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市场调查报告书
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1768946

全球电解二氧化锰(EMD)市场

Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD)

出版日期: | 出版商: Global Industry Analysts, Inc. | 英文 189 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2个工作天内

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简介目录

到 2030 年,全球电解锰 (EMD) 市场规模将达到 30 亿美元

全球电解二氧化锰 (EMD) 市场规模预计在 2024 年为 21 亿美元,预计到 2030 年将达到 30 亿美元,2024 年至 2030 年期间的复合年增长率为 6.5%。电池是本报告分析的细分市场之一,预计其复合年增长率为 6.6%,到分析期结束时市场规模将达到 27 亿美元。水处理细分市场在分析期间的复合年增长率预计为 5.8%。

美国市场规模估计为 5.363 亿美元,中国市场预期复合年增长率为 9.6%

美国电解二氧化锰 (EMD) 市场规模预计在 2024 年达到 5.363 亿美元。预计世界第二大经济体中国在 2030 年的市场规模将达到 6.942 亿美元,分析期间(2024-2030 年)的复合年增长率为 9.6%。其他值得关注的区域市场包括日本和加拿大,预计在分析期间的复合年增长率分别为 3.6% 和 5.9%。在欧洲,预计德国的复合年增长率为 4.1%。

全球电解锰(EMD)市场-主要趋势与驱动因素摘要

为什么电解二氧化锰 (EMD) 对能源储存和电子产品很重要?

电解二氧化锰 (EMD) 是电池阴极成分的关键材料,尤其是碱性电池等一次电池和锂离子电池、锌碳电池等二次电池。 EMD 以其高纯度和优异的电化学性能而闻名,可提供电池应用所需的性能特征,包括高能量密度、稳定性和长使用寿命。在电池产业,EMD 能够实现高效的能量放电和充电循环,使其成为消费性电子产品、电动车 (EV) 和能源储存系统的理想选择。随着全球对永续高效能源解决方案的需求不断增长,EMD 在电池技术中的作用对于支援便携式电子产品、可再生能源储存和电动车的快速发展至关重要。

EMD 的纯度和结构稳定性使其电池系统具有出色的导电性和长寿命,这在电动车等可靠性和能源效率至关重要的应用中尤其重要。向更环保技术的转变以及可再生能源发电解决方案的日益普及进一步凸显了 EMD 的重要性。这种环保、高效能的材料使 EMD 成为能源储存产业的核心部件,推动了已开发市场和新兴市场的强劲需求。

技术变革如何影响 EMD 市场?

电解质膜 (EMD) 製造和应用领域的技术进步正在提升其性能、成本效益以及在各种电池化学系统中的适用性。其中一项主要创新是开发专为高性能电池(例如电动车和电网储能係统中使用的电池)设计的高纯度 EMD 等级。这些高纯度 EMD 提高了稳定性和导电性,降低了电池随时间推移而劣化的风险。此外,奈米结构 EMD 的进步有助于增加表面积和孔隙率,从而促进离子迁移,提高电池容量和效率。奈米结构也支持高能量密度电池的开发,使 EMD 适用于下一代锂离子和锂锰电池。

自动化和电解技术的改进正在优化电解二氧化锰 (EMD) 的生产,提高效率,降低能源成本,并最大限度地减少废弃物。这些生产进步使 EMD 的生产更加环保且更具成本效益,从而扩大了市场潜力。此外,随着对锂锰氧化物 (LMO) 和锂镍锰钴氧化物 (NMC) 等混合电池系统的研究,EMD 的用途正在超越传统应用。这些技术创新共同提升了 EMD 的性能和多功能性,支持其在从家用电子电器到大规模电网应用等各种能源储存解决方案中的成长。

电解二氧化锰的主要用途有哪些?

EMD 的主要应用领域是电池製造,它是碱性电池、锌碳电池和锂离子电池的必备正极材料。碱性电池广泛应用于遥控器、手电筒和玩具等家用电器,其稳定的性能和长寿命得益于 EMD 的高电化学稳定性和能量密度。在锂离子电池中,EMD 用于锂锰氧化物 (LMO) 正极材料,这种材料以其安全性、稳定性和长寿命而闻名,使其成为电动车、便携式电子设备和可再生能源储存等应用的理想选择。

EMD 的催化特性有助于去除铁和硫化氢等污染物,从而改善工业和市政水质。 EMD 的氧化潜力使其在需要高效氧化反应的应用中(例如污水处理)具有很高的价值。此外,EMD 还可用于製造铁氧体(一种用于电子产品的磁性材料),以及特殊陶瓷和玻璃的製造流程。这些广泛的应用证明了 EMD 的多功能性和工业重要性,尤其是在能源储存和环境技术领域。

推动 EMD 市场成长的因素是什么?

EMD 市场的成长受到多种关键因素的推动,包括家用电子电器对电池需求的不断增长、电动车产量的扩大、能源储存技术的进步以及环保意识的不断增强。由于智慧型手机、笔记型电脑和穿戴式装置等可携式设备的需求不断增长,全球电子产业实现了快速成长,这刺激了对可靠高效电池的巨大需求。 EMD 在实现高能量密度和长寿命电池方面发挥的作用已成为这个不断扩张的市场的重要组成部分。

电动车的转型也是重要的成长要素,因为电动车需要高性能、长寿命和高能源效率的电池。全球汽车製造商正在投资锂离子和锂锰电池技术,进一步增加了对电解二氧化锰(EMD)作为正极材料的需求。锂锰氧化物(LMO)和锂镍锰钴氧化物(NMC)等电池化学技术的创新正在拓展EMD的应用范围,并将其定位为先进电池製造的核心材料。

环境问题和监管压力也在推动采用 EMD 来支持减少碳排放的清洁能源储存解决方案。在太阳能和风力发电等可再生能源储存应用中使用 EMD,与全球促进永续性和减少对石化燃料依赖的努力相一致。此外,EMD 製造方法的改进使其更具成本效益和环保性,从而提高了其在各个行业的吸引力。能源储存需求的不断增长、电动车的扩张、监管激励措施和技术进步等综合因素正在推动 EMD 市场的强劲成长,使其成为未来永续能源和储存解决方案的基础材料。

部分

应用(电池、水处理和其他应用)

受访公司范例

  • American Manganese Inc.
  • Cegasa
  • CITIC Dameng
  • DAMENG
  • Delta EMD Ltd.
  • Erachem
  • Eveready
  • Guizhou Redstar
  • Huiyuan
  • Mesa Minerals Limited(Mesa)
  • Metallics Mine-chem Pvt. Ltd.
  • Micromesh Minerals & Metals
  • Moil
  • Price International Corporation
  • Qingdao BassTech Co., Ltd.
  • Quintal
  • Tosoh Corporation
  • Tronox Limited
  • Xiangtan Electrochemical Scientific Ltd.

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Global 特定产业SLM 的典型规范,而是建立了一个从全球专家收集的内容库,其中包括视讯录影、部落格、搜寻引擎研究以及大量的公司、产品/服务和市场数据。

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目录

第一章调查方法

第二章执行摘要

  • 市场概览
  • 主要企业
  • 市场趋势和驱动因素
  • 全球市场展望

第三章市场分析

  • 美国
  • 加拿大
  • 日本
  • 中国
  • 欧洲
  • 法国
  • 德国
  • 义大利
  • 英国
  • 西班牙
  • 俄罗斯
  • 其他欧洲国家
  • 亚太地区
  • 澳洲
  • 印度
  • 韩国
  • 其他亚太地区
  • 拉丁美洲
  • 阿根廷
  • 巴西
  • 墨西哥
  • 其他拉丁美洲
  • 中东
  • 伊朗
  • 以色列
  • 沙乌地阿拉伯
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
  • 其他中东地区
  • 非洲

第四章 比赛

简介目录
Product Code: MCP21707

Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market to Reach US$3.0 Billion by 2030

The global market for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) estimated at US$2.1 Billion in the year 2024, is expected to reach US$3.0 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 6.5% over the analysis period 2024-2030. Batteries, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is expected to record a 6.6% CAGR and reach US$2.7 Billion by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Water Treatment segment is estimated at 5.8% CAGR over the analysis period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at US$536.3 Million While China is Forecast to Grow at 9.6% CAGR

The Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) market in the U.S. is estimated at US$536.3 Million in the year 2024. China, the world's second largest economy, is forecast to reach a projected market size of US$694.2 Million by the year 2030 trailing a CAGR of 9.6% over the analysis period 2024-2030. Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at a CAGR of 3.6% and 5.9% respectively over the analysis period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 4.1% CAGR.

Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market - Key Trends & Drivers Summarized

Why Is Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Critical for Energy Storage and Electronics?

Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) is a crucial material used as a cathode component in batteries, particularly in primary batteries like alkaline batteries and secondary batteries like lithium-ion and zinc-carbon batteries. Known for its high purity and superior electrochemical properties, EMD provides the necessary performance characteristics for battery applications, including high energy density, stability, and long lifecycle. In the battery industry, EMD’s ability to enable efficient energy discharge and recharge cycles makes it ideal for consumer electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and energy storage systems. As global demand for sustainable and efficient energy solutions increases, the role of EMD in battery technology becomes essential, supporting the rapid growth of portable electronic devices, renewable energy storage, and electric mobility.

EMD’s purity and structural stability provide excellent electrical conductivity and longevity in battery systems, which are especially critical in applications like electric vehicles where reliability and energy efficiency are paramount. The shift toward greener technologies and the increasing adoption of renewable energy storage solutions further emphasize EMD’s importance, as it enables rechargeable batteries to store energy generated from renewable sources, such as solar and wind. This eco-friendly and high-performance material has positioned EMD as a core component of the energy storage industry, driving significant demand in both developed and emerging markets.

How Are Technological Innovations Shaping the EMD Market?

Technological advancements in the production and application of EMD are enhancing its performance, cost-efficiency, and applicability in a range of battery chemistries. One key innovation is the development of high-purity EMD grades specifically designed for high-performance batteries, such as those used in electric vehicles and grid storage. These high-purity EMD variants have enhanced stability and conductivity, reducing the risk of battery degradation over time. Additionally, advancements in nanostructured EMD are contributing to improved surface area and porosity, which facilitate faster ion transfer and increase battery capacity and efficiency. Nanostructuring also supports the development of high-energy-density batteries, making EMD suitable for next-generation lithium-ion and lithium-manganese batteries.

Automation and improvements in electrolysis techniques have optimized EMD production, increasing efficiency, reducing energy costs, and minimizing waste. These production advancements make EMD manufacturing more environmentally friendly and cost-effective, expanding its market potential. Furthermore, research into hybrid battery systems, such as lithium-manganese oxide (LMO) and lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC) chemistries, is expanding the use of EMD beyond traditional applications. Together, these technological innovations are enhancing the performance and versatility of EMD, supporting its growth across diverse energy storage solutions, from consumer electronics to large-scale grid applications.

What Are the Key Applications of Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide?

The primary application of EMD is in battery manufacturing, where it serves as an essential cathode material for alkaline, zinc-carbon, and lithium-ion batteries. Alkaline batteries, widely used in consumer electronics like remote controls, flashlights, and toys, rely on EMD’s high electrochemical stability and energy density to deliver consistent performance and extended shelf life. In lithium-ion batteries, EMD is used in lithium-manganese oxide (LMO) cathodes, which are known for their safety, stability, and long lifecycle, making them ideal for applications in electric vehicles, portable electronics, and renewable energy storage.

Beyond the battery sector, EMD is also used in water treatment, where its catalytic properties aid in removing contaminants such as iron and hydrogen sulfide, improving water quality in industrial and municipal settings. EMD’s oxidation potential makes it valuable in applications that require efficient oxidation reactions, such as the treatment of wastewater. Additionally, EMD is finding applications in the production of ferrites, which are magnetic materials used in electronic devices, and in some specialized ceramic and glass manufacturing processes. These diverse applications demonstrate the versatility and industrial importance of EMD, particularly in energy storage and environmental technologies.

What Is Driving Growth in the EMD Market?

The growth in the EMD market is driven by several key factors, including the increasing demand for batteries in consumer electronics, the expansion of electric vehicle production, advancements in energy storage technology, and rising environmental awareness. The rapid growth of the global electronics industry, with increasing demand for portable devices such as smartphones, laptops, and wearable devices, has spurred significant demand for reliable and efficient batteries. EMD’s role in enabling high-energy-density and long-lasting batteries makes it a vital component in this expanding market.

The transition toward electric mobility is another major growth driver, as electric vehicles require high-performance batteries with extended lifecycles and energy efficiency. Automakers worldwide are investing in lithium-ion and lithium-manganese battery technologies, further increasing the demand for EMD as a cathode material. Technological innovations in battery chemistries, such as lithium-manganese oxide (LMO) and lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC), are broadening EMD’s applications, positioning it as a core material in advanced battery manufacturing.

Environmental concerns and regulatory pressures are also promoting the adoption of EMD, as it supports clean energy storage solutions that reduce carbon emissions. The use of EMD in renewable energy storage applications, such as solar and wind energy, aligns with global efforts to promote sustainability and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Additionally, improvements in EMD production methods have made it more cost-effective and environmentally friendly, increasing its appeal across industries. Together, these factors-rising demand for energy storage, electric mobility expansion, regulatory incentives, and technological advancements-are driving robust growth in the EMD market, making it a foundational material for the future of sustainable energy and storage solutions.

SCOPE OF STUDY:

The report analyzes the Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) market in terms of units by the following Segments, and Geographic Regions/Countries:

Segments:

Application (Batteries, Water Treatment, Other Applications)

Geographic Regions/Countries:

World; United States; Canada; Japan; China; Europe (France; Germany; Italy; United Kingdom; Spain; Russia; and Rest of Europe); Asia-Pacific (Australia; India; South Korea; and Rest of Asia-Pacific); Latin America (Argentina; Brazil; Mexico; and Rest of Latin America); Middle East (Iran; Israel; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates; and Rest of Middle East); and Africa.

Select Competitors (Total 48 Featured) -

  • American Manganese Inc.
  • Cegasa
  • CITIC Dameng
  • DAMENG
  • Delta EMD Ltd.
  • Erachem
  • Eveready
  • Guizhou Redstar
  • Huiyuan
  • Mesa Minerals Limited (Mesa)
  • Metallics Mine-chem Pvt. Ltd.
  • Micromesh Minerals & Metals
  • Moil
  • Price International Corporation
  • Qingdao BassTech Co., Ltd.
  • Quintal
  • Tosoh Corporation
  • Tronox Limited
  • Xiangtan Electrochemical Scientific Ltd.

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Our new release incorporates impact of tariffs on geographical markets as we predict a shift in competitiveness of companies based on HQ country, manufacturing base, exports and imports (finished goods and OEM). This intricate and multifaceted market reality will impact competitors by increasing the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), reducing profitability, reconfiguring supply chains, amongst other micro and macro market dynamics.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. METHODOLOGY

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1. MARKET OVERVIEW
    • Influencer Market Insights
    • Tariff Impact on Global Supply Chain Patterns
    • Global Economic Update
    • Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) - Global Key Competitors Percentage Market Share in 2025 (E)
    • Competitive Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial for Players Worldwide in 2025 (E)
  • 2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS
  • 3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS
    • Rising Demand for Batteries in Electric Vehicles (EVs) Drives Growth in Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide Market
    • Expansion of Renewable Energy Storage Solutions Expands Market for EMD in Energy-Dense Battery Production
    • Increasing Use of EMD in Consumer Electronics Propels Demand for High-Performance Battery Materials
    • Technological Advancements in Battery Chemistry Strengthen Demand for High-Purity Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide
    • Focus on Sustainable and Long-Lasting Batteries Drives Market for EMD with Extended Lifecycle Properties
    • Rising Adoption of EMD in Grid Storage Solutions Boosts Demand for High-Capacity Battery Technologies
    • Growth in Portable Power Applications Expands Market for EMD in Rechargeable Batteries for Mobile Devices
    • Increasing Focus on Sustainable Mining Practices Propels Demand for Environmentally Compliant EMD Production
    • Advancements in High-Performance EMD Grades Drive Efficiency in Next-Generation Battery Applications
    • Focus on Reducing Battery Weight and Improving Performance Expands Market for High-Density EMD in Aerospace
    • Collaboration Between Battery Manufacturers and EMD Suppliers Fuels Innovation in Advanced Battery Materials
    • Growing Demand for Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Batteries Propels Market for EMD in Cost-Effective Energy Solutions
    • Expansion of EMD Applications in Alkaline Batteries Strengthens Market for Non-Rechargeable Battery Production
  • 4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
    • TABLE 1: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 2: World Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 3: World 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 4: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Batteries by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 5: World Historic Review for Batteries by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 6: World 15-Year Perspective for Batteries by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 7: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Water Treatment by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 8: World Historic Review for Water Treatment by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 9: World 15-Year Perspective for Water Treatment by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 10: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Other Applications by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 11: World Historic Review for Other Applications by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 12: World 15-Year Perspective for Other Applications by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 13: World Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2030

III. MARKET ANALYSIS

  • UNITED STATES
    • Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United States for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 14: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 15: USA Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 16: USA 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • CANADA
    • TABLE 17: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 18: Canada Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 19: Canada 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • JAPAN
    • Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Japan for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 20: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 21: Japan Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 22: Japan 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • CHINA
    • Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in China for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 23: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 24: China Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 25: China 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • EUROPE
    • Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Europe for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 26: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 27: Europe Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 28: Europe 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 29: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 30: Europe Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 31: Europe 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • FRANCE
    • Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in France for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 32: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 33: France Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 34: France 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • GERMANY
    • Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Germany for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 35: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 36: Germany Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 37: Germany 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • ITALY
    • TABLE 38: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 39: Italy Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 40: Italy 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • UNITED KINGDOM
    • Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United Kingdom for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 41: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 42: UK Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 43: UK 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • SPAIN
    • TABLE 44: Spain Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 45: Spain Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 46: Spain 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • RUSSIA
    • TABLE 47: Russia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 48: Russia Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 49: Russia 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF EUROPE
    • TABLE 50: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 51: Rest of Europe Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 52: Rest of Europe 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • ASIA-PACIFIC
    • Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Asia-Pacific for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 53: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 54: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 55: Asia-Pacific 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 56: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 57: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 58: Asia-Pacific 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • AUSTRALIA
    • Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Australia for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 59: Australia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 60: Australia Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 61: Australia 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • INDIA
    • Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in India for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 62: India Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 63: India Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 64: India 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • SOUTH KOREA
    • TABLE 65: South Korea Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 66: South Korea Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 67: South Korea 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC
    • TABLE 68: Rest of Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 69: Rest of Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 70: Rest of Asia-Pacific 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • LATIN AMERICA
    • Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Latin America for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 71: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 72: Latin America Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 73: Latin America 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 74: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 75: Latin America Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 76: Latin America 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • ARGENTINA
    • TABLE 77: Argentina Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 78: Argentina Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 79: Argentina 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • BRAZIL
    • TABLE 80: Brazil Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 81: Brazil Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 82: Brazil 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • MEXICO
    • TABLE 83: Mexico Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 84: Mexico Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 85: Mexico 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF LATIN AMERICA
    • TABLE 86: Rest of Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 87: Rest of Latin America Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 88: Rest of Latin America 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • MIDDLE EAST
    • Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Middle East for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 89: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 90: Middle East Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 91: Middle East 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 92: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 93: Middle East Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 94: Middle East 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • IRAN
    • TABLE 95: Iran Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 96: Iran Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 97: Iran 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • ISRAEL
    • TABLE 98: Israel Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 99: Israel Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 100: Israel 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • SAUDI ARABIA
    • TABLE 101: Saudi Arabia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 102: Saudi Arabia Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 103: Saudi Arabia 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
    • TABLE 104: UAE Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 105: UAE Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 106: UAE 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF MIDDLE EAST
    • TABLE 107: Rest of Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 108: Rest of Middle East Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 109: Rest of Middle East 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • AFRICA
    • Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Africa for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 110: Africa Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 111: Africa Historic Review for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 112: Africa 15-Year Perspective for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Batteries, Water Treatment and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030

IV. COMPETITION