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市场调查报告书
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1298746

电动三轮车市场:2023-2028年全球行业趋势、份额、规模、增长、机会和预测

Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2023-2028

出版日期: | 出版商: IMARC | 英文 146 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

全球电动三轮车市场规模在2022年达到6.61亿美元。展望未来,IMARC集团预计,到2028年,市场规模将达到11.52亿美元,在2023-2028年期间表现出9.3%的增长率(CAGR)。

电动三轮车,也被称为电动三轮车,依靠高扭矩电动马达和更耐用的电池运行。它提供最后一英里的连接,方便进入狭窄的道路,并提供无噪音的旅行体验。它通过减少总的温室气体(GHG)和其他排放物,帮助改善城市空气质量。除此之外,由于它还有助于降低与燃料消耗相关的额外成本,电动三轮车作为一种方便和环保的全球公共交通模式,正在获得巨大的吸引力。

电动三轮车市场趋势:

空气污染水平的上升和运输燃料价格的上涨,导致越来越多的人采用绿色车辆。这与蓬勃发展的汽车工业结合起来,是促进市场增长的关键因素之一。除此之外,许多国家的管理当局正在提供补贴和减税,免除电动三轮车司机的收费公路或停车费,并为电动汽车(EVs)部署充电站。此外,这些车辆的电池可以被重复使用和回收。除此之外,电池即服务(BaaS)的引入可以降低电动三轮车的前期购置成本,因为它使客户可以将电池作为一个单独的组件进行租赁。此外,BaaS与在加油站为电池充电相比,耗时较少,所需的基础设施也最少。这一点,再加上共享交通的日益普及,可能有助于减少交通拥堵和运输成本,正在推动市场增长。此外,个人环保意识的提高,电动三轮车对汽油动力三轮车的替代性增加,以及电池价格的降低,有助于最大限度地降低总拥有成本(TCO),是预计推动市场发展的其他一些因素。

目录

第一章:前言

第二章:范围和方法

  • 研究的目标
  • 利益相关者
  • 数据来源
    • 主要来源
    • 二级来源
  • 市场评估
    • 自下而上的方法
    • 自上而下的方法
  • 预测方法

第三章:执行摘要

第四章:简介

  • 概述
  • 主要行业趋势

第五章:全球电动三轮车市场

  • 市场概况
  • 市场表现
  • COVID-19的影响
  • 市场预测

第六章:按车辆类型分類的市场

  • 乘用车
    • 市场趋势
    • 市场预测
  • 载货汽车
    • 市场趋势
    • 市场预测

第7章 :按功率类型分類的市场

  • 1000W以下
    • 市场趋势
    • 市场预测
  • 1000W至1500W
    • 市场趋势
    • 市场预测
  • 1500W以上
    • 市场趋势
    • 市场预测

第8章:按电池类型分類的市场

  • 锂离子电池
    • 市场趋势
    • 市场预测
  • 铅酸
    • 市场趋势
    • 市场预测

第九章:按地区分類的市场

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 加拿大
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
  • 亚太地区
    • 中国
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 日本
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 印度
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 韩国
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 澳大利亚
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 印尼
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 其他国家
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 法国
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 英国
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 意大利
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 西班牙
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 俄罗斯
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 其他国家
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
  • 拉丁美洲
    • 巴西
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 墨西哥
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
    • 其他国家
      • 市场趋势
      • 市场预测
  • 中东和非洲
    • 市场趋势
    • 按国家分類的市场
    • 市场预测

第十章:SWOT分析

  • 概述
  • 优势
  • 劣势
  • 机会
  • 威胁

第十一章 :价值链分析

第十二章 :波特斯五力分析

  • 概述
  • 买方的讨价还价能力
  • 供应商的讨价还价能力
  • 竞争程度
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 替代品的威胁

第十三章 :价格分析

第十四章:竞争格局

  • 市场结构
  • 主要参与者
  • 主要参与者的概况
    • ATUL Auto Limited
    • Bodo Vehicle Group Co. Ltd.
    • E-Tuk Factory
    • Goenka Electric Motor Vehicles Private Limited
    • Jiangsu Jinpeng Group Co. Ltd.
    • Kinetic Green Energy & Power Solutions Ltd.
    • Lohia Auto Industries
    • Mahindra & Mahindra Limited
    • Omega Seiki Mobility
    • Piaggio & C. SpA
    • Scooters India Limited
    • Terra Motors Corporation
Product Code: SR112023A5316

The global electric three-wheeler market size reached US$ 661 Million in 2022. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach US$ 1,152 Million by 2028, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 9.3% during 2023-2028.

An electric three-wheeler, also known as an e-rickshaw, operates on high torque electric motors and longer durability batteries. It offers last-mile connectivity, easy access to narrow roads, and a noise-free travel experience. It helps improve urban air quality by reducing total greenhouse gas (GHG) and other emissions. Besides this, as it also aids in lowering additional costs associated with fuel consumption, electric three-wheeler is gaining immense traction as a convenient and eco-friendly mode of public transportation across the globe.

Electric Three-Wheeler Market Trends:

Surging levels of air pollution and inflating prices of transportation fuels have resulted in the increasing adoption of green vehicles. This, in confluence with the burgeoning automobile industry, represents one of the key factors bolstering the growth of the market. Besides this, governing authorities of numerous countries are offering subsidies and tax abatements, exempting drivers of electric three-wheelers from toll road or parking fees, and deploying charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs). Moreover, the batteries of these vehicles can be reused and recycled. Apart from this, the introduction of battery-as-a-service (BaaS) can reduce up-front acquisition costs of electric three-wheelers as it enables customers to lease batteries as a separate component. In addition, BaaS is less time-consuming and requires minimum infrastructure compared to charging the battery at a station. This, coupled with the growing popularity of shared mobility, which may help reduce traffic congestion and transportation costs, is fueling market growth. Furthermore, rising environmental awareness among individuals, increasing substitution of petrol-powered three-wheelers with electric three-wheelers, and reducing battery prices that aid in minimizing total costs of ownership (TCO) are some of the other factors projected to drive the market.

Key Market Segmentation:

IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each sub-segment of the global electric three-wheeler market report, along with forecasts at the global, regional and country level from 2023-2028. Our report has categorized the market based on vehicle type, power type and battery type.

Breakup by Vehicle Type:

Passenger Carrier

Load Carrier

Breakup by Power Type:

Up To 1000W

1000W To 1500W

Above 1500W

Breakup by Battery Type:

Lithium-Ion

Lead Acid

Breakup by Region:

North America

United States

Canada

Asia-Pacific

China

Japan

India

South Korea

Australia

Indonesia

Others

Europe

Germany

France

United Kingdom

Italy

Spain

Russia

Others

Latin America

Brazil

Mexico

Others

Middle East and Africa

Competitive Landscape:

The competitive landscape of the industry has also been examined along with the profiles of the key players being ATUL Auto Limited, Bodo Vehicle Group Co. Ltd., E-Tuk Factory, Goenka Electric Motor Vehicles Private Limited, Jiangsu Jinpeng Group Co. Ltd., Kinetic Green Energy & Power Solutions Ltd., Lohia Auto Industries, Mahindra & Mahindra Limited, Omega Seiki Mobility, Piaggio & C. SpA, Scooters India Limited and Terra Motors Corporation.

Key Questions Answered in This Report

1. What was the size of the global electric three-wheeler market in 2022?

2. What is the expected growth rate of the global electric three-wheeler market during 2023-2028?

3. What are the key factors driving the global electric three-wheeler market?

4. What has been the impact of COVID-19 on the global electric three-wheeler market?

5. What is the breakup of the global electric three-wheeler market based on the vehicle type?

6. What is the breakup of the global electric three-wheeler market based on the power type?

7. What is the breakup of the global electric three-wheeler market based on the battery type?

8. What are the key regions in the global electric three-wheeler market?

9. Who are the key players/companies in the global electric three-wheeler market?

Table of Contents

1   Preface

2   Scope and Methodology

  • 2.1  Objectives of the Study
  • 2.2  Stakeholders
  • 2.3  Data Sources
    • 2.3.1  Primary Sources
    • 2.3.2  Secondary Sources
  • 2.4  Market Estimation
    • 2.4.1  Bottom-Up Approach
    • 2.4.2  Top-Down Approach
  • 2.5  Forecasting Methodology

3   Executive Summary

4   Introduction

  • 4.1  Overview
  • 4.2  Key Industry Trends

5   Global Electric Three-Wheeler Market

  • 5.1  Market Overview
  • 5.2  Market Performance
  • 5.3  Impact of COVID-19
  • 5.4  Market Forecast

6   Market Breakup by Vehicle Type

  • 6.1  Passenger Carrier
    • 6.1.1 Market Trends
    • 6.1.2 Market Forecast
  • 6.2  Load Carrier
    • 6.2.1 Market Trends
    • 6.2.2 Market Forecast

7   Market Breakup by Power Type

  • 7.1  Up To 1000W
    • 7.1.1 Market Trends
    • 7.1.2 Market Forecast
  • 7.2  1000W To 1500W
    • 7.2.1 Market Trends
    • 7.2.2 Market Forecast
  • 7.3  Above 1500W
    • 7.3.1 Market Trends
    • 7.3.2 Market Forecast

8   Market Breakup by Battery Type

  • 8.1  Lithium-Ion
    • 8.1.1 Market Trends
    • 8.1.2 Market Forecast
  • 8.2  Lead Acid
    • 8.2.1 Market Trends
    • 8.2.2 Market Forecast

9   Market Breakup by Region

  • 9.1  North America
    • 9.1.1 United States
      • 9.1.1.1 Market Trends
      • 9.1.1.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.1.2 Canada
      • 9.1.2.1 Market Trends
      • 9.1.2.2 Market Forecast
  • 9.2  Asia-Pacific
    • 9.2.1 China
      • 9.2.1.1 Market Trends
      • 9.2.1.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.2.2 Japan
      • 9.2.2.1 Market Trends
      • 9.2.2.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.2.3 India
      • 9.2.3.1 Market Trends
      • 9.2.3.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.2.4 South Korea
      • 9.2.4.1 Market Trends
      • 9.2.4.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.2.5 Australia
      • 9.2.5.1 Market Trends
      • 9.2.5.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.2.6 Indonesia
      • 9.2.6.1 Market Trends
      • 9.2.6.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.2.7 Others
      • 9.2.7.1 Market Trends
      • 9.2.7.2 Market Forecast
  • 9.3  Europe
    • 9.3.1 Germany
      • 9.3.1.1 Market Trends
      • 9.3.1.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.3.2 France
      • 9.3.2.1 Market Trends
      • 9.3.2.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.3.3 United Kingdom
      • 9.3.3.1 Market Trends
      • 9.3.3.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.3.4 Italy
      • 9.3.4.1 Market Trends
      • 9.3.4.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.3.5 Spain
      • 9.3.5.1 Market Trends
      • 9.3.5.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.3.6 Russia
      • 9.3.6.1 Market Trends
      • 9.3.6.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.3.7 Others
      • 9.3.7.1 Market Trends
      • 9.3.7.2 Market Forecast
  • 9.4  Latin America
    • 9.4.1 Brazil
      • 9.4.1.1 Market Trends
      • 9.4.1.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.4.2 Mexico
      • 9.4.2.1 Market Trends
      • 9.4.2.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.4.3 Others
      • 9.4.3.1 Market Trends
      • 9.4.3.2 Market Forecast
  • 9.5  Middle East and Africa
    • 9.5.1 Market Trends
    • 9.5.2 Market Breakup by Country
    • 9.5.3 Market Forecast

10  SWOT Analysis

  • 10.1  Overview
  • 10.2  Strengths
  • 10.3  Weaknesses
  • 10.4  Opportunities
  • 10.5  Threats

11  Value Chain Analysis

12  Porters Five Forces Analysis

  • 12.1  Overview
  • 12.2  Bargaining Power of Buyers
  • 12.3  Bargaining Power of Suppliers
  • 12.4  Degree of Competition
  • 12.5  Threat of New Entrants
  • 12.6  Threat of Substitutes

13  Price Analysis

14  Competitive Landscape

  • 14.1  Market Structure
  • 14.2  Key Players
  • 14.3  Profiles of Key Players
    • 14.3.1  ATUL Auto Limited
      • 14.3.1.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.1.2 Product Portfolio
      • 14.3.1.3 Financials
    • 14.3.2  Bodo Vehicle Group Co. Ltd.
      • 14.3.2.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.2.2 Product Portfolio
    • 14.3.3  E-Tuk Factory
      • 14.3.3.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.3.2 Product Portfolio
    • 14.3.4  Goenka Electric Motor Vehicles Private Limited
      • 14.3.4.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.4.2 Product Portfolio
    • 14.3.5  Jiangsu Jinpeng Group Co. Ltd.
      • 14.3.5.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.5.2 Product Portfolio
    • 14.3.6  Kinetic Green Energy & Power Solutions Ltd.
      • 14.3.6.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.6.2 Product Portfolio
    • 14.3.7  Lohia Auto Industries
      • 14.3.7.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.7.2 Product Portfolio
    • 14.3.8  Mahindra & Mahindra Limited
      • 14.3.8.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.8.2 Product Portfolio
    • 14.3.9  Omega Seiki Mobility
      • 14.3.9.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.9.2 Product Portfolio
    • 14.3.10  Piaggio & C. SpA
      • 14.3.10.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.10.2 Product Portfolio
    • 14.3.11  Scooters India Limited
      • 14.3.11.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.11.2 Product Portfolio
      • 14.3.11.3 Financials
    • 14.3.12  Terra Motors Corporation
      • 14.3.12.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.12.2 Product Portfolio

List of Figures

  • Figure 1: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Major Drivers and Challenges
  • Figure 2: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017-2022
  • Figure 3: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 4: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Breakup by Vehicle Type (in %), 2022
  • Figure 5: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Breakup by Power Type (in %), 2022
  • Figure 6: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Breakup by Battery Type (in %), 2022
  • Figure 7: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Breakup by Region (in %), 2022
  • Figure 8: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler (Passenger Carrier) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 9: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler (Passenger Carrier) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 10: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler (Load Carrier) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 11: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler (Load Carrier) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 12: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler (Up To 1000W) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 13: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler (Up To 1000W) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 14: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler (1000W To 1500W) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 15: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler (1000W To 1500W) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 16: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler (Above 1500W) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 17: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler (Above 1500W) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 18: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler (Lithium-Ion) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 19: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler (Lithium-Ion) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 20: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler (Lead Acid) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 21: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler (Lead Acid) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 22: North America: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 23: North America: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 24: United States: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 25: United States: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 26: Canada: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 27: Canada: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 28: Asia-Pacific: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 29: Asia-Pacific: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 30: China: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 31: China: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 32: Japan: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 33: Japan: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 34: India: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 35: India: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 36: South Korea: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 37: South Korea: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 38: Australia: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 39: Australia: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 40: Indonesia: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 41: Indonesia: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 42: Others: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 43: Others: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 44: Europe: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 45: Europe: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 46: Germany: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 47: Germany: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 48: France: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 49: France: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 50: United Kingdom: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 51: United Kingdom: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 52: Italy: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 53: Italy: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 54: Spain: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 55: Spain: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 56: Russia: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 57: Russia: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 58: Others: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 59: Others: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 60: Latin America: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 61: Latin America: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 62: Brazil: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 63: Brazil: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 64: Mexico: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 65: Mexico: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 66: Others: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 67: Others: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 68: Middle East and Africa: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
  • Figure 69: Middle East and Africa: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Breakup by Country (in %), 2022
  • Figure 70: Middle East and Africa: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Figure 71: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Industry: SWOT Analysis
  • Figure 72: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Industry: Value Chain Analysis
  • Figure 73: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Industry: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

List of Tables

  • Table 1: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2022 and 2028
  • Table 2: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Breakup by Vehicle Type (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Table 3: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Breakup by Power Type (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Table 4: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Breakup by Battery Type (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Table 5: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Market Forecast: Breakup by Region (in Million US$), 2023-2028
  • Table 6: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Competitive Structure
  • Table 7: Global: Electric Three-Wheeler Market: Key Players