Product Code: 47042057
The European CRM device market will continue to grow modestly over the forecast period, driven primarily by rising ICM procedure volumes, the introduction of dual-chamber leadless pacemakers, and the increasing adoption of premium-priced devices such as CRT devices, single-chamber leadless pacemakers, and S-ICDs. However, revenue growth will be limited to some extent by ASP declines caused by increasing competition in the leadless pacemaker and S-ICD markets.
This Medtech 360 Report provides comprehensive data and analysis on the state of the European CRM device market from 2019 through 2033.
The highly saturated CRM device market will drive competitors to focus on innovation as a key strategy for growth.
- Which segments are saturated, and which segments continue to see dynamic growth?
- How do epidemiological trends and new technology influence growth in different pulse generator product segments?
- How can individual competitors realize growth in this large but fairly mature market?
Adoption of novel devices will offset waning revenue for traditional devices in the European CRM market.
- What is the predicted uptake of novel devices such as leadless pacemakers and S-ICDs? Will leadless pacemakers and S-ICDs become the standard of care?
- To what extent will the uptake of leadless pacemakers and S-ICDs offset declining revenue in other markets?
- How is the emergence of dual-chamber leadless pacemakers expected impact the traditional dual-chamber pacemaker market?
The generation of clinical data will be an important competitive factor for disruptive CRM devices.
- Which key ongoing clinical trials are likely to influence the CRM device market?
- How will the market share dynamics in different device segments be altered by ongoing clinical trials?
The competitive landscape in the European CRM device market is evolving.
- Which competitors are positioned to gain market share with new devices, and how will they influence the market's future landscape?
- What is the predicted uptake of novel devices such as leadless pacemakers and S-ICDs?
- How have innovations influenced CRM market share dynamics, and what strategies can competitors adopt to sustain or enhance their positions?
Table of Contents
Europe
Abstract
Executive Summary
- COVID-19 Updates
- Market Highlights
- Competitive Highlights
- Market Developments
- Geographies Covered
- Procedures Covered
- Products Covered
Key Report Updates
Cardiac Rhythm Management Device Market
- Market Highlights
- Market Definitions
- Market Forecast Data
- France
- Germany
- Italy
- Spain
- UK
- Market Shares
- Competitive Insights
- Medtronic
- Boston Scientific
- Abbott Laboratories
- BIOTRONIK
- Other Key Competitors
- Factors Affecting All Competitors
- Market Developments
Pacemaker Market
- Market Highlights
- Key Content Updates
- Assumptions Regarding the Entry of Dual-Chamber Leadless Pacemakers
- End-User Insights
- Market Definitions
- Market Forecast Data
- Market Shares
- Competitive Insights
- European Pacemaker Market Competitive Insights
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Market
- Market Highlights
- Market Definitions
- Market Forecast Data
- Market Shares
- Competitive Insights
- European Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Market Competitive Insights
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Device Market
- Market Highlights
- Market Definitions
- Market Forecast Data
- Market Shares
- Competitive Insights
- European Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Device Market Competitive Insights
Lead Market
- Market Highlights
- Market Definitions
- Market Forecast Data
- Market Shares
Lead Extraction Device Market
- Market Highlights
- Market Definitions
- Market Forecast Data
- Competitive Insights
- European Lead Extraction Device Market Competitive Insights
- Market Shares
Insertable Cardiac Monitor Market
- Market Highlights
- Market Definitions
- Market Forecast Data
- Competitive Insights
- European Insertable Cardiac Monitor Market Competitive Insights
- Market Shares
Appendix
- Abbreviations
- Bibliography
Methodology
- Core Country Coverage Methodology
- Research Methodology
- Marketrack Methodology
- PriceTrack Methodology
- Forecast Methodology
- Supplemental Country Coverage Methodology
- Base-Year Ratio Analysis
- Market Forecasting
Tables and figures
- CRM Device Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- CRM Device Market Landscape, Europe (USD), 2023 and 2033
- CRM Device Revenue Market Share Rankings, by Product Type, Europe, 2023
- Competitive Insights
- Companies Mentioned
- Recent Events in the CRM Device Market, Europe
- Key Clinical Trials in the CRM Device Market, Europe
- Emerging Products for the CRM Device Market, Europe
- Geographies Covered, Europe
- Average Currency Exchange Rates
- CRM Procedures Covered, Europe
- CRM Products Covered, Europe
- European Cardiac Rhythm Management Device Market Drivers
- European Cardiac Rhythm Management Device Market Limiters
- CRM Device Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- CRM Device Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- CRM Device Procedures, by Product Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- CRM Device Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Pulse Generator Procedures, by Procedure Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- Pulse Generator Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- CRM Device Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD and EUR), 2019-2033
- CRM Device Market Growth, by Product Type, Europe, 2020-2033
- CRM Device Market, by Country, Europe (USD, EUR, and GBP), 2019-2033
- Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD and EUR), 2019-2033
- Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Product Type, Europe, 2020-2033
- Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD, EUR, and GBP), 2019-2033
- S-ICD Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD and EUR), 2019-2033
- S-ICD Market, by Country, Europe (USD, EUR, and GBP), 2019-2033
- CRM Device Procedures, by Product Type, France, 2019-2033
- CRM Device Market, by Product Type, France (USD and EUR), 2019-2033
- CRM Device Market Growth, by Product Type, France, 2020-2033
- CRM Device Procedures, by Product Type, Germany, 2019-2033
- CRM Device Market, by Product Type, Germany (USD and EUR), 2019-2033
- CRM Device Market Growth, by Product Type, Germany, 2020-2033
- CRM Device Procedures, by Product Type, Italy, 2019-2033
- CRM Device Market, by Product Type, Italy (USD and EUR), 2019-2033
- CRM Device Market Growth, by Product Type, Italy, 2020-2033
- CRM Device Procedures, by Product Type, Spain, 2019-2033
- CRM Device Market, by Product Type, Spain (USD and EUR), 2019-2033
- CRM Device Market Growth, by Product Type, Spain, 2020-2033
- CRM Device Procedures, by Product Type, UK, 2019-2033
- CRM Device Market, by Product Type, UK (USD, EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- CRM Device Market Growth, by Product Type, UK, 2020-2033
- CRM Device Revenue Market Shares, Europe, 2023
- CRM Device Revenue Market Shares, by Product Type, Europe, 2023
- CRM Device Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Product Type, Europe, 2023
- Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- Medtronic Competitive Insights
- Boston Scientific Competitive Insights
- Abbott Laboratories Competitive Insights
- BIOTRONIK Competitive Insights
- Competitive Insights for Other Key Competitors
- Recent Events in the CRM Device Market, Europe
- Key Clinical Trials in the CRM Device Market, Europe
- Emerging Products for the CRM Device Market, Europe
- European Pacemaker Market Drivers
- European Pacemaker Market Limiters
- Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Pacemaker Procedures, by Procedure Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- Pacemaker Procedures, by Product Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- Pacemaker Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Initial Pacemaker Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Replacement Pacemaker Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Upgrade Pacemaker Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Single-Chamber Pacemaker Procedures, by Procedure Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- Single-Chamber Pacemaker Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Initial Single-Chamber Pacemaker Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Replacement Single-Chamber Pacemaker Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Procedures, by Procedure Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Initial Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Replacement Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Upgrade Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (EUR), 2019-2033
- Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Product Type, Europe, 2020-2033
- Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (EUR), 2019-2033
- Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Product Type, Europe, 2020-2033
- Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Traditional Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Traditional Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Traditional Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Leadless Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Leadless Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Leadless Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (EUR), 2019-2033
- Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Product Type, Europe, 2020-2033
- Traditional Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Traditional Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Traditional Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Leadless Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Leadless Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Leadless Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Pacemaker Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, Europe, 2023
- Pacemaker Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Product Type, Europe, 2023
- Pacemaker Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Product Type, Europe, 2023
- Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- Traditional Single-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- Dual-Chamber Pacemaker Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- European Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Market Drivers
- European Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Market Limiters
- ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- ICD Procedures, by Procedure Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- ICD Procedures, by Product Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- ICD Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Initial ICD Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Replacement ICD Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Upgrade ICD Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Single-Chamber ICD Procedures, by Procedure Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- Single-Chamber ICD Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Initial Single-Chamber ICD Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Replacement Single-Chamber ICD Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Dual-Chamber ICD Procedures, by Procedure Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- Dual-Chamber ICD Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Initial Dual-Chamber ICD Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Replacement Dual-Chamber ICD Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Upgrade Dual-Chamber ICD Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (EUR), 2019-2033
- ICD Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Product Type, Europe, 2020-2033
- ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- ICD Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Single-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Single-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (EUR), 2019-2033
- Single-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Product Type, Europe, 2020-2033
- Single-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Single-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Single-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Traditional Single-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Traditional Single-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Traditional Single-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- S-ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- S-ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- S-ICD Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Dual-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Dual-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Dual-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- ICD Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, Europe, 2023
- ICD Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Product Type, Europe, 2023
- ICD Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- Single-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Product Type, Europe, 2023
- Single-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- Traditional Single-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- Dual-Chamber ICD Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- European Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Device Market Drivers
- European Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Device Market Limiters
- CRT Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- CRT Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- CRT Procedures, by Procedure Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- CRT Procedures, by Product Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- CRT Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Initial CRT Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Replacement CRT Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Upgrade CRT Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- CRT-D Procedures, by Procedure Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- CRT-D Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Initial CRT-D Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Replacement CRT-D Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Upgrade CRT-D Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- CRT-P Procedures, by Procedure Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- CRT-P Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Initial CRT-P Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Replacement CRT-P Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Upgrade CRT-P Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- CRT Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- CRT Pulse Generator Market, by Product Type, Europe (EUR), 2019-2033
- CRT Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Product Type, Europe, 2020-2033
- CRT Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- CRT Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- CRT Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- CRT-D Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- CRT-D Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- CRT-D Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- CRT-P Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- CRT-P Pulse Generator Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- CRT-P Pulse Generator Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- CRT Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, Europe, 2023
- CRT Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Product Type, Europe, 2023
- CRT Pulse Generator Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- CRT-D Revenue Market Shares, by Country, 2023
- CRT-P Revenue Market Shares, by Country, 2023
- Lead Market Drivers and Limiters
- Lead Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Lead Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Lead Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Lead Market, by Product Type, Europe (EUR), 2019-2033
- Lead Market Growth, by Product Type, Europe, 2020-2033
- Lead Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Lead Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Lead Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Pacing Lead Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Pacing Lead Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Pacing Lead Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Defibrillator Lead Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Defibrillator Lead Market, by Product Type, Europe (EUR), 2019-2033
- Defibrillator Lead Market Growth, by Product Type, Europe, 2020-2033
- Defibrillator Lead Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Defibrillator Lead Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Defibrillator Lead Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Traditional Defibrillator Lead Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Traditional Defibrillator Lead Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Traditional Defibrillator Lead Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- S-ICD Lead Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- S-ICD Lead Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- S-ICD Lead Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- LV Lead Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- LV Lead Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- LV Lead Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Lead Revenue Market Shares, Europe, 2023
- Lead Revenue Market Shares, by Product Type, Europe, 2023
- Lead Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- Pacing Lead Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- Defibrillator Lead Revenue Market Shares, by Product Type, Europe, 2023
- Defibrillator Lead Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- Traditional Defibrillator Lead Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- LV Lead Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- European Lead Extraction Market Drivers
- European Lead Extraction Market Limiters
- Lead Extraction Device Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Lead Extraction Device Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Lead Extraction Procedures, by Product Type, Europe, 2019-2033
- Lead Extraction Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Manual Extraction Device Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Rotating Extraction Sheath Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Laser Extraction Sheath Procedures, by Country, Europe, 2019-2033
- Lead Extraction Device Market, by Product Type, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Lead Extraction Device Market, by Product Type, Europe (EUR), 2019-2033
- Lead Extraction Device Market Growth, by Product Type, Europe, 2020-2033
- Lead Extraction Device Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Lead Extraction Device Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Lead Extraction Device Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Manual Extraction Device Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Manual Extraction Device Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Manual Extraction Device Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Rotating Extraction Sheath Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Rotating Extraction Sheath Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Rotating Extraction Sheath Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Laser Extraction Sheath Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- Laser Extraction Sheath Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- Laser Extraction Sheath Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- Lead Extraction Device Revenue Market Shares, Europe, 2023
- Lead Extraction Device Revenue Market Shares, by Product Type, Europe, 2023
- Lead Extraction Device Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- Manual Extraction Device Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- Rotating Extraction Sheath Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023
- European Insertable Cardiac Monitor Market Drivers
- European Implantable Cardiac Monitor Market Limiters
- ICM Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- ICM Market, by Country, Europe (USD), 2019-2033
- ICM Market, by Country, Europe (EUR and GBP), 2019-2033
- ICM Market Growth, by Country, Europe, 2020-2033
- ICM Revenue Market Shares, Europe, 2023
- ICM Revenue Market Shares, by Country, Europe, 2023