Product Code: SE 1647
The global microdisplay market is projected to grow from USD 1.3 billion in 2024 to USD 3.0 billion by 2029, registering a CAGR of 18.2% during the forecast period. The microdisplay market's OLED segment is predicted to increase significantly. The increasing adoption of these advanced displays and their use in HMDs can be linked to the segment's growth. Furthermore, increasing demand for AR devices in the healthcare sector, as well as increasing demand for microdisplays in wearables, are driving market expansion.
Scope of the Report |
Years Considered for the Study | 2020-2029 |
Base Year | 2023 |
Forecast Period | 2024-2029 |
Units Considered | Value (USD Billion) |
Segments | By Product, Technology, Vertical, Resolution and Brightness & Region |
Regions covered | North America, Europe, APAC, RoW |
"The NTE devices is projected to grow at a significant growth rate during the forecast period"
NTE Devices is predicted to have the highest CAGR over the projection period. OLED-based microdisplays are rapidly being employed in NTE devices due to their better efficiency, fast reaction time, and enhanced color range. The SVGA+ Rev3 OLED-XL microdisplay from eMagin Corporation is a power-efficient OLED display system designed for near-eye personal viewer applications. Due to the presence of leading EVF vendors in Japan, Asia Pacific is projected to continue to have the highest demand for microdisplays to be used in NTE devices during the forecast period.
"Higher than FHD segment is likely to expand at the highest CAGR between 2024 and 2029"
The market for higher than FHD is expected to expand at a faster CAGR over the forecast period. A FHD resolution is 1,920 pixels horizontally and 1,080 pixels vertically on displays.For instance, in August 2023, Sony Semiconductor Solutions Corporation (SSS) introduced the ECX344A, high-definition 1.3-type OLED Microdisplay with 4K resolution for AR/VR applications that will help to recreate places more realistically.
"North America is likely to exhibit second-highest CAGR in the global microdisplay market during the forecast period"
Between 2024 and 2029, North America is likely to expand with the second-highest CAGR owing to the availability of advanced technologies like augmented reality (AR)/Virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMD), which has led to the increase in demand for microdisplay in region. Consequently, they are now being employed in a wide range of AR and VR applications across diverse fields including consumer, aerospace and defense, industrial as well as healthcare sector; where they primarily serve training simulation and maintenance purposes. Additionally, projectors based on microdisplays have received extensive acceptance within business and corporate levels for advertisements and presentations purposes. Some producers of microdisplays based in North America include Kopin Corporation (US), Liteye (US), OMNIVISION (US) as well as MicroVision (US).
Breakdown of profiles of primary participants:
- By Company Type: Tier 1 = 25%, Tier 2 = 40%, and Tier 3 = 35%
- By Designation: C-level Executives = 65%, Managers = 25%, and Others = 10%
- By Region: North America = 40%, Europe = 23%, Asia Pacific = 26%, and RoW = 11%
The major companies in the microdisplay market are Seiko Epson Corporation (Japan), SeeYA Technology (China), Sony Group Corporation (Japan), Kopin Corporation (US), Himax Technologies, Inc. (Taiwan), and HOLOEYE Photonics AG (Germany) among others.
Research Coverage
The report segments the microdisplay market and forecasts its size, by value, based on product, technology, resolution, brightness, industry, and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World). The report also comprehensively reviews market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges in the microdisplay market. The report also covers qualitative aspects in addition to the quantitative aspects of these markets.
Reasons to Buy the Report:
- Analysis of key drivers (growing demand of microdisplays in wearable devices, technological advancements in microdisplays, growing popularity of AR devices in healthcare sector, growing aoption of HMDs in various verticals, rising popularity of OLED microdisplays owing to its increased brightness and efficiency, emerging applications in military, defense & aerospace), restraints (saturation of markets for digital cameras and projectors, high capital investments and manufacturing costs), opportunities (advancements in MicroLED technology, rising demand for medical displays, presence of leading microdisplay manufacturers in Asia Pacific), and challenges (stringent regulations, particularly in medical and automotive applications, reduction in display latency) influencing the growth of the microdisplay market.
- Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product launches in the microdisplay market
- Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets - the report analyses the microdisplay market across varied regions.
- Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the microdisplay market.
- Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies and product offerings of leading players like Seiko Epson Corporation (Japan), SeeYA Technology (China), Sony Group Corporation (Japan), Kopin Corporation (US), Himax Technologies, Inc. (Taiwan), and HOLOEYE Photonics AG (Germany) among others.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES
- 1.2 DEFINITION
- 1.2.1 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
- 1.3 STUDY SCOPE
- 1.4 YEARS CONSIDERED
- 1.5 CURRENCY CONSIDERED
- 1.6 UNITS CONSIDERED
- 1.7 LIMITATIONS
- 1.8 STAKEHOLDERS
- 1.9 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 2.1 RESEARCH DATA
- 2.1.1 SECONDARY AND PRIMARY RESEARCH
- 2.1.1.1 Secondary data
- 2.1.1.1.1 Major secondary sources
- 2.1.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources
- 2.1.1.2 Primary data
- 2.1.1.3 List of key primary interview participants
- 2.1.1.3.1 Breakdown of primaries
- 2.1.1.3.2 Key industry insights
- 2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
- 2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
- 2.2.1.1 Approach to arrive at market size using bottom-up analysis (demand side)
- 2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
- 2.2.2.1 Approach to arrive at market size using top-down analysis (supply side)
- 2.3 MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION
- 2.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
- 2.5 RISK ASSESSMENT
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS
- 4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN MICRODISPLAY MARKET
- 4.2 MICRODISPLAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT
- 4.3 MICRODISPLAY MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY
- 4.4 MICRODISPLAY MARKET, BY VERTICAL
- 4.5 MICRODISPLAY MARKET, BY RESOLUTION
- 4.6 MICRODISPLAY MARKET, BY REGION
5 MARKET OVERVIEW
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
- 5.2.1 DRIVERS
- 5.2.1.1 Growing demand for microdisplays in wearable devices
- 5.2.1.2 Technological advancements in microdisplays
- 5.2.1.3 Growing popularity of AR devices in healthcare sector
- 5.2.1.4 Growing adoption of HMDs in various verticals
- 5.2.1.5 Rising popularity of OLED microdisplays for increased brightness and efficiency
- 5.2.1.6 Emerging applications in military, defense, and aerospace
- 5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
- 5.2.2.1 Saturation of markets for digital cameras and projectors
- 5.2.2.2 High capital investment and manufacturing costs
- 5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
- 5.2.3.1 Advancements in microLED technology
- 5.2.3.2 Rising demand for medical displays
- 5.2.3.3 Presence of leading microdisplay manufacturers in Asia Pacific
- 5.2.4 CHALLENGES
- 5.2.4.1 Stringent regulations, particularly in medical and automotive applications
- 5.2.4.2 Reduction in display latency
- 5.3 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS
- 5.4 DISPLAY MARKET: ECOSYSTEM
- 5.5 TRENDS AND DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMERS
- 5.6 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO
- 5.7 TYPES OF MICRODISPLAYS
- 5.7.1 REFLECTIVE
- 5.7.2 TRANSMISSIVE
- 5.8 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
- 5.8.1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES
- 5.8.1.1 MicroLED
- 5.8.1.2 LCoS
- 5.8.2 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGY
- 5.8.2.1 Touchscreen technology
- 5.8.3 ADJACENT TECHNOLOGY
- 5.9 IMPACT OF AI/GEN AI
- 5.9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.9.2 TOP USE CASES
- 5.9.2.1 AI-powered head-up displays in automotive
- 5.9.2.2 Smart glasses with AI assistants
- 5.9.2.3 Enhanced and personalized content creation with Gen AI in AR/VR applications
- 5.9.3 CASE STUDIES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF AI/GEN AI
- 5.9.3.1 Meta enhances Ray-Ban smart glasses with integrated AI assistant
- 5.9.3.2 Panasonic Automotive Systems of America introduces AR HUDs integrated with AI
- 5.9.4 INTERCONNECTED ADJACENT ECOSYSTEMS WORKING ON AI/GEN AI AND THEIR IMPACT ON MICRODISPLAY MARKET
- 5.9.4.1 Semiconductor industry
- 5.9.4.2 Software development ecosystem
- 5.10 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
- 5.10.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
- 5.10.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
- 5.10.3 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
- 5.10.4 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
- 5.10.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
- 5.11 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA
- 5.11.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS
- 5.11.2 BUYING CRITERIA
- 5.12 PATENT ANALYSIS
- 5.13 TRADE ANALYSIS
- 5.13.1 IMPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 8537)
- 5.13.2 EXPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 8537)
- 5.14 CASE STUDIES, BY VERTICAL
- 5.14.1 MICRODISPLAYS FOR CONSUMERS
- 5.14.2 MICRODISPLAYS FOR AEROSPACE
- 5.14.3 MICRODISPLAYS FOR HEALTHCARE
- 5.14.4 MICRODISPLAYS FOR MILITARY AND DEFENSE
- 5.14.4.1 OLED microdisplay
- 5.14.4.2 Advanced prism subsystem
- 5.14.5 MICRODISPLAYS IN AUTOMOTIVE
- 5.14.6 MICRODISPLAYS IN SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT
- 5.15 PRICING ANALYSIS
- 5.15.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF KEY PLAYERS, BY TECHNOLOGY
- 5.15.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION
- 5.16 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2024-2025
- 5.17 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
- 5.17.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
- 5.17.2 STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
- 5.17.2.1 Regulations
- 5.17.2.2 Standards
6 MICRODISPLAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION
- 6.2 NTE DEVICES
- 6.2.1 CAMERAS/ELECTRONIC VIEWFINDERS
- 6.2.1.1 Increasing use of EVF in mirrorless cameras to drive growth
- 6.2.2 HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAYS
- 6.2.2.1 AR HMDs
- 6.2.2.1.1 Advancements in microLED expected to drive growth
- 6.2.2.2 Virtual reality HMDs
- 6.2.2.2.1 Rising demand in sports & entertainment to boost market growth
- 6.3 HEAD-UP DISPLAYS
- 6.3.1 RISING DEPLOYMENT IN AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR TO FUEL DEMAND
- 6.4 PROJECTORS
- 6.4.1 PICO PROJECTORS
- 6.4.1.1 Reduction of size with microdisplays in pico projectors to drive demand
- 6.4.2 DATA PROJECTORS
- 6.4.2.1 High-resolution image quality to boost market
- 6.5 OTHERS
7 MICRODISPLAY MARKET, BY RESOLUTION AND BRIGHTNESS
- 7.1 BY RESOLUTION
- 7.1.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.1.2 LOWER THAN HD
- 7.1.2.1 Rising demand from HUDs and EVFs to drive growth
- 7.1.3 HD
- 7.1.3.1 AR HMDs to boost segmental growth
- 7.1.4 FHD
- 7.1.4.1 Segment to hold significant share by 2029
- 7.1.5 HIGHER THAN FHD
- 7.1.5.1 Growing need for high-quality displays to drive segment
- 7.2 BY BRIGHTNESS
- 7.2.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2.2 LESS THAN 500 NITS
- 7.2.3 500 TO 1,000 NITS
- 7.2.4 MORE THAN 1,000 NITS
8 MICRODISPLAY MARKET, BY VERTICAL
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.2 CONSUMER
- 8.2.1 INCREASING DEMAND FOR WEARABLES SUCH AS SMART GLASSES TO DRIVE SEGMENT GROWTH
- 8.3 AUTOMOTIVE
- 8.3.1 GROWING PENETRATION OF HUDS AND HMDS TO BOOST MARKET GROWTH
- 8.4 INDUSTRIAL & ENTERPRISE
- 8.4.1 INCREASED DEMAND FOR DEPLOYMENT IN PROJECTORS AND AR HMDS TO DRIVE GROWTH
- 8.5 MILITARY, DEFENSE, AND AEROSPACE
- 8.5.1 INCREASING DEMAND FOR HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAYS TO DRIVE MARKET
- 8.6 RETAIL & HOSPITALITY
- 8.6.1 USE OF AR & VR IN STORES FOR VIRTUAL DESIGNING TO FAVOR MARKET EXPANSION
- 8.7 MEDICAL
- 8.7.1 USE FOR TRAINING, SIMULATION, DATA DISPLAY, AND MICROSURGERY TO DRIVE MARKET
- 8.8 EDUCATION
- 8.8.1 INTERACTIVE LEARNING EXPERIENCE TO BOOST DEMAND
- 8.9 SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT
- 8.9.1 INCREASING USE IN TRAINING OF PLAYERS TO FUEL DEMAND FOR AR AND VR HMDS
- 8.10 OTHERS
9 MICRODISPLAY MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.2 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
- 9.2.1 LOW VOLTAGE & POWER CONSUMPTION WITH HIGH RESOLUTION AND CONTRAST - KEY DRIVERS
- 9.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL ON SILICON
- 9.3.1 ABILITY TO USE NARROWBAND LIGHT SOURCES FOR ILLUMINATION TO PROPEL MARKET GROWTH
- 9.4 ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE
- 9.4.1 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS SUCH AS OLEDOS EXPECTED TO DRIVE SEGMENT GROWTH
- 9.5 DIGITAL LIGHT PROCESSING
- 9.5.1 HIGH BRIGHTNESS, LOW COST, AND HIGH OPTICAL EFFICIENCY - KEY GROWTH DRIVERS
- 9.6 MICROLED
- 9.6.1 SUPERIOR CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFICIENCY TO DRIVE SEGMENT GROWTH
10 MICRODISPLAY MARKET, BY REGION
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION
- 10.2 NORTH AMERICA
- 10.2.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR NORTH AMERICA
- 10.2.2 US
- 10.2.2.1 Technological advancements and growing popularity of HMDs to drive growth
- 10.2.3 CANADA
- 10.2.3.1 Rising infrastructure sector to boost demand for AR devices
- 10.2.4 MEXICO
- 10.2.4.1 Growing demand for consumer electronics to fuel market growth
- 10.3 EUROPE
- 10.3.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR EUROPE
- 10.3.2 GERMANY
- 10.3.2.1 Rising deployment of HUDs in automobiles to fuel market
- 10.3.3 FRANCE
- 10.3.3.1 Increased demand for military weapons to contribute to market growth
- 10.3.4 UK
- 10.3.4.1 Government initiatives to drive growth and transformation of microdisplay manufacturing ecosystem
- 10.3.5 REST OF EUROPE
- 10.4 ASIA PACIFIC
- 10.4.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR ASIA PACIFIC
- 10.4.2 CHINA
- 10.4.2.1 Increasing demand for consumer electronics to fuel market growth
- 10.4.3 JAPAN
- 10.4.3.1 Presence of established key vendors of cameras/EVFs and projectors to boost market growth
- 10.4.4 SOUTH KOREA
- 10.4.4.1 Increase in demand for wearables, HMDs, and mirrorless cameras to fuel market growth
- 10.4.5 TAIWAN
- 10.4.5.1 Growing AR and VR startups to drive market growth
- 10.4.6 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
- 10.5 ROW
- 10.5.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR ROW
- 10.5.2 SOUTH AMERICA
- 10.5.2.1 Rise in adoption of AR and VR HMDs in agriculture sector boost market
- 10.5.3 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
- 10.5.3.1 Surge in adoption of HMDs in oil & gas industry to drive market
- 10.5.3.2 GCC Countries
- 10.5.3.3 Rest of Middle East & Africa
11 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
- 11.1 INTRODUCTION
- 11.2 KEY PLAYERS/RIGHT TO WIN
- 11.3 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2023
- 11.4 HISTORICAL REVENUE ANALYSIS, 2019-2023
- 11.5 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS
- 11.6 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON
- 11.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2023
- 11.7.1 STARS
- 11.7.2 EMERGING LEADERS
- 11.7.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS
- 11.7.4 PARTICIPANTS
- 11.7.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2023
- 11.7.5.1 Company footprint
- 11.7.5.2 Product footprint
- 11.7.5.3 Technology footprint
- 11.7.5.4 Vertical footprint
- 11.8 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES, 2023
- 11.8.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES
- 11.8.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES
- 11.8.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES
- 11.8.4 STARTING BLOCKS
- 11.8.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING
- 11.8.5.1 Detailed list of key startups/SMEs, 2023
- 11.9 COMPETITIVE SCENARIOS AND TRENDS
- 11.9.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES
- 11.9.2 DEALS
- 11.9.3 EXPANSIONS
- 11.9.4 OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
12 COMPANY PROFILES
- 12.1 KEY PLAYERS
- 12.1.1 SONY GROUP CORPORATION
- 12.1.1.1 Business overview
- 12.1.1.2 Products/Services/Solutions offered
- 12.1.1.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.1.3.1 Product Launches
- 12.1.1.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.1.3.3 Expansions
- 12.1.1.4 MnM view
- 12.1.1.4.1 Right to win
- 12.1.1.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.1.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 12.1.2 SEIKO EPSON CORPORATION
- 12.1.2.1 Business overview
- 12.1.2.2 Products/Services/Solutions offered
- 12.1.2.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.2.3.1 Product Launches
- 12.1.2.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.2.4 MnM view
- 12.1.2.4.1 Right to win
- 12.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 12.1.3 SEEYA TECHNOLOGY
- 12.1.3.1 Business overview
- 12.1.3.2 Products/Services/Solutions offered
- 12.1.3.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.3.3.1 Product Launches
- 12.1.3.4 MnM view
- 12.1.3.4.1 Right to win
- 12.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 12.1.4 KOPIN CORPORATION
- 12.1.4.1 Business overview
- 12.1.4.2 Products/Services/Solutions offered
- 12.1.4.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.4.3.1 Product Launches
- 12.1.4.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.4.3.3 Other Developments
- 12.1.4.3.4 Expansions
- 12.1.4.4 MnM view
- 12.1.4.4.1 Right to win
- 12.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 12.1.5 EMAGIN
- 12.1.5.1 Business overview
- 12.1.5.2 Products/Services/Solutions offered
- 12.1.5.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.5.3.1 Product Launches
- 12.1.5.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.5.3.3 Other developments
- 12.1.5.4 MnM view
- 12.1.5.4.1 Right to win
- 12.1.5.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.5.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 12.1.6 HIMAX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
- 12.1.6.1 Business overview
- 12.1.6.2 Products/Services/Solutions offered
- 12.1.6.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.6.3.1 Deals
- 12.1.6.3.2 Product Launches
- 12.1.7 HOLOEYE PHOTONICS AG
- 12.1.7.1 Business overview
- 12.1.7.2 Products/Services/Solutions offered
- 12.1.7.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.8 WISECHIP SEMICONDUCTOR INC.
- 12.1.8.1 Business overview
- 12.1.8.2 Products/Services/Solutions offered
- 12.1.9 RAYSTAR OPTRONICS, INC.
- 12.1.9.1 Business overview
- 12.1.9.2 Products/Services/Solutions offered
- 12.1.9.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.9.3.1 Product Launches
- 12.1.10 WINSTAR DISPLAY CO., LTD.
- 12.1.10.1 Business overview
- 12.1.10.2 Products/Services/Solutions offered
- 12.1.10.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.10.3.1 Product Launches
- 12.1.10.3.2 Other developments
- 12.1.11 YUNNAN OLIGHTEK OPTO-ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.
- 12.1.11.1 Business overview
- 12.1.11.2 Products/Services/Solutions offered
- 12.2 OTHER PLAYERS
- 12.2.1 OMNIVISION
- 12.2.2 SYNDIANT
- 12.2.3 MICROOLED TECHNOLOGIES
- 12.2.4 VUEREAL
- 12.2.5 MICROVISION
- 12.2.6 JBD
- 12.2.7 BOE TECHNOLOGY GROUP CO., LTD.
- 12.2.8 RAONTECH
- 12.2.9 SILICON MICRO DISPLAY
- 12.2.10 ENMESI.COM (SHENZHEN ANPO INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.)
- 12.2.11 MOJO VISION
- 12.2.12 CINOPTICS
- 12.2.13 LUMIODE
- 12.2.14 PLAYNITRIDE INC.
13 APPENDIX
- 13.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE
- 13.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS' SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
- 13.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS
- 13.4 RELATED REPORTS
- 13.5 AUTHOR DETAILS