查看购物车
  • Traditional Chinese
  • English
  • Japanese
  • Korean
封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1559054

鱼菜共生市场：2024-2033年全球产业分析、规模、占有率、成长、趋势、预测

Aquaponics Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2024-2033
出版日期: | 出版商: Persistence Market Research | 英文 193 Pages | 商品交期: 2-5个工作天内

价格
简介目录

Persistence Market Research最近发布了一份关于全球鱼菜共生市场的详细研究报告。这份综合报告深入探讨了关键的市场动态，包括市场驱动因素、趋势、机会和挑战，并提供了有关市场结构的详细见解。

主要见解

  • 鱼菜共生市场规模（2024年）：5,890万美元
  • 市场预测金额（2033年）：1.119亿美元
  • 全球市场成长率（2024年至2033年年复合成长率）：7.4%

鱼菜共生市场概况

鱼菜共生是一个结合了水产养殖和水耕的共生系统，其中鱼的排泄物为植物提供有机营养，而植物为鱼过滤水。这个自然系统支持吴郭鱼和鲤鱼等各种鱼类以及生菜、韭葱和番茄等植物的水产养殖。该系统是可持续的，为水生生物和植物生长提供互惠互利。

市场驱动因素：

推动全球鱼菜共生市场的因素很多。这包括消费者对清洁标籤产品和食品供应可追溯性的偏好所推动的对新鲜当地种植蔬菜的需求不断增加。供应链的分散化和在当地日益采用鱼菜共生技术可以提高当地农产品的新鲜度、口感并降低运输成本，有助于减少店内浪费。此外，鱼菜共生可以全年生产农作物，确保在不利天气下粮食供应的稳定。它还可以避免土传病原体，提高食品安全并降低与污染相关的风险。

市场限制因素：

儘管鱼菜共生市场有很多优势，但它也面临着挑战​​，特别是设置的初始资本投资较高以及系统维护需要专家咨询。特别是在新兴市场，建立鱼菜共生系统的成本明显高于传统耕作方法，这为进入新市场设置了障碍。

市场机会：

鱼菜共生为促进粮食安全和应对城市化和人口成长带来的挑战提供了巨大的机会。世界各国政府日益透过资金和补贴支持鱼菜共生种植，以解决粮食短缺问题。此外，鱼菜共生系统追踪和确保食品安全的能力为优质有机食品市场带来了机会，特别是在消费者优先考虑永续和无病原体产品的情况下。

本报告涵盖的主要问题

  • 推动全球鱼菜共生市场的因素有哪些？
  • 技术进步如何影响鱼菜共生的竞争格局？
  • 鱼菜共生有哪些机会来应对粮食安全挑战？
  • 谁是全球鱼菜共生市场的主要参与者？
  • 采用鱼菜共生系统的区域前景如何？

目录

第1章 执行摘要

第2章 市场概述

  • 市场范围/分类
  • 市场定义/范围/限制

第3章 主要市场趋势

  • 影响市场的主要趋势
  • 产品创新/发展趋势

第4章 关键成功因素

  • 产品采用/使用分析
  • 产品 USP/特点
  • 策略推广策略

第5章 世界市场 - 价格分析

  • 依地区价格分析
  • 世界平均价格分析基准

第6章 全球市场需求（金额或规模，百万美元）分析

  • 2019-2023年过去的市值（百万美元）分析
  • 2024-2033年当前及未来市场价值（百万美元）预测
    • 年成长趋势分析
    • 绝对的获利机会

第7章 市场背景

  • 宏观经济因素
  • 预测因子 - 相关性和影响
  • 价值链分析
  • 农业与鱼菜共生
  • 鱼菜共生技术概述
  • 鱼菜共生风险分析
  • 市场动态
  • 世界供需分析

第8章 依产品类型的世界市场分析

  • 简介/主要调查结果
  • 2019-2023年市场规模（百万美元）实绩分析，依产品类型
  • 2024-2033年当前和未来市场规模（百万美元）分析和预测，依产品类型
    • 鱼
      • 吴郭鱼
      • 鲤鱼
      • 鲶鱼
      • 翻车鱼
      • 锦鲤
      • 鳟鱼
    • 蔬菜
      • 番茄
      • 青椒
      • 黄瓜
      • 生菜
      • 草药
      • 羽衣甘蓝
      • 高丽菜
  • 依产品类型的市场吸引力分析

第9章 依技术的世界市场分析

  • 简介/主要调查结果
  • 2019-2023年市场规模（百万美元）分析，依技术
  • 2024-2033年当前和未来市场规模（百万美元）分析和预测，依技术
    • 深海养殖
    • 营养膜技术
    • 培养基充填栽培床
  • 依技术分析市场吸引力

第10章 依地区的世界市场分析

  • 简介
  • 过去市场规模（百万美元）分析，依地区，2019-2023年
  • 2024-2033年当前市场规模的分析与预测（百万美元），依地区
    • 北美
    • 拉丁美洲
    • 欧洲
    • 中东、非洲
    • 东亚
    • 南亚和太平洋地区
  • 区域市场吸引力分析

第11章 北美市场分析

第12章 拉丁美洲市场分析

第13章 欧洲市场分析

第14章 南亚和太平洋市场分析

第15章 东亚市场分析

第16章 中东、非洲市场分析

第17章 国家市场分析，2024年

  • 简介
  • 美国
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥
  • 巴西
  • 德国
  • 义大利
  • 法国
  • 英国
  • 西班牙
  • 俄罗斯
  • 中国
  • 日本
  • 韩国
  • 印度
  • 土耳其
  • 南非

第18章 市场结构分析

  • 依公司层级的市场分析
  • 主要公司市场占有率分析
  • 市场现况分析

第19章 竞争分析

  • 竞争仪表板
  • 竞争基准
  • 竞争详情
    • Nelson and Pade Inc.
    • Pentair Aquatic Eco-Systems, Inc.
    • ECF Farmsystems GmbH
    • AquaCal AutoPilot, Inc.
    • Japan Aquaponics
    • Green Life Aquaponics
    • Backyard Aquaponics Pty Ltd.
    • Hapa Farms
    • Lucky Clays Fresh
    • Blueplanet Urban Agro Services Pvt. Ltd.
    • Global Aquaponic Systems Corporation
    • Ichthys Aquaponics
    • Aponic Ltd.
    • Red Ewald Inc.

第20章 使用的假设与缩写

第21章 研究方法

简介目录
Product Code: PMRREP27652

Persistence Market Research has recently released an in-depth report on the global Aquaponics Market. This comprehensive report delves into the key market dynamics, including drivers, trends, opportunities, and challenges, offering detailed insights into the market structure.

Key Insights:

  • Aquaponics Market Size (2024E): US$ 58.9 Million
  • Projected Market Value (2033F): US$ 111.9 Million
  • Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2024 to 2033): 7.4%

Aquaponics Market Overview:

Aquaponics is a symbiotic system combining aquaculture and hydroponics, wherein fish waste provides organic nutrients for plants, and the plants, in turn, help filter the water for the fish. This natural system fosters the cultivation of various fish species like tilapia and carp, along with plants such as lettuce, chives, and tomatoes. The system is sustainable, offering mutual benefits to both aquatic life and plant growth.

Market Growth Drivers:

Several factors propel the global Aquaponics Market, including the growing demand for locally sourced and fresh vegetables, driven by the rising consumer preference for clean-label products and traceability in food supply. The decentralization of supply chains and increasing adoption of aquaponics at regional levels help reduce in-store losses, as locally grown produce results in better freshness, taste, and lower transportation costs. Additionally, aquaponics provides year-round crop production, ensuring food supply stability in the face of erratic weather conditions. The system's ability to avoid soil-borne pathogens also enhances food safety and reduces risks associated with contamination.

Market Restraints:

Despite its many advantages, the aquaponics market faces challenges, particularly in terms of high initial capital investment for setup and the necessity of expert consultations for system maintenance. The cost of establishing aquaponic systems, especially in developing regions, is significantly higher than traditional farming methods, making it a barrier for new market entrants.

Market Opportunities:

Aquaponics offers substantial opportunities in promoting food security and addressing challenges related to urbanization and population growth. Governments across various countries are increasingly supporting aquaponics cultivation through funding and subsidies to combat food shortages. Additionally, aquaponics systems' ability to trace and ensure food safety presents opportunities in the premium organic foods market, especially as consumers prioritize sustainable and pathogen-free produce.

Key Questions Answered in the Report:

  • What factors are driving the global aquaponics market?
  • How are technological advancements influencing the competitive landscape of aquaponics?
  • What opportunities are present for aquaponics in addressing food security challenges?
  • Who are the key players in the global aquaponics market?
  • What is the regional outlook for the adoption of aquaponics systems?

Competitive Landscape and Business Strategy:

Key players in the global Aquaponics Market, including Nelson and Pade Inc., Pentair Aquatic Eco-Systems, Inc., and ECF Farmsystems GmbH, are focused on developing innovative solutions to optimize aquaponics systems. These companies are expanding their market reach by offering tools and education to promote aquaponics adoption. Strategic initiatives such as building new innovation centers and offering low-cost aquaponics systems have helped strengthen their competitive position.

Many companies are also focusing on sustainability, promoting aquaponics as a solution for local food production. As consumer demand for fresh, locally sourced food grows, aquaponics offers a sustainable solution that enhances brand appeal.

Key Companies Profiled:

  • Nelson and Pade Inc.
  • Pentair Aquatic Eco-Systems, Inc.
  • ECF Farmsystems GmbH
  • AquaCal AutoPilot, Inc.
  • Japan Aquaponics
  • Green Life Aquaponics
  • Backyard Aquaponics Pty Ltd.
  • Hapa Farms
  • Lucky Clays Fresh
  • Blueplanet Urban Agro Services Pvt. Ltd.

Aquaponics Market Segmentation

By Product Type:

  • Fish
  • Vegetables

By Technique:

  • Deep Water Culture
  • Nutrient Film Technology
  • Media-filled Growbed

By Region:

  • North America
  • Latin America
  • Europe
  • South Asia & Pacific
  • East Asia
  • Middle East & Africa

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global Market Outlook
  • 1.2. Demand Side Trends
  • 1.3. Supply Side Trends
  • 1.4. Technology Roadmap
  • 1.5. Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Coverage / Taxonomy
  • 2.2. Market Definition / Scope / Limitations

3. Key Market Trends

  • 3.1. Key Trends Impacting the Market
  • 3.2. Product Innovation / Development Trends

4. Key Success Factors

  • 4.1. Product Adoption / Usage Analysis
  • 4.2. Product USPs / Features
  • 4.3. Strategic Promotional Strategies

5. Global Market - Pricing Analysis

  • 5.1. Regional Pricing Analysis
  • 5.2. Global Average Pricing Analysis Benchmark

6. Global Market Demand (in Value or Size in US$ Mn) Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast, 2024-2033

  • 6.1. Historical Market Value (US$ Mn) Analysis, 2019-2023
  • 6.2. Current and Future Market Value (US$ Mn) Projections, 2024-2033
    • 6.2.1. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis
    • 6.2.2. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis

7. Market Background

  • 7.1. Macro-Economic Factors
    • 7.1.1. Global GDP Growth Outlook
    • 7.1.2. Global GDP and Infrastructure Investment
    • 7.1.3. International Trade
    • 7.1.4. Global Industry Outlook
  • 7.2. Forecast Factors - Relevance & Impact
    • 7.2.1. Top Companies Historical Growth
    • 7.2.2. GDP Growth forecast
    • 7.2.3. Manufacturing Industry forecast
    • 7.2.4. Global Urbanization Growth Outlook
    • 7.2.5. Business Climate
  • 7.3. Value Chain Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Raw Material Suppliers
    • 7.3.2. Product Manufacturers
    • 7.3.3. End Users
  • 7.4. Agriculture v/s Aquaponics
  • 7.5. Aquaponics Technology Overview
  • 7.6. Aquaponics Risk Analysis
  • 7.7. Market Dynamics
    • 7.7.1. Drivers
    • 7.7.2. Restraints
    • 7.7.3. Opportunity Analysis
  • 7.8. Global Supply Demand Analysis

8. Global Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033, By Product Type

  • 8.1. Introduction / Key Findings
  • 8.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Analysis By Product Type, 2019-2023
  • 8.3. Current and Future Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast By Product Type, 2024-2033
    • 8.3.1. Fish
      • 8.3.1.1. Tilapia
      • 8.3.1.2. Carps
      • 8.3.1.3. Catfish
      • 8.3.1.4. Bluegills
      • 8.3.1.5. Koi
      • 8.3.1.6. Trouts
    • 8.3.2. Vegetables
      • 8.3.2.1. Tomato
      • 8.3.2.2. Peppers
      • 8.3.2.3. Cucumber
      • 8.3.2.4. Lettuce
      • 8.3.2.5. Herbs
      • 8.3.2.6. Kale
      • 8.3.2.7. Bok Choy
  • 8.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Product Type

9. Global Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033, By Technique

  • 9.1. Introduction / Key Findings
  • 9.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis By Technique, 2019-2023
  • 9.3. Current and Future Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast By Technique, 2024-2033
    • 9.3.1. Deep Water Culture
    • 9.3.2. Nutrient Film Technology
    • 9.3.3. Media-filled Growbed
  • 9.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Technique

10. Global Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033, by Region

  • 10.1. Introduction
  • 10.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis By Region, 2019-2023
  • 10.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast By Region, 2024-2033
    • 10.3.1. North America
    • 10.3.2. Latin America
    • 10.3.3. Europe
    • 10.3.4. Middle East and Africa (MEA)
    • 10.3.5. East Asia
    • 10.3.6. South Asia and Pacific
  • 10.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region

11. North America Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033

  • 11.1. Introduction
  • 11.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
  • 11.3. Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2033
    • 11.3.1. By Country
      • 11.3.1.1. U.S.
      • 11.3.1.2. Canada
    • 11.3.2. By Product Type
    • 11.3.3. By Technique
  • 11.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 11.4.1. By Country
    • 11.4.2. By Product Type
    • 11.4.3. By Technique
  • 11.5. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis

12. Latin America Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033

  • 12.1. Introduction
  • 12.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
  • 12.3. Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2033
    • 12.3.1. By Country
      • 12.3.1.1. Brazil
      • 12.3.1.2. Mexico
      • 12.3.1.3. Rest of Latin America
    • 12.3.2. By Product Type
    • 12.3.3. By Technique
  • 12.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 12.4.1. By Country
    • 12.4.2. By Product Type
    • 12.4.3. By Technique
  • 12.5. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis

13. Europe Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033

  • 13.1. Introduction
  • 13.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
  • 13.3. Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2033
    • 13.3.1. By Country
      • 13.3.1.1. Germany
      • 13.3.1.2. Italy
      • 13.3.1.3. France
      • 13.3.1.4. U.K.
      • 13.3.1.5. Spain
      • 13.3.1.6. BENELUX
      • 13.3.1.7. Nordic
      • 13.3.1.8. Russia
      • 13.3.1.9. Poland
      • 13.3.1.10. Rest of Europe
    • 13.3.2. By Product Type
    • 13.3.3. By Technique
  • 13.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 13.4.1. By Country
    • 13.4.2. By Product Type
    • 13.4.3. By Technique
  • 13.5. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis

14. South Asia and Pacific Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033

  • 14.1. Introduction
  • 14.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
  • 14.3. Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2033
    • 14.3.1. By Country
      • 14.3.1.1. India
      • 14.3.1.2. ASEAN
      • 14.3.1.3. Oceania
      • 14.3.1.4. Rest of South Asia & Pacific
    • 14.3.2. By Product Type
    • 14.3.3. By Technique
  • 14.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 14.4.1. By Country
    • 14.4.2. By Product Type
    • 14.4.3. By Technique
  • 14.5. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis

15. East Asia Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033

  • 15.1. Introduction
  • 15.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
  • 15.3. Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2033
    • 15.3.1. By Country
      • 15.3.1.1. China
      • 15.3.1.2. Japan
      • 15.3.1.3. South Korea
    • 15.3.2. By Product Type
    • 15.3.3. By Technique
  • 15.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 15.4.1. By Country
    • 15.4.2. By Product Type
    • 15.4.3. By Technique
  • 15.5. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis

16. Middle East and Africa Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033

  • 16.1. Introduction
  • 16.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
  • 16.3. Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2033
    • 16.3.1. By Country
      • 16.3.1.1. GCC Countries
      • 16.3.1.2. Turkey
      • 16.3.1.3. South Africa
      • 16.3.1.4. Rest of Middle East and Africa
    • 16.3.2. By Product Type
    • 16.3.3. By Technique
  • 16.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 16.4.1. By Country
    • 16.4.2. By Product Type
    • 16.4.3. By Technique
  • 16.5. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis

17. Country Wise Market Analysis 2024

  • 17.1. Introduction
    • 17.1.1. Market Value Proportion Analysis, By Key Countries
    • 17.1.2. Global Vs. Country Growth Comparison
  • 17.2. U.S. Market Analysis
    • 17.2.1. By Product Type
    • 17.2.2. By Technique
  • 17.3. Canada Market Analysis
    • 17.3.1. By Product Type
    • 17.3.2. By Technique
  • 17.4. Mexico Market Analysis
    • 17.4.1. By Product Type
    • 17.4.2. By Technique
  • 17.5. Brazil Market Analysis
    • 17.5.1. By Product Type
    • 17.5.2. By Technique
  • 17.6. Germany Market Analysis
    • 17.6.1. By Product Type
    • 17.6.2. By Technique
  • 17.7. Italy Market Analysis
    • 17.7.1. By Product Type
    • 17.7.2. By Technique
  • 17.8. France Market Analysis
    • 17.8.1. By Product Type
    • 17.8.2. By Technique
  • 17.9. U.K. Market Analysis
    • 17.9.1. By Product Type
    • 17.9.2. By Technique
  • 17.10. Spain Market Analysis
    • 17.10.1. By Product Type
    • 17.10.2. By Technique
  • 17.11. Russia Market Analysis
    • 17.11.1. By Product Type
    • 17.11.2. By Technique
  • 17.12. China Market Analysis
    • 17.12.1. By Product Type
    • 17.12.2. By Technique
  • 17.13. Japan Market Analysis
    • 17.13.1. By Product Type
    • 17.13.2. By Technique
  • 17.14. S. Korea Market Analysis
    • 17.14.1. By Product Type
    • 17.14.2. By Technique
  • 17.15. India Market Analysis
    • 17.15.1. By Product Type
    • 17.15.2. By Technique
  • 17.16. Turkey Market Analysis
    • 17.16.1. By Product Type
    • 17.16.2. By Technique
  • 17.17. South Africa Market Analysis
    • 17.17.1. By Product Type
    • 17.17.2. By Technique

18. Market Structure Analysis

  • 18.1. Market Analysis by Tier of Companies
  • 18.2. Market Share Analysis of Top Players
  • 18.3. Market Presence Analysis

19. Competition Analysis

  • 19.1. Competition Dashboard
  • 19.2. Competition Benchmarking
  • 19.3. Competition Deep Dive
    • 19.3.1. Nelson and Pade Inc.
      • 19.3.1.1. Overview
      • 19.3.1.2. Product Portfolio
      • 19.3.1.3. Sales Footprint
      • 19.3.1.4. Strategy Overview
    • 19.3.2. Pentair Aquatic Eco-Systems, Inc.
      • 19.3.2.1. Overview
      • 19.3.2.2. Product Portfolio
      • 19.3.2.3. Sales Footprint
      • 19.3.2.4. Strategy Overview
    • 19.3.3. ECF Farmsystems GmbH
      • 19.3.3.1. Overview
      • 19.3.3.2. Product Portfolio
      • 19.3.3.3. Sales Footprint
      • 19.3.3.4. Strategy Overview
    • 19.3.4. AquaCal AutoPilot, Inc.
      • 19.3.4.1. Overview
      • 19.3.4.2. Product Portfolio
      • 19.3.4.3. Sales Footprint
      • 19.3.4.4. Strategy Overview
    • 19.3.5. Japan Aquaponics
      • 19.3.5.1. Overview
      • 19.3.5.2. Product Portfolio
      • 19.3.5.3. Sales Footprint
      • 19.3.5.4. Strategy Overview
    • 19.3.6. Green Life Aquaponics
      • 19.3.6.1. Overview
      • 19.3.6.2. Product Portfolio
      • 19.3.6.3. Sales Footprint
      • 19.3.6.4. Strategy Overview
    • 19.3.7. Backyard Aquaponics Pty Ltd.
      • 19.3.7.1. Overview
      • 19.3.7.2. Product Portfolio
      • 19.3.7.3. Sales Footprint
      • 19.3.7.4. Strategy Overview
    • 19.3.8. Hapa Farms
      • 19.3.8.1. Overview
      • 19.3.8.2. Product Portfolio
      • 19.3.8.3. Sales Footprint
      • 19.3.8.4. Strategy Overview
    • 19.3.9. Lucky Clays Fresh
      • 19.3.9.1. Overview
      • 19.3.9.2. Product Portfolio
      • 19.3.9.3. Sales Footprint
      • 19.3.9.4. Strategy Overview
    • 19.3.10. Blueplanet Urban Agro Services Pvt. Ltd.
      • 19.3.10.1. Overview
      • 19.3.10.2. Product Portfolio
      • 19.3.10.3. Sales Footprint
      • 19.3.10.4. Strategy Overview
    • 19.3.11. Global Aquaponic Systems Corporation
      • 19.3.11.1. Overview
      • 19.3.11.2. Product Portfolio
      • 19.3.11.3. Sales Footprint
      • 19.3.11.4. Strategy Overview
    • 19.3.12. Ichthys Aquaponics
      • 19.3.12.1. Overview
      • 19.3.12.2. Product Portfolio
      • 19.3.12.3. Sales Footprint
      • 19.3.12.4. Strategy Overview
    • 19.3.13. Aponic Ltd.
      • 19.3.13.1. Overview
      • 19.3.13.2. Product Portfolio
      • 19.3.13.3. Sales Footprint
      • 19.3.13.4. Strategy Overview
    • 19.3.14. Red Ewald Inc.
      • 19.3.14.1. Overview
      • 19.3.14.2. Product Portfolio
      • 19.3.14.3. Sales Footprint
      • 19.3.14.4. Strategy Overview

20. Assumptions and Acronyms Used

21. Research Methodology