云端运算服务市场报告：2031 年趋势、预测与竞争分析

全球云端运算服务市场前景光明，在 BFSI、IT 和通讯、零售和消费品、医疗保健以及政府和公共部门市场都存在机会。预计全球云端运算服务市场在 2025 年至 2031 年期间的复合年增长率将达到 18.4%。该市场的主要驱动力是全球向远端工作和虚拟协作的转变、对改善企业业务的云端运算服务的需求不断增长、技术的快速发展以及参与者不断提高的投资水平。

• 根据 Lucintel 的预测，按类型划分，基础设施即服务 (IaaS) 预计将在预测期内经历最高成长。
• 从最终用户来看，BFSI 仍然是最大的细分市场。
• 按地区划分，预计北美在预测期内仍将是最大的地区。

云端运算服务市场的策略性成长机会

云端运算服务市场在各种用例中都充满了策略成长机会。了解这些对于相关人员增强其产品并利用新兴趋势至关重要。

• 为医疗保健解决方案提供支援：云端运算在医疗保健行业的用途多种多样，包括资料管理、远端医疗和研究。云端解决方案可改善患者照护、优化业务实践并实现医疗保健组织之间的资料共用。这为设计符合产业需求的医疗保健解决方案的云端供应商创造了巨大的成长机会。
• 转变金融服务：云端运算透过保障资料安全、实现即时分析和改善客户体验，正在彻底改变金融服务业。随着金融机构探索其数位化之旅，云端供应商可以专注于建立符合监管标准的合规且安全的解决方案。
• 电子商务的兴起：电子商务正在快速发展，如果没有云端运算，越来越多的线上零售商将很难取得成功。需要扩充性解决方案的关键领域包括库存管理、付款处理和客户参与。这为云端提供者提供了一个机会。
• 整合教育技术：云端运算正在透过远端教育和虚拟协作改变我们的学习方式。提供者可以设计云端解决方案来提供虚拟教室、学习管理工具和教育材料。这与对灵活学习解决方案日益增长的需求相吻合，尤其是自疫情爆发以来。
• 迈向智慧城市：云端运算支援资料分析和物联网设备在智慧城市管理中的整合。开发人员可以创建解决方案来增强基础设施、交通和公共服务，为全球创造更健康、更永续的城市生活环境做出贡献。

云端运算服务市场的策略性成长机会与医疗保健、金融、电子商务、教育和智慧城市计划等多样化应用的扩展相关。云端供应商可以利用新兴趋势来推动其产品创新并获得进一步的成长动力。

云端运算服务市场驱动因素与挑战

云端运算服务市场受到各种驱动因素​​和挑战的影响，包括技术、经济和监管。对于希望利用市场成长机会的参与者来说，这些知识非常有价值。

云端运算服务市场受以下因素驱动：

• 数位转型的需求不断增长：随着企业寻求优化业务效率和改善客户体验，云端运算服务正在不断扩展。转向云端平台以利用先进技术将推动市场成长并鼓励供应商在其服务产品上进行创新。
• 远距工作和协作工具的采用率不断提高：随着远距工作的兴起，企业对云端基础的协作工具的采用率正在不断提高。这些企业正在转向云端解决方案进行通讯、计划管理和文件共用，推动了对扩充性、灵活的云端服务的需求，以支援分散式团队。
• 技术进步：人工智慧、机器学习和物联网等云端技术的快速创新正在对市场产生重大影响。供应商不断探索整合新技术的新解决方案，为各行业的企业带来增强的云端服务功能和价值。
• 关注资料安全和合规性：对资料安全和隐私的日益担忧促使企业寻求具有强大安全措施的云端解决方案。随着企业寻求可信赖的伙伴关係来保护敏感讯息，优先考虑安全性和合规性的公司将在竞争激烈的市场中脱颖而出。
• 增加对IT基础设施的投资：扩大对IT基础设施的投资正在推动云端运算服务的成长。转型业务的组织需要扩充性的解决方案，并正在向云端供应商寻求灵活、经济高效的选择。

云端运算服务市场面临的挑战是：

• 资料隐私问题：资讯安全仍然是云端基础的服务的主要问题。对处理敏感资讯的第三方提供者的信任是采用的一大挑战。云端服务供应商必须透过有效的安全性和资料处理实践来解决这些问题。
• 遵守监管标准：云端服务供应商未来将面临复杂的法规环境。遵守各种资料保护法和行业标准需要资源，并可能影响我们推出服务的速度和我们在市场上的竞争力。
• 来自替代技术的竞争：与内部部署解决方案和混合模式等替代技术竞争。为了保持市场占有率和相关性，提供者必须创新并突出其云端解决方案的独特优势。

云端运算服务市场的驱动因素和挑战表明，各种因素都在发挥作用。虽然技术进步和不断增长的需求带来了巨大的机会，但资料隐私和法规遵循仍然是主要关注点。在这个不断发展的市场中取得成功将取决于相关人员如何驾驭这些动态。

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章全球云端运算服务市场：市场动态

• 简介、背景和分类
• 供应链
• 产业驱动力与挑战

第三章市场趋势与预测分析（2019-2031）

• 宏观经济趋势（2019-2024）及预测（2025-2031）
• 全球云端运算服务市场趋势（2019-2024）及预测（2025-2031）
• 全球云端运算服务市场类型
  • Infrastructure as a Service（IaaS）
  • Platform as a Service（PaaS）
  • Software as a Service（SaaS）
• 全球云端运算服务市场（按公司规模）
  • 大型企业
  • 中小型企业
• 全球云端运算服务市场（按最终用户划分）
  • BFSI
  • 资讯科技/通讯
  • 零售和消费品
  • 卫生保健
  • 政府和公共部门
  • 其他的

第四章区域市场趋势与预测分析（2019-2031）

• 全球云端运算服务市场（按区域）
• 北美云端运算服务市场
• 欧洲云端运算服务市场
• 亚太云端运算服务市场
• 世界其他地区云端运算服务市场

第五章 竞争分析

• 产品系列分析
• 营运整合
• 波特五力分析

第六章 成长机会与策略分析

• 成长机会分析
  • 全球云端运算服务市场成长机会（按类型）
  • 全球云端运算服务市场成长机会（按公司规模）
  • 全球云端运算服务市场最终用户的成长机会
  • 全球云端运算服务市场各区域成长机会
• 全球云端运算服务市场的新趋势
• 战略分析
  • 新产品开发
  • 全球云端运算服务市场容量扩张
  • 全球云端运算服务市场的合併、收购和合资企业
  • 认证和许可

第七章主要企业简介

• Microsoft Corporation
• SAP SE
• Oracle Corporation
• Google
• Atos Corporation
• IBM Corporation
• Alibaba Cloud
• VMware
• Amazon Web Services
• Salesforce

The future of the global cloud computing service market looks promising with opportunities in the BFSI, IT and telecommunication, retail and consumer goods, healthcare, and government and public sector markets. The global cloud computing service market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 18.4% from 2025 to 2031. The major drivers for this market are the global shift towards remote work and virtual collaboration, the growing need for cloud computing services to improve operations for businesses, and rapid development of technology, and rising player investment levels.

• Lucintel forecasts that, within the type category, the infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.
• Within the end use category, BFSI will remain the largest segment.
• In terms of regions, North America will remain the largest region over the forecast period.

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Emerging Trends in the Cloud Computing Service Market

An emerging market for cloud computing services, with various trends revolutionizing how businesses work and interact with technology, forms the basis of current developments regarding technologies, advancing consumer demand, and the need for greater security and efficiency.

• Hybrid Cloud Solutions: Hybrid cloud solutions are increasingly adopted by firms in efforts to bring the flexibility of the public cloud together with the security of a private cloud. This approach enables organizations to make the best use of IT resource utilization and streamline data management with full compliance with regulatory requirements. Companies are increasingly opting for hybrid models for heightened scalability and seamless integration between platforms.
• Artificial Intelligence Integration: The entrance of AI into cloud services changes the way data is processed and analyzed. AI-based tools can automate tasks, improve insights for better decision-making, and personalize customer experiences. With companies increasingly adopting AI capabilities, cloud providers are driven to enhance machine learning and AI features to create powerful solutions that drive operational efficiency.
• Focus on Security and Compliance: Cloud computing has entered a phase where security has emerged as the biggest concern, thanks to the growing awareness of data breaches and privacy issues. Providers are thus investing in advanced security features that include encryption, multi-factor authentication, and compliance certifications. This ensures that data is safer and earns customer trust.
• Sustainable Cloud Initiatives: Sustainability is increasingly part of the cloud computing strategy. Eco-friendly approaches are adopted by players, such as using renewable resources to power data centers and ensuring resource utilization without waste. This aligns with eco-sensitive consumers who are likely to seek green cloud options with minimal ecological impact.
• Edge Computing Growth: Furthermore, with the rise of edge computing, cloud infrastructure will process data closer to where it originates, resulting in less latency and improved application performance for real-time data processing. As IoT devices increase, edge computing solutions will see high demand, enhancing the overall efficiency of the system.

All these emerging trends significantly reshape the landscape of cloud computing services, driving innovation in service offerings. Their focus on hybrid solutions, AI integration, security, sustainability, and edge computing reveals the industry's response to changing market needs and its effort to incorporate technological advancements.

Recent Developments in the Cloud Computing Service Market

The cloud computing services market is highly dynamic, with increasing investment competition and accelerating technological sophistication. These key developments are directing the approach of businesses toward specific purposes, such as improving efficiency, scale, and security. With firms continuing to migrate toward the cloud, it is now essential for stakeholders to understand these developments to capitalize on market opportunities.

• Investment in Cloud Infrastructure: Cloud service providers are investing heavily in their infrastructures to meet the growing demands of future customers. This involves erecting new data centers and upgrading existing facilities to accommodate more clients. This improves the availability and reliability of services, enabling providers to better meet user needs and enhance competition.
• Improved Focus on Data Security: New trends in cloud services depict a growing dependence on data protection measures. Cloud providers are adopting the latest encryption techniques, threat detection mechanisms, and compliance measures to ensure that customer data is safe and secure. These security elements thus become fundamental in winning consumer confidence and ensuring compliance in sensitive sectors.
• Rise in Multi-Cloud Strategies: Organizations increasingly adopt multi-cloud strategies to avoid vendor lock-in and gain greater flexibility in using services from different providers. Under these conditions, cloud environments are tailored to optimize business needs. Decisions are then made to select the best available solutions for specific workloads. This encourages leading vendors not only to make their platforms interoperable but also to ensure compatibility with one another.
• Cloud-based AI Services: The main developments here include the integration of AI in cloud services, facilitating the ability to leverage advanced analytics and automation tools for business applications. Cloud-based AI services help organizations make operational improvements, better decisions, and deliver richer customer experiences. This growth reflects the rising demand for intelligent solutions that drive efficiency and innovation.
• Growth of Edge Computing Solutions: Cloud providers are scaling up edge computing offerings amid the growing necessity for real-time processing. This critically enables the processing of business operations closer to the source, reducing latency and enhancing applications like IoT and real-time analytics.

The recent trends in cloud computing services are changing how businesses operate and relate to technology. Key factors include increased infrastructure investment, the significance of security concerns, the growing adoption of multi-cloud strategies, the expanding use of AI, and the rising demand for edge computing. These elements alter competitive dynamics and foster growth and innovation.

Strategic Growth Opportunities for Cloud Computing Service Market

The market for cloud computing services is rich with strategic growth opportunities across various applications. Understanding these is crucial for stakeholders as it helps them enhance their offerings and capitalize on emerging trends.

• Enhanced Healthcare Solutions: The use of cloud computing in the healthcare industry spans data management, telehealth, and research. Cloud solutions can improve patient care, optimize business operations, and enable data sharing among providers. This presents a significant growth opportunity for cloud providers to design healthcare solutions tailored to industry needs.
• Financial Services Transformation: Cloud computing will revolutionize the financial services industry by ensuring data safety, enabling real-time analytics, and enhancing customer experiences. As institutions seek more avenues for digitization, cloud providers can focus on creating compliant and secure solutions that meet regulatory standards.
• E-commerce Expansion: E-commerce is rapidly developing, and without cloud computing, it will be challenging for the growing number of online retailers to thrive. Key areas for scalable solutions include inventory management, payment processing, and customer engagement. Thus, this presents an opportunity for cloud providers.
• Education Technology Integration: Cloud computing is transforming learning practices through distance education and virtual collaboration. Providers can design cloud solutions that offer virtual classrooms, learning management tools, and educational materials. This aligns well with the increasing demand for flexible learning solutions, particularly since the pandemic.
• Smart City Initiatives: Cloud computing will support the integration of data analytics and IoT devices in smart urban management. Providers can develop solutions that enhance infrastructure, transportation, and public services, contributing to global efforts for healthier and more sustainable urban living environments.

The strategic growth opportunities in the cloud computing services market relate to expansion across diverse applications-such as healthcare, finance, e-commerce, education, and smart city initiatives. Cloud providers can leverage emerging trends to drive innovation in their offerings and achieve further growth momentum.

Cloud Computing Service Market Driver and Challenges

The cloud computing services market is influenced by numerous drivers and challenges across technology, economies, and regulations. This knowledge is valuable for any player looking to capitalize on the growing opportunities in the market.

The factors driving the cloud computing services market include:

• Rise in Demand for Digital Transformation: These services are growing as businesses seek to optimize operational efficiency and enhance customer experience. Migrating to cloud platforms to leverage advanced technology will boost market growth and encourage providers to innovate their offerings.
• Increased Deployment of Remote Work and Collaboration Tools: As remote work accelerates, the adoption of cloud-based collaboration tools has gained momentum among businesses. These enterprises are using cloud solutions for communication, project management, and file sharing, driving increasing demand for scalable and flexible cloud services that support distributed teams.
• Advancement in Technology: Rapid innovations in cloud technology, including AI, machine learning, and IoT, significantly influence the market. Providers continuously seek new solutions that integrate emerging technologies, ensuring their cloud offerings deliver enhanced functionality and value to businesses across various sectors.
• Focus on Data Security and Compliance: Growing concerns over data security and privacy compel businesses to seek cloud solutions with robust security measures. Players that prioritize security and compliance stand out in a competitive market, as organizations seek reliable partnerships to safeguard sensitive information.
• Increased Investment in IT Infrastructure: Greater investment in IT infrastructure fuels growth in cloud computing services. Organizations transforming their operations require highly scalable solutions, prompting them to seek flexible and cost-effective options from cloud providers.

Challenges in the cloud computing services market include:

• Fear of Privacy over Data: Information security remains a significant concern for cloud-based services. Trust in third-party providers handling sensitive information poses a major challenge to adoption. Cloud service providers must address these concerns through effective security measures and data handling practices.
• Compliance with Regulatory Standards: Cloud service providers will face complex regulatory environments in the future. Compliance with various data protection laws and industry standards may prove resource-intensive, impacting service deployment speed and market competition.
• Competition from Alternative Technologies: Alternatives, such as on-premises solutions and hybrid models, present competition. Providers must innovate and highlight the unique advantages of cloud solutions to maintain market share and relevance.

Drivers and challenges in the cloud computing services market illustrate the diverse factors at play. Technological advancements and growing demand represent significant opportunities, while data privacy and regulatory compliance remain critical concerns. Success in this evolving market will depend on how well stakeholders navigate these dynamics.

List of Cloud Computing Service Companies

Companies in the market compete based on product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. Through these strategies cloud computing service companies cater to increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the cloud computing service companies profiled in this report include-

• Microsoft Corporation
• SAP SE
• Oracle Corporation
• Google
• Atos Corporation
• IBM Corporation
• Alibaba Cloud
• VMware
• Amazon Web Services
• Salesforce

Cloud Computing Service by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global cloud computing service market by type, enterprise size, end use, and region.

Cloud Computing Service Market by Type [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• Software as a Service (SaaS)

Cloud Computing Service Market by Enterprise Size [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Large Enterprises
• Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

Cloud Computing Service Market by End Use [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• BFSI
• IT and Telecommunication
• Retail and Consumer Goods
• Healthcare
• Government and Public Sector
• Others

Cloud Computing Service Market by Region [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• The Rest of the World

Country Wise Outlook for the Cloud Computing Service Market

Cloud computing services are on the rise as a developing industry in nearly every global region, driven by high demand for digital transformation across virtually all industries. The COVID-19 pandemic initiated swift changes toward work-from-home paradigms and digitalization services, prompting companies to adopt cloud solutions for their scalability, flexibility, and efficiency. Innovative technologies, strategic partnerships, and regulatory changes are emerging across regions, particularly in countries such as the United States, China, Germany, India, and Japan, which lead to innovations in cloud infrastructure.

• United States: In the U.S. market, major cloud providers are strategically scaling their offerings with stronger AI and machine learning capabilities. Leading providers like Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure have focused on advanced security and hybrid cloud solutions due to increasing enterprise demand for these options. Efforts toward sustainability include reducing the carbon footprint of data centers, contributing to a greener future for the cloud.
• China: The Chinese cloud computing market is growing rapidly due to government initiatives encouraging investment in the digital economy. Alibaba Cloud and Tencent Cloud lead the market, focusing on localizing services, further integrating AI, and building robust data centers to ensure better performance. China has established strong data centers capable of meeting performance standards under data sovereignty regulations.
• Germany: In Germany, data protection and overall security in cloud computing services are priorities, alongside strict EU regulations. Local service providers are interested in hybrid cloud solutions tailored to specific industries, particularly automotive and manufacturing. Cloud technology is being innovated through joint projects between companies and research institutions to ensure compliance with data protection laws and foster growth and trust in cloud services.
• India: Digital adoption is growing in India, fueled by government initiatives to build digital infrastructure, thereby driving growth in the cloud computing market. Businesses are increasingly moving toward cloud-based solutions to enhance operational efficiency. Major tech players are investing in local data centers to improve service delivery and meet regulatory requirements, fostering a robust ecosystem for both startups and enterprises leveraging cloud technologies.
• Japan: Investments in next-generation edge computing and AI-driven analytics focusing on cloud security and resilience are key in Japan. Cloud adoption is also being encouraged in public services to enhance efficiency and transparency. The quality of services, alongside competitive strategies, ensures that Japanese firms remain relevant amid emerging trends while collaborating with leading global cloud providers.

Features of the Global Cloud Computing Service Market

Market Size Estimates: Cloud computing service market size estimation in terms of value ($B).

Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2019 to 2024) and forecast (2025 to 2031) by various segments and regions.

Segmentation Analysis: Cloud computing service market size by type, enterprise size, end use, and region in terms of value ($B).

Regional Analysis: Cloud computing service market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.

Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different types, enterprise sizes, end uses, and regions for the cloud computing service market.

Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the cloud computing service market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

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This report answers following 11 key questions:

• Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the cloud computing service market by type (infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS)), enterprise size (large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises), end use (BFSI, IT and telecommunication, retail and consumer goods, healthcare, government and public sector, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
• Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
• Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
• Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
• Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
• Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
• Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
• Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
• Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Global Cloud Computing Service Market : Market Dynamics

• 2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
• 2.2: Supply Chain
• 2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges

3. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis from 2019 to 2031

• 3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
• 3.2. Global Cloud Computing Service Market Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
• 3.3: Global Cloud Computing Service Market by Type
  • 3.3.1: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
  • 3.3.2: Platform as a Service (PaaS)
  • 3.3.3: Software as a Service (SaaS)
• 3.4: Global Cloud Computing Service Market by Enterprise Size
  • 3.4.1: Large Enterprises
  • 3.4.2: Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
• 3.5: Global Cloud Computing Service Market by End Use
  • 3.5.1: BFSI
  • 3.5.2: IT and Telecommunication
  • 3.5.3: Retail and Consumer Goods
  • 3.5.4: Healthcare
  • 3.5.5: Government and Public Sector
  • 3.5.6: Others

4. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis by Region from 2019 to 2031

• 4.1: Global Cloud Computing Service Market by Region
• 4.2: North American Cloud Computing Service Market
  • 4.2.1: North American Cloud Computing Service Market by Type: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS)
  • 4.2.2: North American Cloud Computing Service Market by End Use: BFSI, IT and Telecommunication, Retail and Consumer Goods, Healthcare, Government and Public Sector, and Others
• 4.3: European Cloud Computing Service Market
  • 4.3.1: European Cloud Computing Service Market by Type: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS)
  • 4.3.2: European Cloud Computing Service Market by End Use: BFSI, IT and Telecommunication, Retail and Consumer Goods, Healthcare, Government and Public Sector, and Others
• 4.4: APAC Cloud Computing Service Market
  • 4.4.1: APAC Cloud Computing Service Market by Type: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS)
  • 4.4.2: APAC Cloud Computing Service Market by End Use: BFSI, IT and Telecommunication, Retail and Consumer Goods, Healthcare, Government and Public Sector, and Others
• 4.5: ROW Cloud Computing Service Market
  • 4.5.1: ROW Cloud Computing Service Market by Type: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS)
  • 4.5.2: ROW Cloud Computing Service Market by End Use: BFSI, IT and Telecommunication, Retail and Consumer Goods, Healthcare, Government and Public Sector, and Others

5. Competitor Analysis

• 5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
• 5.2: Operational Integration
• 5.3: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

6. Growth Opportunities and Strategic Analysis

• 6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
  • 6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Cloud Computing Service Market by Type
  • 6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Cloud Computing Service Market by Enterprise Size
  • 6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Cloud Computing Service Market by End Use
  • 6.1.4: Growth Opportunities for the Global Cloud Computing Service Market by Region
• 6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Cloud Computing Service Market
• 6.3: Strategic Analysis
  • 6.3.1: New Product Development
  • 6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Cloud Computing Service Market
  • 6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Cloud Computing Service Market
  • 6.3.4: Certification and Licensing

7. Company Profiles of Leading Players

• 7.1: Microsoft Corporation
• 7.2: SAP SE
• 7.3: Oracle Corporation
• 7.4: Google
• 7.5: Atos Corporation
• 7.6: IBM Corporation
• 7.7: Alibaba Cloud
• 7.8: VMware
• 7.9: Amazon Web Services
• 7.10: Salesforce