations in North America
• Teleoperation Regulations in the United States

Key L3 and L4 Vehicle Participants

• Key L3 Vehicle Participants
• Key L4 Robotaxi Participants

Growth Opportunity Universe

• Growth Opportunity 1: Differentiating Through Mandates Driving Innovation in Premium Vehicles
• Growth Opportunity 2: Operationalizing L4 Vehicles for Expanded Use Cases
• Growth Opportunity 3: Scaling L2+ and L3 Vehicles for Broader Adoption
• Growth Opportunity 4: Harmonizing Regulations to Streamline Testing and Deployment

Conclusion

• Key Takeaways
• Partial List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in the Study

Appendix & Next Steps

• Benefits and Impacts of Growth Opportunities
• Next Steps
• List of Exhibits
• Legal Disclaimer