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全球未经授权漫游市场：2023-2028
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1340146

全球未经授权漫游市场：2023-2028

Global Roaming Fraud Market: 2023-2028
出版日期: | 出版商: Juniper Research Ltd | 英文 | 商品交期: 最快1-2个工作天内

价格
简介目录

未经授权漫游给运营商造成的总损失预计将从 2023 年的 20 亿美元增加到 2028 年的近 84 亿美元。

随着 2G 和 3G 网络的逐步淘汰，运营商正在加速向 5G 和 VoLTE 漫游服务过渡，以利用先进的虚拟化并降低运营成本。 然而，5G 网络的高度虚拟化特性增加了欺诈者部署攻击的机会，并使运营商网络面临 5G 网络上新欺诈技术的威胁□□。

随着双边 5G 漫游协议变得更加普遍，运营商可能会推出更复杂的欺诈缓解工具。 随着新 5G 网络的发展，5G 漫游连接生成的数据量不断增加，需要开发能够检测未经授权的用户和流量的解决方案。

欺诈缓解服务实时提醒运营商注意 5G 网络上潜在的欺诈活动，使他们能够识别并阻止可疑的漫游用户。 这使得运营商能够最大限度地减少欺诈并减少对漫游收入的影响。

本报告调查了全球未经授权漫游的趋势，包括未经授权漫游的现状、主要趋势和市场影响邮票分析、用户数量、交易金额、交易笔数等趋势和预测，以及各种分类和地区。我们单独编制详细分析、竞争格局、主要公司简介等。

该研究包的组成：

  • 市场趋势/策略 (PDF)
  • 竞争排行榜 (PDF)
  • 市场数据/预测 (PDF)
  • 12 个月访问我们在线数据平台的权限

目录

市场趋势和策略

第一章要点与战略建议

第二章未来市场展望

  • 未经授权的漫游：简介
    • 未经授权的漫游类型
    • 减少未经授权漫游的策略
    • 未经授权漫游的财务影响
    • 物联网设备影响反欺诈解决方案的需求

第三章国家分析

  • 未经授权的漫游：每个国家/地区的响应状态分析
  • 未经授权的漫游：国家/地区分析
    • 北美
    • 拉丁美洲
    • 西欧
    • 亚太地区
    • 非洲/中东
  • 非法漫游：国家准备指数热图

竞争排行榜

第 1 章瞻博网络研究：竞争排行榜

第二章公司简介

  • 公司简介
    • A1 Telekom Austria Group
    • BICS
    • Cellusys
    • CITIC Telecom International
    • Comfone
    • iBASIS
    • Mobileum
    • SecurityGen
    • Subex
    • Syniverse
    • Tata Communications
    • Telefónica Global Solutions
    • TOMIA
    • Vodafone Roaming Services
  • Juniper Research竞争排行榜：评估方法

数据/预测

第一章市场预测/要点

  • 未经授权的漫游预测：简介
    • 出境语音漫游总收入
    • 未经授权的出站语音漫游给运营商带来的全部损失
    • 出站短信漫游总收入
    • 因未经授权的出站短信漫游而造成的运营商总损失
    • 出站漫游数据流量
    • 因欺诈而损失的出境数据漫游收入
    • 未经授权的物联网漫游对运营商造成的总体损失
    • 未经授权的出境漫游给运营商带来的全部损失
简介目录

REPORT OVERVIEW

Juniper Research's latest “Roaming Fraud” research delivers a comprehensive assessment of the impact of fraudulent activities on operator roaming revenue and the strategies that businesses and mobile network operators can employ to mitigate roaming fraud. Additional insight is provided via the Juniper Research Country Readiness Index, which evaluates how 60 countries are performing in the mitigation of roaming fraud.

In addition, the research provides comprehensive 5-year forecasts for major industry metrics, including total number of roaming subscribers, total roaming revenue, and total operator losses to roaming fraud; split by the following roaming channels:

  • Data Roaming
  • IoT Roaming
  • SMS Roaming
  • Voice Roaming

This research suite includes:

  • Market Trends & Strategies (PDF)
  • Competitor Leaderboard (PDF)
  • Market Data & Forecasting (PDF)
  • 12 Months' Access to harvest Online Data Platform

KEY FEATURES

  • Market Outlook: In-depth assessment of key market trends, drivers, and pain points that are anticipated to impact roaming fraud, alongside mitigative strategies that operators and subscribers can utilise to combat fraud and loss of revenue.
  • Juniper Research Competitor Leaderboard: Key player capability and capacity assessment of 14 roaming fraud mitigation vendors. The Juniper Research Competitor Leaderboard scores these companies on a number of criteria including their size of operations, their extent and breadth of partnerships, the sophistication of their platforms, and our view of their future business prospects. The companies included in Juniper Research's Roaming Fraud Strategies Competitor Leaderboard are:
    • A1 Telekom Group
    • BICS
    • Cellusys
    • CITIC Telecom International
    • Comfone
    • iBASIS
    • Mobileum
    • SecurityGen
    • Subex
    • Syniverse
    • Tata Communications
    • Telefonica International Wholesale Services
    • TOMIA
    • Vodafone Roaming Services
  • Juniper Research Country Readiness Index: Detailed evaluation of how 60 countries are performing in the mitigation of roaming fraud, alongside assessment of how each country's prevalent roaming technologies and demand for high quality roaming services; based on the following criteria:
    • Data Roaming Revenue
    • IoT Roaming Revenue
    • Outbound Roaming Subscribers
    • Proportion of 4G and 5G SIMs
    • Roaming Platform Spend
    • SMS Roaming Revenue
    • Voice Roaming Revenue
  • 5-year Market Forecasts: Comprehensive data and forecasts for major industry metrics, including total number of roaming subscribers, total roaming revenue, and total operator losses to roaming fraud; split by key roaming channels and 60 counties across 8 key regions:
  • North America:
    • Canada, US
  • Latin America:
    • Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay
  • West Europe:
    • Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK
  • Central & East Europe:
    • Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine
  • Far East & China:
    • China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea
  • Indian Subcontinent:
    • Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan
  • Rest of Asia Pacific:
    • Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
  • Africa & Middle East:
    • Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Kenya, Kuwait, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, United Arab Emirates

KEY QUESTIONS ANSWERED

  • 1. How can MNOs protect their roaming revenue from fraudulent activities?
  • 2. What will be the key measures used to mitigate roaming fraud over the next 5 years?
  • 3. What measures can subscribers take to protect themselves from fraudulent attacks when roaming?
  • 4. Where will MNOs see the biggest losses to roaming fraud over the next 5 years?
  • 5. Who are the most successful players in the roaming fraud mitigation space in 2023?

COMPANIES REFERENCED

  • Interviewed: SecurityGen, TOMIA
  • Included in the Juniper Research Competitor Leaderboard: A1 Telekom Austria Group, BICS, Cellusys, CITIC Telecom International, Comfone, iBASIS, Mobilieum, SecurityGen, Subex, Syniverse, Tata Communications, Telefónica Global Solutions, TOMIA, Vodafone Roaming Services.
  • Mentioned: 3 Hong Kong, Able Device, AiRXOS, Alibaba, Altice DR, AMEEX Mobile Exchange, América Móvil, Amplitiv, Arbor, Arelion, AT&T, Athonet, Audi, AWS, Azure, BAE System, Bouygues Telecom, Cellusys, China Mobile, China Telecom, China Unicom, ciena, Cisco, Cognizant, Comfone, Connect2Roam, DELLEMC, DellEMC, Deloitte, Deutsche Telekom, Digis Squared, Eclat Media Group, EMnify, Epic, Ericsson, Eseye, Evolved Intelligence (Mobileum), Federated Wireless, Flo.live, Fortinet, Genesys, GMS, Google, Hewlett Packard, Horisen, Huawei, Hutchison Telecommunications, IBM, Inc, Infobip, jtendo, KPMG, KPN, KT Corporation, Lenovo, Lumine Group, LUXE.TV , Lynk, Mada, Marvell, MEO, Microsoft, Mobileum, Mobius, MTC Namibia, MTN, NEC, Network Intelligence , Nokia, Nordic, NOS, OneWeb, Ooredoo, Oracle, Partitionware, Plivo, Polkomtel, Proximus, QRoam, Qualcomm Technologies, Ribbon, Roamability, Roamingwise, RoamSmart, RoamsysNext, SAMA, Segron, SFR, Sigos, Simfony, Sippio, Sky, Smartfren Telekom Tbk , Snowflake, Sparkle, Starhub, STC, STU, Sunrise, Swisscom, Tata Communications, TDC, Tech Mahindra, Tele2, Telekom Slovenije, Telenor, Telesat, Telia Company, Thales, TIM, TM (Telekom Malaysia Berhad), T-Mobile, TNS, Tofane Global, Umlaut, Union Wireless , Verizon, VMWare, VoerEir, Volaris Group, Walleye, WeDo Technologies, Wipro, X-Connect, Xintec, Zain, Zscaler.

DATA & INTERACTIVE FORECAST

Juniper Research's forecast suite for the “Roaming Fraud” market provides unrivalled industry data and forecasts, including:

  • Total Number of Active Outbound Mobile Roaming Subscribers
  • Total Number of Outbound Mobile Subscribers that use Data Roaming
  • Total Outbound Roaming Revenue, split by:
    • SMS
    • Data
    • Voice
    • IoT
  • Operator Losses to Outbound Roaming Fraud, split by:
    • SMS
    • Data
    • Voice
    • IoT
  • Geographical splits: 60 countries
  • Number of tables: Over 30 tables
  • Number of datapoints: Over 13,600 datapoints

harvest: Our online data platform, harvest, contains the very latest market data and is updated throughout the year. This is a fully featured platform enabling clients to better understand key data trends and manipulate charts and tables; overlaying different forecasts within the one chart - using the comparison tool. Empower your business with our market intelligence centre, and receive alerts whenever your data is updated.

Interactive Excels (IFxl): Our IFxl tool enables clients to manipulate both forecast data and charts, within an Excel environment, to test their own assumptions using the interactive scenario tool and compare selected markets side by side in customised charts and tables. IFxls greatly increase a client's ability to both understand a particular market and to integrate their own views into the model.

FORECAST SUMMARY

Juniper Research expects operators to surmount a total of $2 billion in operator losses to roaming fraud in 2023, anticipated to increase to nearly $8.4 billion by 2028; representing an absolute growth of 310%. Furthermore, as shown in figure 7, Juniper Research forecasts in 2023, operator losses to data roaming fraud will be the highest compared with other services; estimated to account for 80% of the global losses by service in 2023.

  • Losses from global roaming fraud are anticipated to exceed $8 billion by 2028; driven by the increase in bilateral roaming agreements for data-intensive use cases over 5G networks. In turn, fraudulent data traffic will account for 80% of global operator roaming-based losses by 2024.
  • As 2G and 3G networks are sunsetting, operators are accelerating the transition to 5G and VoLTE roaming services to leverage the high levels of virtualisation and lower operational costs. However, the highly virtualised nature of 5G networks is creating more opportunities for fraudsters to deploy their attacks, leaving operator networks open to emerging fraud tactics over 5G networks.
  • As bilateral 5G roaming agreements proliferate, operators will deploy more sophisticated fraud mitigation tools. The greater amount of data that 5G roaming connections generate will require the development of solutions that can detect fraudulent users and traffic over new 5G networks as they evolve. An example is the rise in 5G subscription fraud, whereby fraudsters create new subscriptions with false information; incurring roaming charges without intending to pay. Until the subscription is cancelled, fraudsters will continue anonymously using 5G roaming data, with operators losing potential roaming revenue.
  • Fraud mitigation services will alert operators of any potentially fraudulent activity across 5G networks in real time and enable them to identify and block suspicious roaming subscribers. This will enable operators to minimise fraudulent activity, and therefore reduce the impact on their roaming revenue.

Table of Contents

Market Trends & Strategies

1. Key Takeaways & Strategic Recommendations

  • 1.1. Roaming Fraud: Key Takeaways
  • 1.2. Strategic Recommendations

2. Future Market Outlook

  • 2.1. Introduction to Roaming Fraud
    • Figure 2.1: Roaming Fraud and Use Cases
    • Figure 2.2: Total Operator Losses to Outbound Roaming Fraud ($m), Split by Service, 2023
    • 2.1.1. Types of Roaming Fraud
      • Table 2.3: Types of Roaming Fraud
      • Figure 2.4: Process of IRSF
      • i. Risks Posed by Increasing Network Complexity
        • Figure 2.5: Total Operator Losses to Outbound SMS Roaming Fraud ($m), Across 8 Key Regions, 2023
    • 2.1.2. Mitigative Strategies to Combat Roaming Fraud
      • i. How Blockchain Can Influence Roaming Fraud Mitigation
        • Figure 2.6: Blockchain-based Roaming Settlement
    • 2.1.3. Financial Implications from Roaming Fraud
      • i. Operator Losses to Fraudulent Roamers
      • ii. Impact of Roaming Fraud on the Subscriber
        • Figure 2.7: Voice Roaming Fraud
    • 2.1.4. IoT Devices Influencing Demand for Fraud Prevention Solutions

3. Country Analysis

  • 3.1. Roaming Fraud: Country Readiness Analysis
    • Figure 3.1. Roaming Fraud Country Analysis Scoring Criteria
    • Figure 3.2: Juniper Research Country Readiness Index ~ Roaming Fraud
    • Table 3.3: Juniper Research Roaming Fraud Country Readiness Index: Scoring Criteria
  • 3.2. Roaming Fraud Country Analysis
    • 3.2.1. North America
      • i. Focus Market
      • ii. Roaming Platform Spend
        • Figure 3.4: Total Outbound Voice, SMS & Data Retail Roaming Revenue ($m), Split by 2 Key Countries, 2022-2027
      • iii. Roaming Technology Development
        • Figure 3.5: Proportion of SIMs that are 4G and 5G SIMs, Split by 2 Key Countries, 2023-2028
    • 3.2.2. Latin America
      • i. Growth & Developing Market
      • ii. Roaming Technology Development
        • Figure 3.6: Proportion of SIMs that are 4G and 5G SIMs, Split by 8 Key Regions, 2023
    • 3.2.3. West Europe
      • i. Saturated Market
      • ii. Roaming Technology Development
        • Figure 3.7: Proportion of SIMs That Are 4G and 5G SIMs, Split by 8 Key Countries, 2023
      • i. Growth & Developing Market
      • ii. Market Growth
        • Figure 3.8: Total Number of Outbound Roaming Subscribers (m), Split by 8 Key Regions, 2022-2027
        • Figure 3.9: Total Outbound SMS Roaming Revenue ($m), in Russia, 2022-2027
      • i. Focus Market
      • ii. Roaming Platform Spend
        • Figure 3.10: Total Outbound Voice, SMS & Data Retail Roaming Revenue ($m), Split by 4 Key Countries, 2022-2027
      • iii. Market Growth
        • Figure 3.11: Total Number of Outbound Roaming Subscribers (m), Split by 4 Key Countries, 2022-2027
      • i. Focus & Developing Market
      • ii. Roaming Data Growth
        • Figure 3.12: Total Outbound Mobile Subscribers that Use Data Roaming (m), Split by 4 Key Countries, 2022-2027
    • 3.2.7. Rest of Asia Pacific
      • i. Focus, Growth & Developing Market
      • ii. Roaming Platform Spend
        • Figure 3.13: Total Outbound Voice, SMS & Data Retail Roaming Revenue ($m), Split by 8 Key Countries in Rest of Asia Pacific, 2023
      • iii. Roaming Technology Development
        • Figure 3.2: Proportion of SIMs that are 4G and 5G SIMs (%), Australia, 2022-2028
    • 3.2.8. Africa & Middle East
      • i. Developing Market
      • ii. Data Roaming Spend
        • Figure 3.3: Total Outbound Data Roaming Revenue ($m), Split by 7 Key Countries, 2023-2027
  • 3.3. Roaming Fraud: Country Readiness Index Heatmap
    • Table 3.4: Country Readiness Index Heatmap: North America (1 of 8)
    • Table 3.5: Country Readiness Index Heatmap: Latin America (2 of 8)
    • Table 3.6: Country Readiness Index Heatmap: West Europe (3 of 8)
    • Table 3.7: Country Readiness Index Heatmap: Central & East Europe (4 of 8)
    • Table 3.8: Country Readiness Index Heatmap: Far East & China (5 of 8)
    • Table 3.9: Country Readiness Index Heatmap: Indian Subcontinent (6 of 8)
    • Table 3.10: Country Readiness Index Heatmap: Rest of Asia Pacific (7 of 8)
    • Table 3.11: Country Readiness Index Heatmap: Africa & Middle East (8 of 8)

Competitor Leaderboard

1. Juniper Research Competitor Leaderboard

  • 1.1. Why Read this Report
    • Table 1.1. Juniper Research Competitor Leaderboard: Roaming Fraud Vendors Included & Product Portfolio: Part 1
    • Table 1.2: Juniper Research Competitor Leaderboard: Roaming Fraud Vendors Included & Product Portfolio: Part 2
    • Figure 1.3: Juniper Research Competitor Leaderboard: Roaming Fraud Vendors
    • Table 1.4: Juniper Research Leaderboard: Roaming Fraud Vendors & Positioning
    • Table 1.5: Juniper Research Competitor Leaderboard Heatmap: Roaming Fraud Vendors

2. Company Profiles

  • 2.1. Company Profiles
    • 2.1.1. A1 Telekom Austria Group
      • i. Corporate Information
      • ii. Geographical Spread
        • Figure 2.1: A1 Telekom Austria Group Operations Map
      • iii. Key Clients & Strategic Partnerships
      • iv. High-level View of Offerings
      • v. Juniper Research's View: Key Strengths & Strategic Opportunities
    • 2.1.2. BICS
      • i. Corporate Information
        • Table 2.2: BICS' Select Financial Information ($m), 2020-2021
      • ii. Geographical Spread
      • iii. Key Clients & Strategic Partnerships
      • iv. High-level View of Offerings
      • v. Juniper Research's View: Key Strengths & Strategic Opportunities
    • 2.1.3. Cellusys
      • i. Corporate Information
      • ii. Geographical Spread
      • iii. Key Clients & Strategic Partnerships
      • iv. High-level View of Offerings
      • v. Juniper Research's View: Key Strengths & Strategic Opportunities
    • 2.1.4. CITIC Telecom International
      • i. Corporate information
      • ii. Geographical Spread
      • iii. Key Clients & Strategic Partnerships
      • iv. High-level View of Offerings
      • v. Juniper Research's View: Key Strengths & Strategic Opportunities
    • 2.1.5. Comfone
      • i. Corporate Information
      • ii. Geographical Spread
      • iii. Key Clients & Strategic Partnerships
      • iv. High-level View of Offerings
        • Figure 2.2: Figure 2.3: Comfone's Key2roam Hub Coverage Map
      • v. Juniper Research's View: Key Strengths & Strategic Opportunities
    • 2.1.6. iBASIS
      • i. Corporate Information
      • ii. Geographical Spread
      • iii. Key Clients & Strategic Partnerships
      • iv. High-level View of Offerings
        • Figure 2.4: FraudAlert System
        • Figure 2.5: Customer Traffic Protection
        • Figure 2.6: IBASIS Product Portfolio
      • v. Juniper Research's View: Key Strengths & Strategic Opportunities
    • 2.1.7. Mobileum
      • i. Corporate Information
      • ii. Geographical Spread
      • iii. Key Clients & Strategic Partnerships
      • iv. High-level View of Offerings
        • Figure 2.7: Mobileum's Roaming Management Suite
      • v. Juniper Research's View: Key Strengths & Strategic Opportunities
    • 2.1.8. SecurityGen
      • i. Corporate information
      • ii. Geographical Spread
      • iii. Key Clients & Strategic Partnerships
      • iv. High-level view of offerings
      • v. Juniper Research's View: Key Strengths & Strategic Opportunities
    • 2.1.9. Subex
      • i. Corporate information
      • ii. Geographical Spread
      • iii. Key Clients & Strategic Partnerships
      • iv. High-level view of offerings
      • v. Juniper Research's View: Key Strengths & Strategic Opportunities
    • 2.1.10. Syniverse
      • i. Corporate Information
        • Table 2.8: Syniverse's Select Financial Information, ($m), 2020-2021
      • ii. Geographical Spread
      • iii. Key Clients & Strategic Partnerships
      • iv. High-level View of Offerings
        • Figure 2.9: Syniverse's Clearing and Settlement Services
      • v. Juniper Research's View: Key Strengths & Strategic Opportunities
    • 2.1.11. Tata Communications
      • i. Corporate Information
        • Table 2.10: Tata Communications' Select Financial Information ($m), 2020-2022
      • ii. Geographical Spread
      • iii. Key Clients & Strategic Partnerships
      • iv. High-level View of Offerings
        • Figure 2.11: Tata Communications' IPX+ Infrastructure
        • Figure 2.12: Tata Communications' Fraud Protection Toolkit
      • v. Juniper Research's View: Key Strengths & Strategic Opportunities
    • 2.1.12. Telefónica Global Solutions
      • i. Corporate Information
        • Table 2.13: Telefónica's Select Financial Information (€bn), 2020-2022
      • ii. Geographical Spread
      • iii. Key Clients & Strategic Partnerships
      • iv. High-level View of Offerings
        • Figure 2.14: Telefónica's 5G Roaming Suite
      • v. Juniper Research's View: Key Strengths & Strategic Opportunities
    • 2.1.13. TOMIA
      • i. Corporate Information
      • ii. Geographical Spread
      • iii. Key Clients & Strategic Partnerships
      • iv. High-level View of Offerings
      • v. Juniper Research's View: Key Strengths & Strategic Opportunities
    • 2.1.14. Vodafone Roaming Services
      • i. Corporate Information
      • ii. Geographical Spread
      • iii. Key Clients & Strategic Partnerships
      • iv. High-level View of Offerings
        • Table 2.15: Vodafone's Global Signalling & IPX Connectivity
      • v. Juniper Research's View: Key Strengths & Strategic Opportunities
  • 2.2. Juniper Research Leaderboard Assessment Methodology
    • i. Limitations & Interpretations
      • Table 2.16: Juniper Research Competitor Leaderboard Scoring Criteria

Data & Forecasting

1. Market Forecasts & Key Takeaways

  • 1.1. Introduction to Roaming Fraud Forecasts
    • Figure 1.1: Total Operator Losses to Outbound Roaming Fraud ($2 Billion), Split by 8 Key Regions, 2023
    • Figure 1.2: Total Operator Losses to Outbound Roaming Fraud ($m), Split by Service, 2023-2028
    • Figure 1.3: Roaming Fraud Forecast Methodology (SMS, Data, Voice, IoT)
    • 1.1.2. Total Outbound Voice Roaming Revenue
      • Figure & Table 1.4: Total Outbound Voice Roaming Revenue ($m), Split by 8 Key Regions, 2023-2028
    • 1.1.3. Total Operator Losses to Outbound Voice Roaming Fraud
      • Figure & Table 1.5: Total Operator Losses to Outbound Voice Roaming Fraud ($m), Split by 8 Key Regions, 2023-2028
    • 1.1.4. Total Outbound SMS Roaming Revenue
      • Figure & Table 1.6: Total Outbound SMS Roaming Revenue ($m), Split by 8 Key Regions, 2023-2028
    • 1.1.5. Total Operator Losses to Outbound SMS Roaming Fraud
      • Figure & Table 1.7: Total Operator Losses to Outbound SMS Roaming Fraud ($m), Split by 8 Key Regions, 2023-2028
    • 1.1.6. Total Outbound Roaming Data Traffic
      • Figure & Table 1.8: Total Outbound Roaming Data Traffic (million MB), Split by 8 Key Regions, 2023-2028
    • 1.1.7. Total Outbound Data Roaming Revenue Lost to Fraud
      • Figure & Table 1.9: Total Outbound Data Roaming Revenue Lost to Fraud ($m), Split by 8 Key Regions, 2023-2028
    • 1.1.8. Total Operator Losses to IoT Roaming Fraud
      • Figure & Table 1.10: Total Operator Losses to IoT Roaming Fraud ($m), Split by 8 Key Regions, 2023-2028
    • 1.1.9. Total Operator Losses to Outbound Roaming Fraud
      • Figure & Table 1.11: Total Operator Losses to Outbound Roaming Fraud ($m), Split by 8 Key Regions, 2023-2028