Product Code: MD 5654
The global endoscope reprocessing market is projected to reach USD 4.24 billion by 2030 from USD 2.71 billion in 2025, at a CAGR of 9.4% during the forecast period.
Scope of the Report |
Years Considered for the Study | 2024-2030 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2030 |
Units Considered | Value (USD billion) |
Segments | Product, type of endoscope, end user |
Regions covered | North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa |
The global endoscope reprocessing market growth is mainly driven by the increasing number of endoscopic procedures, supported by the rising prevalence of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urological conditions, as well as the growing geriatric population worldwide. Additionally, increased awareness of infection risks linked to contaminated or improperly disinfected endoscopes has led healthcare facilities to implement stricter reprocessing protocols, further increasing the demand for advanced reprocessing solutions.

Furthermore, regulatory pressures and updated guidelines from global health authorities such as the FDA, CDC, and SGNA are encouraging safer and more standardized reprocessing practices. The rising adoption of automated reprocessing systems, higher investments in healthcare infrastructure, and the worldwide effort to improve patient safety are also fueling market growth. However, challenges like high capital costs and the complexity of reprocessing workflows may limit market expansion, especially in resource-limited regions.
The flexible endoscopes segment accounted for the largest market share in the endoscope reprocessing market in 2024.
The endoscope reprocessing market, by type of endoscope, is divided into flexible endoscopes and rigid endoscopes. In 2024, the flexible endoscopes segment led the market due to their widespread use in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures across gastroenterology, pulmonology, and urology. These scopes are favored because of their ability to access difficult-to-reach anatomical areas and provide greater patient comfort. The rising number of routine and advanced procedures, such as colonoscopies and bronchoscopies, which mainly use flexible scopes, has further increased the demand for effective reprocessing solutions to ensure safety and prevent cross-contamination. Additionally, regulatory focus on strict cleaning standards for complex devices like duodenoscopes is strengthening the adoption of reprocessing systems designed for flexible endoscopes.
The hospitals & ambulatory surgery centers segment commanded the largest market share in 2024 and is expected to witness the highest CAGR from 2025 to 2030.
By end user, the endoscope reprocessing market is segmented into hospitals & ambulatory surgery centers, specialty clinics, and other end users. The hospitals and ambulatory surgery centers segment holds the largest share of the endoscope reprocessing market in 2024 and is expected to grow faster during the forecast period, driven by the high volume of endoscopy procedures in these settings. Its growth is supported by factors such as the availability of advanced infrastructure, increased funding for infection prevention, and the adoption of automated reprocessing equipment to meet regulatory and accreditation standards. Furthermore, as hospitals seek to reduce healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and comply with updated reprocessing protocols, the need for compliant and efficient systems is rapidly increasing. ASCs, offering cost savings and shorter patient turnaround times, are also experiencing a rise in endoscopic procedures, boosting the demand for high-throughput reprocessing solutions.
Europe accounted for the second-largest share of the endoscope reprocessing market by region in 2024.
The global endoscope reprocessing market is divided into five main regions: North America, Europe, the Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa. In 2024, Europe's endoscope reprocessing market is the second-largest regional market. This strong position is supported by robust healthcare infrastructure, regulatory enforcement on infection control, and the increasing burden of chronic diseases that require frequent endoscopic procedures and examinations. Among the European countries, Germany has the largest share, driven by its growing elderly population and increasing surgical procedures. According to the United Nations Population Division, Germany's population aged 65 and older is expected to increase by 41%, reaching roughly 24 million by 2050, which will be about 30% of the total population. Additionally, the Financial Times reports that by 2050, more than half of Germany's population will be aged 48 and older, with nearly a third exceeding 60 years. This demographic change is leading to a rise in age-related gastrointestinal, orthopedic, and cardiovascular conditions, resulting in greater demand for endoscopic procedures and boosting the need for advanced and reliable endoscope reprocessing systems to ensure infection control and safety standards.
A breakdown of the primary participants referred to for this report is provided below:
- By Company Type: Tier 1- 40%, Tier 2- 30%, and Tier 3- 30%
- By Designation: C Level- 27%, Director Level- 18% and Others- 55%
- By Region: North America- 35%, Europe- 30%, Asia Pacific- 22%, Latin America- 10%, and Middle East & Africa- 3%
Note 1: Companies are classified into tiers based on their total revenue. As of 2024, Tier 1 = >USD 10.00 billion, Tier 2 = USD 1.00 billion to USD 10.00 billion, and Tier 3 = <USD 1.00 billion.
Note 2: C-level primaries include CEOs, CFOs, COOs, and VPs.
Note 3: Other designations include sales managers, marketing managers, business development managers, product managers, distributors, and suppliers.
The major players operating in the endoscope reprocessing market are STERIS (Ireland), ASP (US), Olympus Corporation (Japan), Ecolab (US), Getinge AB (Sweden), HOYA Corporation (Japan), Conmed Corporation (US), Miele (Germany), Endo-Technik W. Griesat GmbH (UK), Fujifilm Holdings Corporation (Japan), BES Healthcare Ltd (UK), ARC Healthcare Solutions (Canada), and Metrex Research, LLC. (Canada), Borer Chemie AG (Switzerland), Tuttnauer (Netherlands), Medonica Co., Ltd. (South Korea), Shinva Medical Instrument Co., Ltd. (China), Micro-Scientific, LLC (US), Medalkan (Greece), Medical Devices Group Srl (Italy), SBSystem (Italy), Olive Health Care (India), MMM Group (Germany), Amity International (UK), and MIXTA MEDIKAL (Turkey), among others.
Research Coverage
This report examines the endoscope reprocessing market by products, type of endoscope, end user, and region. The report also explores factors such as drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges that influence market growth and provides details of the competitive landscape for market leaders. Additionally, it analyzes micro markets based on their individual growth trends. The report forecasts the revenue of market segments across five major regions and the respective countries within those regions.
Reasons to Buy the Report
The report will help both established and smaller firms to understand the market trends, which can then assist them in increasing their market share. Companies purchasing the report may use one or a combination of the strategies listed below to strengthen their market position presence.
This report provides insights on the following points: analysis of key drivers (rising demand for endoscopy to diagnose and treat target diseases, elevated risk of endoscope-associated infections, expanding aging population, increasing emphasis on improving reprocessing guidelines by healthcare authorities, and rising adoption of minimally invasive surgeries), restraints (persistent concerns regarding safety and effectiveness of reprocessed endoscopic devices, potential health hazards associated with exposure to high-level chemical disinfectants, and high operational costs of endoscopic procedures coupled with limited reimbursement frameworks in emerging economies), opportunities (expanding medical devices industry in emerging economies and increased funding and investments for better healthcare infrastructure and endoscopy-related research), and challenges (rising demand for single-use endoscopes, increasing product failures and recalls, lack of adequately trained personnel, limited awareness among healthcare workers regarding standardized and effective reprocessing practices, and increasing FDA recommended measures to reduce infection transmission)
- Market Penetration: Comprehensive information on the product portfolios offered by the top players in the endoscope reprocessing market
- Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on the upcoming trends, R&D activities, and product launches in the endoscope reprocessing market
- Market Development: Comprehensive information on lucrative emerging regions
- Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products, growing geographies, and recent developments in the endoscope reprocessing market
- Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market segments, growth strategies, revenue analysis, and products of the leading market players
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES
- 1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
- 1.3 STUDY SCOPE
- 1.3.1 MARKET SEGMENTATION AND REGIONAL SCOPE
- 1.3.2 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
- 1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED
- 1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED
- 1.5 STAKEHOLDERS
- 1.6 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 2.1 RESEARCH DATA
- 2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA
- 2.1.1.1 List of key secondary sources
- 2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources
- 2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA
- 2.1.2.1 Key primary sources
- 2.1.2.2 Key objectives of primary research
- 2.1.2.3 Key data from primary sources
- 2.1.2.4 Key industry insights
- 2.1.2.5 Breakdown of primary interviews
- 2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
- 2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
- 2.2.1.1 Company revenue estimation approach
- 2.2.1.1.1 Presentations of companies and primary interviews
- 2.2.1.1.2 Primary interviews
- 2.2.1.2 Growth forecast
- 2.2.1.3 Market segment assessment
- 2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
- 2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION
- 2.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS
- 2.5 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
- 2.5.1 PARAMETRIC ASSUMPTIONS
- 2.5.2 GROWTH RATE ASSUMPTIONS
- 2.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
- 2.6.1 METHODOLOGY-RELATED LIMITATIONS
- 2.6.2 SCOPE-RELATED LIMITATIONS
- 2.7 RISK ANALYSIS
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS
- 4.1 ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING MARKET OVERVIEW
- 4.2 ASIA PACIFIC ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING MARKET, BY PRODUCT AND COUNTRY
- 4.3 ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING MARKET, BY COUNTRY
- 4.4 ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING MARKET, REGIONAL MIX, 2025 VS. 2030
- 4.5 ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING MARKET: EMERGING ECONOMIES VS. DEVELOPED MARKETS
5 MARKET OVERVIEW
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
- 5.2.1 DRIVERS
- 5.2.1.1 Rising demand for endoscopy to diagnose and treat target diseases
- 5.2.1.2 Elevated risk of endoscope-associated infections
- 5.2.1.3 Booming geriatric population
- 5.2.1.4 Increasing emphasis on improving reprocessing guidelines
- 5.2.1.5 Growing adoption of minimally invasive surgeries
- 5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
- 5.2.2.1 Persistent concerns about safety and effectiveness of reprocessed endoscopic devices
- 5.2.2.2 Potential health hazards associated with exposure to high-level chemical disinfectants
- 5.2.2.3 High operational costs and limited reimbursement in developing economies
- 5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
- 5.2.3.1 Expanding medical devices industry
- 5.2.3.2 Increased funding and investments for healthcare infrastructure
- 5.2.4 CHALLENGES
- 5.2.4.1 Preference for single-use endoscopes
- 5.2.4.2 Increasing number of product failures and recalls
- 5.2.4.3 Lack of adequately trained personnel
- 5.2.4.4 Limited awareness about standardized and effective reprocessing practices
- 5.2.4.5 Increasing FDA-recommended measures to reduce infection transmission
- 5.3 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS
- 5.4 PRICING ANALYSIS
- 5.4.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY KEY PLAYER
- 5.4.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION
- 5.5 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
- 5.6 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS
- 5.7 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
- 5.8 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO
- 5.9 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
- 5.9.1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES
- 5.9.1.1 Automated mechanical cleaning and disinfection
- 5.9.1.2 High-level chemical disinfection
- 5.9.2 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES
- 5.9.2.1 Low-temperature sterilization
- 5.10 PATENT ANALYSIS
- 5.11 TRADE ANALYSIS
- 5.11.1 IMPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 841920
- 5.11.2 EXPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 841920
- 5.12 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2025-2026
- 5.13 REGULATORY ANALYSIS
- 5.13.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
- 5.13.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
- 5.13.2.1 North America
- 5.13.2.1.1 US
- 5.13.2.1.2 Canada
- 5.13.2.2 Europe
- 5.13.2.2.1 Germany
- 5.13.2.2.2 Rest of Europe
- 5.13.2.3 Asia Pacific
- 5.13.2.3.1 Japan
- 5.13.2.3.2 Australia
- 5.13.2.3.3 Rest of Asia Pacific
- 5.13.2.4 Latin America
- 5.13.2.5 Middle East & Africa
- 5.14 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
- 5.14.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
- 5.14.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
- 5.14.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
- 5.14.4 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
- 5.14.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
- 5.15 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA
- 5.15.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS
- 5.15.2 KEY BUYING CRITERIA
- 5.16 IMPACT OF AI/GEN AI ON ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING MARKET
- 5.16.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.16.2 MARKET POTENTIAL OF AI/GEN AI IN ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING MARKET
- 5.16.3 AI USE CASES
- 5.16.4 FUTURE OF AI/GEN AI IN ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING ECOSYSTEM
- 5.17 IMPACT OF 2025 US TARIFF REGULATION ON ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING MARKET
- 5.17.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.17.2 KEY TARIFF RATES
- 5.17.3 PRICE IMPACT ANALYSIS
- 5.17.4 KEY IMPACT ON COUNTRY/REGION
- 5.17.4.1 North America
- 5.17.4.2 Europe
- 5.17.4.3 Asia Pacific
- 5.17.5 IMPACT ON END-USE INDUSTRIES
- 5.17.5.1 Hospitals
- 5.17.5.2 Ambulatory care centers
6 ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING MARKET, BY PRODUCT
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION
- 6.2 ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING EQUIPMENT
- 6.2.1 AUTOMATED ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSORS
- 6.2.1.1 Automated endoscope reprocessors, by portability
- 6.2.1.1.1 Standalone automated endoscope reprocessors
- 6.2.1.1.2 Portable automated endoscope reprocessors
- 6.2.1.2 Automated endoscope reprocessors, by type
- 6.2.1.2.1 Single-basin automated endoscope reprocessors
- 6.2.1.2.2 Double-basin automated endoscope reprocessors
- 6.2.2 ENDOSCOPE DRYING, STORAGE, AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
- 6.2.2.1 Need for patient safety and efficient reprocessing workflow to accelerate growth
- 6.3 ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING CONSUMABLES
- 6.3.1 DETERGENTS & WIPES
- 6.3.1.1 Rising focus on pre-cleaning protocols to aid growth
- 6.3.2 HIGH-LEVEL DISINFECTANTS & TEST STRIPS
- 6.3.2.1 Growing number of infection outbreaks to drive market
- 6.3.3 OTHER PRODUCTS
- 6.4 ENDOSCOPE TRACKING SOLUTIONS
- 6.4.1 IMPROVED TRACEABILITY AND SUPERVISION TO FOSTER GROWTH
7 ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING MARKET, BY TYPE OF ENDOSCOPE
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2 FLEXIBLE ENDOSCOPES
- 7.2.1 REAL-TIME IMAGING CAPABILITIES TO CONTRIBUTE TO GROWTH
- 7.3 RIGID ENDOSCOPES
- 7.3.1 SUPERIOR IMAGE RESOLUTION AND ENHANCED STABILITY TO SPUR GROWTH
8 ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING MARKET, BY END USER
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.2 HOSPITALS & ASCS
- 8.2.1 RISE IN INFECTION CASES TO FACILITATE GROWTH
- 8.3 SPECIALTY CLINICS
- 8.3.1 NEED TO MAINTAIN HIGH STANDARDS OF SAFETY AND QUALITY TO FOSTER GROWTH
- 8.4 OTHER END USERS
9 ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING MARKET, BY REGION
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.2 NORTH AMERICA
- 9.2.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR NORTH AMERICA
- 9.2.2 US
- 9.2.2.1 Rising incidence of colorectal cancer to augment growth
- 9.2.3 CANADA
- 9.2.3.1 High prevalence of hospital-acquired infections to promote growth
- 9.3 EUROPE
- 9.3.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR EUROPE
- 9.3.2 GERMANY
- 9.3.2.1 Aging population and increasing disease burden to support growth
- 9.3.3 UK
- 9.3.3.1 Increasing use of endoscopy procedures to foster growth
- 9.3.4 FRANCE
- 9.3.4.1 Strong public investment in healthcare infrastructure to aid growth
- 9.3.5 ITALY
- 9.3.5.1 Growing geriatric population to drive market
- 9.3.6 SPAIN
- 9.3.6.1 Demographic shift and increasing number of specialized care personnel to expedite growth
- 9.3.7 REST OF EUROPE
- 9.4 ASIA PACIFIC
- 9.4.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR ASIA PACIFIC
- 9.4.2 JAPAN
- 9.4.2.1 Increasing number of endoscopic surgeries to spur growth
- 9.4.3 CHINA
- 9.4.3.1 Rising elderly population to facilitate growth
- 9.4.4 INDIA
- 9.4.4.1 Improved healthcare infrastructure and booming healthcare tourism to bolster growth
- 9.4.5 AUSTRALIA
- 9.4.5.1 Growing number of age-related illnesses to boost market
- 9.4.6 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
- 9.5 LATIN AMERICA
- 9.5.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR LATIN AMERICA
- 9.5.2 BRAZIL
- 9.5.2.1 Need to maintain hygiene and safety standards to boost market
- 9.5.3 MEXICO
- 9.5.3.1 Rising cancer burden to accelerate growth
- 9.5.4 REST OF LATIN AMERICA
- 9.6 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
- 9.6.1 EMERGING STANDARDS FOR REPROCESSING TO AUGMENT GROWTH
10 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION
- 10.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN
- 10.2.1 OVERVIEW OF STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY KEY PLAYERS IN ENDOSCOPE REPROCESSING MARKET
- 10.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS, 2020-2024
- 10.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2024
- 10.5 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS
- 10.6 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON
- 10.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
- 10.7.1 STARS
- 10.7.2 EMERGING LEADERS
- 10.7.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS
- 10.7.4 PARTICIPANTS
- 10.7.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
- 10.7.5.1 Company footprint
- 10.7.5.2 Region footprint
- 10.7.5.3 Product footprint
- 10.7.5.4 End-user footprint
- 10.8 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES, 2024
- 10.8.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES
- 10.8.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES
- 10.8.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES
- 10.8.4 STARTING BLOCKS
- 10.8.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING: STARTUPS/SMES, 2024
- 10.8.5.1 Detailed list of key startups/SMEs
- 10.8.5.2 Competitive benchmarking of key startups/SMEs
- 10.9 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO
- 10.9.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES
- 10.9.2 DEALS
- 10.9.3 EXPANSIONS
- 10.9.4 OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
11 COMPANY PROFILES
- 11.1 KEY PLAYERS
- 11.1.1 STERIS
- 11.1.1.1 Business overview
- 11.1.1.2 Products offered
- 11.1.1.3 MnM view
- 11.1.1.3.1 Key strengths
- 11.1.1.3.2 Strategic choices
- 11.1.1.3.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 11.1.2 ASP
- 11.1.2.1 Business overview
- 11.1.2.2 Products offered
- 11.1.2.3 MnM view
- 11.1.2.3.1 Key strengths
- 11.1.2.3.2 Strategic choices
- 11.1.2.3.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 11.1.3 OLYMPUS CORPORATION
- 11.1.3.1 Business overview
- 11.1.3.2 Products offered
- 11.1.3.3 Recent developments
- 11.1.3.3.1 Product launches
- 11.1.3.3.2 Expansions
- 11.1.3.4 MnM view
- 11.1.3.4.1 Key strengths
- 11.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices
- 11.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 11.1.4 GETINGE AB
- 11.1.4.1 Business overview
- 11.1.4.2 Products offered
- 11.1.4.3 Recent developments
- 11.1.4.3.1 Product launches
- 11.1.4.3.2 Deals
- 11.1.5 ECOLAB INC.
- 11.1.5.1 Business overview
- 11.1.5.2 Products offered
- 11.1.5.3 Recent developments
- 11.1.5.3.1 Other developments
- 11.1.6 HOYA CORPORATION
- 11.1.6.1 Business overview
- 11.1.6.2 Products offered
- 11.1.6.3 Recent developments
- 11.1.7 CONMED CORPORATION
- 11.1.7.1 Business overview
- 11.1.7.2 Products offered
- 11.1.8 THE MIELE GROUP
- 11.1.8.1 Business overview
- 11.1.8.2 Products offered
- 11.1.8.3 Recent developments
- 11.1.9 ARC HEALTHCARE SOLUTIONS
- 11.1.9.1 Business overview
- 11.1.9.2 Products offered
- 11.1.10 METREX RESEARCH, LLC
- 11.1.10.1 Business overview
- 11.1.10.2 Products offered
- 11.2 OTHER PLAYERS
- 11.2.1 MEDALKAN
- 11.2.2 MICRO-SCIENTIFIC, LLC
- 11.2.3 ENDO-TECHNIK W. GRIESAT GMBH
- 11.2.4 BES HEALTHCARE LTD
- 11.2.5 FUJIFILM HOLDINGS CORPORATION
- 11.2.6 BORER CHEMIE AG
- 11.2.7 MEDONICA CO. LTD
- 11.2.8 TUTTNAUER
- 11.2.9 SHINVA MEDICAL INSTRUMENT CO., LTD.
- 11.2.10 SBSYSTEM
- 11.2.11 OLIVE HEALTH CARE
- 11.2.12 MMM GROUP
- 11.2.13 AMITY INTERNATIONAL
- 11.2.14 MIXTA MEDIKAL
- 11.2.15 MEDICAL DEVICES GROUP SRL
12 APPENDIX
- 12.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE
- 12.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS' SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
- 12.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS
- 12.4 RELATED REPORTS
- 12.5 AUTHOR DETAILS