Product Code: SE 9103
The fiber laser market to grow from USD 7.7 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 12.8 billion by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 10.8% from 2024 to 2029. Fiber lasers are significantly used in the additive manufacturing, 3D printing across various industries. Fiber lasers offers high flexibility, precision and capability for processing a wide range of materials for the development of complex geometries and prototypes.
Scope of the Report |
Years Considered for the Study | 2020-2029 |
Base Year | 2023 |
Forecast Period | 2024-2029 |
Units Considered | Value (USD Billion) |
Segments | By Type, Operation Mode, Output Power, Industry and Region |
Regions covered | North America, Europe, APAC, RoW |
"Continuous Wave segment segment to grow at the fastest CAGR during forecast period."
During the forecast period (2024 to 2029), Continuous wave (CW) segment is projected to grow at the fastest CAGR. Automotive, aerospace, electronics, and semiconductor industries have numerous applications of continuous wave fiber lasers. In automotive continuous wave fiber laser offers precise welding and cutting of metal parts to strong joints and minimal thermal distortion. In the electronics sector, CW fiber lasers perform engraving, marking, and micro-machining of components, ensuring high precision. Due to their continuous and stable output CW fiber lasers ensures efficient and accurate processing of a diverse range of materials, including metals, plastics, and ceramics.
"Medical segment to grow at the fastest CAGR during the forecast period."
Fiber lasers are rapidly being used in the medical field as it provides high accuracy and precision for applications such as surgery, imaging, and therapy. Fiber lasers delivers controlled, and high intensity light which allow minimal invasive procedure which results in reducing patient recovery times and also improve outcomes. Due to its precision fiber lasers allows medical professionals to target specific areas or cells without harming the surrounding tissues or organs which is critical for delicate surgeries and treatments. This is extremely useful where traditional methods are imprecise.
"Asia Pacific held the largest share of the fiber laser market in 2023."
The Asia Pacific region is driven by industrialization, technological advancements, growing end-user industries, government support, increasing investments, and emerging markets providing significant growth opportunities for the fiber laser market. Additionally, presence of key fiber laser manufacturers such as Wuhan Raycus Fiber Laser Technologies Co., Ltd. (China), Maxphotonics co.,ltd (China), research institutions, and academic centers that play crucial role in the technological progress in lasers, optics, photonics, and related fields contribute to the growth of fiber laser market. Countries like China, India, South Korea, and Japan are undergoing rapid industrialization and urbanization, which creates demand for the adoption of fiber lasers across various sectors.
The breakup of primaries conducted during the study is depicted below:
- By Company Type - Tier 1 - 40%, Tier 2 - 35%, and Tier 3 - 25%
- By Designation - C-level - 48%, Director-level - 33%, and, Other - 19%
- By Region - North America - 35%, Europe - 18%, Asia Pacific - 40%, and RoW - 7%
Research Coverage
The report segments the fiber laser market and forecasts its size, by value & volume, based on By Type (Infrared, Ultrafast, Ultraviolet, and Visible); By Operation Mode (Contionous wave, and Pulsed); By Output Power (Low, Medium, and High); Industry (telecommunications, industrial, semiconductor & electronics, commercial, aerospace, automotive, medical, research, and other verticals, including oil & gas, iron & steel, glass, wood, retail, and plastics); and Region (North America; Europe; Asia Pacific; and RoW. The report also provides a comprehensive review of market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges in the fiber laser market. The report also covers qualitative aspects in addition to the quantitative aspects of these markets.
Reason to Buy Report
The report will provide market leaders and new entrants with information closes approximations of the revenue numbers for the overall fiber laser market and the subsegments. This report will help stakeholders comprehend the competitive landscape and gain deeper insights to better position their businesses and plan effective go-to-market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the market pulse and provides information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
The report provides insights on the following pointers:
- Analysis of key drivers (Industrial automation boosts fiber laser adoption for their precision, efficiency, and reliability, Growing Demand for Fiber Lasers in Medical and Healthcare Industries, Rising Adoption of Fiber Lasers in Consumer Electronics, and Expansion of 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing), restraints (High deployment cost, and Reduced cutting speed for thicker materials), opportunities (Advanced UV Fiber Lasers, Thin Sheet Cutting and Micro Machining, Micro Drilling and Surface Cleaning Applications), and challenges (Competition from Alternative Technologies, Lack of skilled Professional, Safety Concerns and Compliance Issues, Environmental and Health Concerns)
- Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product launches in the fiber laser market.
- Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets - the report analyses the fiber laser market across varied regions.
- Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new services, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the fiber laser market
- Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and service offerings of leading players Coherent Corp. (US), Trumpf (Germany), Han's Laser Technology Industry Group Co., Ltd (China), IPG Photonics Corporation (US), and Wuhan Raycus Fiber Laser Technologies Co., Ltd. (China), among others in the fiber laser market
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES
- 1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
- 1.3 STUDY SCOPE
- 1.3.1 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
- 1.3.2 MARKETS COVERED
- 1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED
- 1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED
- 1.5 UNITS CONSIDERED
- 1.6 STAKEHOLDERS
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 2.1 RESEARCH DATA
- 2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA
- 2.1.1.1 List of major secondary sources
- 2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources
- 2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA
- 2.1.2.1 Breakdown of primaries
- 2.1.2.2 List of primary interview participants
- 2.1.2.3 Key industry insights
- 2.1.2.4 Key data from primary sources
- 2.1.3 SECONDARY AND PRIMARY RESEARCH
- 2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY
- 2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
- 2.2.1.1 Approach to estimate market size using bottom-up analysis (demand side)
- 2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
- 2.2.2.1 Approach to estimate market size using top-down analysis (supply side)
- 2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION
- 2.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
- 2.5 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
- 2.6 RISK ASSESSMENT
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS
- 4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN FIBER LASER MARKET
- 4.2 FIBER LASER MARKET, BY OUTPUT POWER
- 4.3 FIBER LASER MARKET, BY TYPE
- 4.4 FIBER LASER MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY
- 4.5 FIBER LASER MARKET, BY REGION
5 MARKET OVERVIEW
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
- 5.2.1 DRIVERS
- 5.2.1.1 Increasing automation in manufacturing and material processing industries
- 5.2.1.2 High energy efficiency, low maintenance, and long lifespan of fiber lasers
- 5.2.1.3 Growing demand in medical & healthcare industry
- 5.2.1.4 Rising adoption of fiber lasers in consumer electronics
- 5.2.1.5 Expansion of 3D printing and additive manufacturing
- 5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
- 5.2.2.1 High deployment cost
- 5.2.2.2 Reduced cutting speed for thicker materials
- 5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
- 5.2.3.1 Growing use of advanced ultraviolet fiber lasers
- 5.2.3.2 Increasing use in thin sheet cutting and micro machining
- 5.2.3.3 High demand in micro drilling and surface cleaning applications
- 5.2.4 CHALLENGES
- 5.2.4.1 Competition from alternative technologies
- 5.2.4.2 Safety concerns and compliance issues
- 5.2.4.3 Shortage of skilled professionals
- 5.3 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS
- 5.4 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
- 5.5 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO
- 5.6 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMERS' BUSINESSES
- 5.7 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
- 5.7.1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES
- 5.7.1.1 Adjustable mode beam lasers
- 5.7.1.2 Additive manufacturing locus beam control
- 5.7.2 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES
- 5.7.3 ADJACENT TECHNOLOGIES
- 5.7.3.1 Quantum cascade lasers
- 5.8 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
- 5.8.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
- 5.8.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
- 5.8.3 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
- 5.8.4 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
- 5.8.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
- 5.9 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA
- 5.9.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS
- 5.9.2 BUYING CRITERIA
- 5.10 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
- 5.10.1 SHIM SHACK TRANSFORMED ITS SHOP WITH LASERCUBE FLATBED LASER CUTTING SYSTEM
- 5.10.2 MµSHIELD IMPROVED EFFICIENCY AND COST WITH LASERCUBE
- 5.10.3 LASER INDONESIA PIONEERS LASER CLADDING IN INDONESIA WITH COHERENT'S SUPPORT
- 5.10.4 TEAMTECHNIK ENHANCED WELDING PRECISION WITH COHERENT FIBER LASER
- 5.10.5 EUROSTEEL ENHANCED MANUFACTURING PRECISION WITH CY-LASER'S FIBER LASER TECHNOLOGY
- 5.11 TRADE ANALYSIS
- 5.11.1 IMPORT DATA
- 5.11.2 EXPORT DATA
- 5.12 PATENT ANALYSIS
- 5.13 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS
- 5.14 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE AND STANDARDS
- 5.14.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
- 5.14.2 STANDARDS
- 5.14.2.1 IEC 60825-1:2014
- 5.14.2.2 ANSI Z136.1
- 5.14.2.3 Federal Laser Product Performance Standard (FLPPS)
- 5.14.2.4 International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
- 5.14.2.5 EN 60825 - Safety of Laser Products
- 5.14.2.6 FDA Standards
- 5.15 IMPACT OF AI: FIBER LASER MARKET
- 5.15.1 AI USE CASES IN FIBER LASER MARKET
- 5.15.2 BEST PRACTICES: WHO IS IMPLEMENTING ABOVE USE CASES
- 5.15.3 INTERCONNECT ADJACENT ECOSYSTEM
- 5.15.3.1 Impact on laser processing market
- 5.16 PRICING ANALYSIS
- 5.16.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF FIBER LASERS
- 5.16.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF LASERS OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS, BY OUTPUT POWER
- 5.16.3 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF FIBER LASERS, BY REGION
6 APPLICATIONS OF FIBER LASER
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION
- 6.2 LASER PROCESSING
- 6.2.1 MACRO PROCESSING
- 6.2.1.1 Cutting
- 6.2.1.2 Drilling
- 6.2.1.3 Welding
- 6.2.1.4 Marking and engraving
- 6.2.2 MICRO PROCESSING
- 6.2.3 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
- 6.3 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
- 6.4 OPTOELECTRONICS
- 6.5 OTHER APPLICATIONS
7 FIBER LASER MARKET, BY TYPE
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2 INFRARED
- 7.3 ULTRAFAST
- 7.4 ULTRAVIOLET
- 7.5 VISIBLE
8 FIBER LASER MARKET, BY OUTPUT POWER
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.2 LOW
- 8.2.1 OFFERS HIGH PRECISION AND VERSATILITY IN MARKING, ENGRAVING, AND MICRO-MACHINING ACROSS ELECTRONICS
- 8.3 MEDIUM
- 8.3.1 DELIVER HIGH PRECISION AND PERFORMANCE ACROSS VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
- 8.4 HIGH
- 8.4.1 ENHANCES PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY BY ENABLING PRECISE CUTTING, WELDING, AND DRILLING OF THICK AND TOUGH MATERIALS
9 FIBER LASER MARKET, BY OPERATION MODE
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.2 CONTINUOUS WAVE
- 9.3 PULSED
10 FIBER LASER MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION
- 10.2 TELECOMMUNICATIONS
- 10.2.1 GROWING ADOPTION IN FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION TO BOOST DEMAND
- 10.3 INDUSTRIAL
- 10.3.1 INTEGRATION OF LASER SYSTEMS IN MANUFACTURING TO OFFER LUCRATIVE GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES
- 10.4 SEMICONDUCTOR & ELECTRONICS
- 10.4.1 INCREASING USE IN MANUFACTURING MINIATURIZED SEMICONDUCTOR COMPONENTS TO BOOST DEMAND
- 10.5 COMMERCIAL
- 10.5.1 OFFERS ENHANCE PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY ACROSS MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS
- 10.6 AEROSPACE
- 10.6.1 INCREASED ADOPTION FOR MACHINING AIRCRAFT PARTS TO ACCELERATE MARKET GROWTH
- 10.7 AUTOMOTIVE
- 10.7.1 RISING DEMAND FOR SEAM WELDING AND HIGH-STRENGTH STEEL CUTTING IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY TO DRIVE GROWTH
- 10.8 MEDICAL
- 10.8.1 INCREASING APPLICATION IN SURGICAL PROCEDURES TO DRIVE DEMAND
- 10.9 RESEARCH
- 10.9.1 GROWING APPLICATION IN SPECTROSCOPY TO DRIVE MARKET
- 10.10 OTHER END-USE INDUSTRIES
11 FIBER LASER MARKET, BY REGION
- 11.1 INTRODUCTION
- 11.2 NORTH AMERICA
- 11.2.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK IN NORTH AMERICA
- 11.2.2 US
- 11.2.2.1 Growing demand for miniature laser processing devices in healthcare sector to drive market
- 11.2.3 CANADA
- 11.2.3.1 Government-led initiatives to develop, produce, and sell EVs to boost demand
- 11.2.4 MEXICO
- 11.2.4.1 Rising adoption in automobile, aerospace, and electronics to accelerate demand
- 11.3 EUROPE
- 11.3.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK IN EUROPE
- 11.3.2 GERMANY
- 11.3.2.1 Rising use in minimally invasive surgical procedures to drive market
- 11.3.3 FRANCE
- 11.3.3.1 Increasing demand in automotive, telecommunications, and healthcare industries to fuel growth
- 11.3.4 UK
- 11.3.4.1 Rising emphasis on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to fuel market growth
- 11.3.5 REST OF EUROPE
- 11.4 ASIA PACIFIC
- 11.4.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK IN ASIA PACIFIC
- 11.4.2 CHINA
- 11.4.2.1 Growing use in semiconductor chip manufacturing processes to propel market growth
- 11.4.3 JAPAN
- 11.4.3.1 Presence of prominent automobile and electronic companies to drive market
- 11.4.4 INDIA
- 11.4.4.1 Government-led projects to boost domestic manufacturing to fuel market growth
- 11.4.5 SOUTH KOREA
- 11.4.5.1 Consumer electronics and automotive industries to offer lucrative growth opportunities for market players
- 11.4.6 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
- 11.5 ROW
- 11.5.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK IN ROW
- 11.5.2 SOUTH AMERICA
- 11.5.2.1 Investments in laser technology and infrastructure to drive market
- 11.5.3 MIDDLE EAST
- 11.5.3.1 Growing demand for electric vehicles to drive market
- 11.5.4 AFRICA
- 11.5.4.1 Increasing use of EVs to offer lucrative growth opportunities for market players
12 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
- 12.1 OVERVIEW
- 12.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN
- 12.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS
- 12.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS
- 12.5 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS
- 12.6 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON
- 12.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS
- 12.7.1 STARS
- 12.7.2 EMERGING LEADERS
- 12.7.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS
- 12.7.4 PARTICIPANTS
- 12.7.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2023
- 12.7.5.1 Overall company footprint
- 12.7.5.2 Output power footprint
- 12.7.5.3 Operation mode footprint
- 12.7.5.4 End-use industry footprint
- 12.7.5.5 Region footprint
- 12.8 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES
- 12.8.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES
- 12.8.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES
- 12.8.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES
- 12.8.4 STARTING BLOCKS
- 12.8.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING: STARTUPS/SMES, 2023
- 12.8.5.1 List of key startups/SMEs
- 12.8.5.2 Competitive benchmarking of key startups/SMEs
- 12.9 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO AND TRENDS
- 12.9.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES
- 12.9.2 DEALS
- 12.9.3 EXPANSIONS
- 12.9.4 OTHERS
13 COMPANY PROFILES
- 13.1 KEY PLAYERS
- 13.1.1 IPG PHOTONICS CORPORATION
- 13.1.1.1 Business overview
- 13.1.1.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.1.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.1.3.1 Product launches
- 13.1.1.3.2 Deals
- 13.1.1.4 MnM view
- 13.1.1.4.1 Right to win
- 13.1.1.4.2 Strategic choices
- 13.1.1.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 13.1.2 TRUMPF
- 13.1.2.1 Business overview
- 13.1.2.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.2.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.2.3.1 Product launches
- 13.1.2.4 MnM view
- 13.1.2.4.1 Right to win
- 13.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices
- 13.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 13.1.3 HAN'S LASER TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY GROUP CO., LTD.
- 13.1.3.1 Business overview
- 13.1.3.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.3.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.3.3.1 Product launches
- 13.1.3.3.2 Deals
- 13.1.3.4 MnM view
- 13.1.3.4.1 Right to win
- 13.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices
- 13.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 13.1.4 COHERENT CORP.
- 13.1.4.1 Business overview
- 13.1.4.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.4.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.4.3.1 Product launches
- 13.1.4.4 MnM view
- 13.1.4.4.1 Right to win
- 13.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices
- 13.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 13.1.5 WUHAN RAYCUS FIBER LASER TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
- 13.1.5.1 Business overview
- 13.1.5.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.5.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.5.3.1 Product launches
- 13.1.5.3.2 Deals
- 13.1.5.4 MnM View
- 13.1.5.4.1 Right to win
- 13.1.5.4.2 Strategic choices
- 13.1.5.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 13.1.6 FUJIKURA LTD.
- 13.1.6.1 Business overview
- 13.1.6.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.7 600 GROUP PLC
- 13.1.7.1 Business overview
- 13.1.7.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.8 BYSTRONIC GROUP
- 13.1.8.1 Business overview
- 13.1.8.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.8.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.8.3.1 Product launches
- 13.1.8.3.2 Expansions
- 13.1.9 EPILOG LASER
- 13.1.9.1 Business overview
- 13.1.9.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.9.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.9.3.1 Product launches
- 13.1.9.3.2 Expansions
- 13.1.10 FANUC CORPORATION
- 13.1.10.1 Business overview
- 13.1.10.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.11 FURUKAWA ELECTRIC CO., LTD.
- 13.1.11.1 Business overview
- 13.1.11.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.12 JENOPTIK AG
- 13.1.12.1 Business overview
- 13.1.12.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.12.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.12.3.1 Product launches
- 13.1.12.3.2 Deals
- 13.1.12.3.3 Expansions
- 13.1.13 LUMENTUM OPERATIONS LLC
- 13.1.13.1 Business overview
- 13.1.13.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.13.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.14 LUMIBIRD
- 13.1.14.1 Business overview
- 13.1.14.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.14.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.14.3.1 Product launches
- 13.1.14.3.2 Deals
- 13.1.15 NEWPORT CORPORATION
- 13.1.15.1 Business overview
- 13.1.15.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.15.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.15.3.1 Product launches
- 13.1.16 NLIGHT, INC.
- 13.1.16.1 Business overview
- 13.1.16.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.16.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.16.3.1 Product launches
- 13.1.16.3.2 Deals
- 13.1.16.3.3 Others
- 13.2 OTHER PLAYERS
- 13.2.1 AMONICS LTD.
- 13.2.2 APOLLO INSTRUMENTS INC.
- 13.2.3 CY-LASER SRL
- 13.2.4 EKSPLA
- 13.2.5 LAGUNA TOOLS
- 13.2.6 LASERSTAR TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
- 13.2.7 MAXPHOTONICS CO., LTD.
- 13.2.8 NKT PHOTONICS A/S
- 13.2.9 TOPTICA PHOTONICS AG
14 ADJACENT & RELATED MARKETS
- 14.1 INTRODUCTION
- 14.2 LASER TECHNOLOGY MARKET, BY LASER TYPE
- 14.2.1 INTRODUCTION
- 14.2.2 SOLID LASERS
- 14.2.3 LIQUID LASERS
- 14.2.4 GAS LASERS
- 14.2.5 OTHER LASER TYPES
15 APPENDIX
- 15.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE
- 15.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS' SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
- 15.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS
- 15.4 RELATED REPORTS
- 15.5 AUTHOR DETAILS