世界电子设备市场(资料年鑑第3卷2024):中东欧国家电子设备生产与市场概况
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1594213

世界电子设备市场(资料年鑑第3卷2024):中东欧国家电子设备生产与市场概况

Yearbook of World Electronics Data Volume 3 2024 - World Summary and Overview of Electronics Production & Markets in CEE

出版日期: | 出版商: Reed Electronics Research | 英文 178 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2个工作天内

价格
简介目录

中欧和东欧 (CEE) 的电子产业集中在少数大型全球 OEM 和电子製造服务供应商,重点是 3C 领域。 2023年,3C领域总产值373亿美元,占电子设备产值的65.5%。 3C生产中心分布在5个国家,其中波兰、斯洛伐克、土耳其是电视生产的主要基地。捷克共和国的生产主要集中在计算领域,而匈牙利则生产计算和消费性电子相关设备的组合。

资讯图表 2023 年中东欧电子产品产量(依国家)

对 3C 的关注是中东欧电子产业成长的关键因素。然而,由于大规模生产掌握在相对较少的公司手中,该地区仍然容易受到公司个别策略的影响。公司需要平衡靠近欧洲市场生产的好处与使用中国以及越来越多的其他亚洲国家的製造设施带来的较低成本。

资讯图表 2023年中东及非洲地区电子设备产量(依产品)

该地区工业和高端通讯设备的生产占有率将继续扩大,但由于3C领域的主导地位,整体比重仍将较低。这通常是由希望将生产从高成本的西欧地点转移到国外的公司进行的,或者对于非欧洲公司来说,是由希望建立低成本製造地点以服务欧洲市场的公司进行的。这也是本土公司竞争的领域。

该地区已经是许多欧洲领先的电子製造服务 (EMS) 供应商的生产中心,预计到 2027 年,该地区的生产比例将不断增加。

在中东欧地区,到 2023 年,零件将只占电子设备产量的 12.8%。国内有几家公司,但规模较小,主要生产被动元件。外国公司已在该国开展业务,包括Infineon Technologies和onsemi,这两家公司都在扩大该地区现有的半导体设施。 2024年6月,Onsemi宣布计画投资20亿美元扩大在该国现有工厂的碳化硅晶圆产量。

资讯图表 2023年东欧各地区电子设备产量及市场

2023年,俄罗斯和乌克兰占该地区电子产品产量的8.8%和市场的22.6%。到 2023 年底,俄罗斯和乌克兰的电子产品产量预计将达到 55 亿美元,而 2021 年衝突爆发前为 52 亿美元,其中俄罗斯的发展推动了成长。同期,两国电子设备市场下降39.8%至239亿美元(2021年:335亿美元)。

本报告对中东欧国家电子设备市场进行调查,总结了中东欧国家全球电子设备产业的市场概况、电子设备产量、进出口趋势以及具体国家数据。

目录

第一章简介

第二章世界概况资料

  • 经济概况
  • 电子设备概述
    • 美洲
    • 日本
    • 亚洲
    • 西欧
    • 东欧
  • 2021年全球电子产品产量概览
  • 2022年全球电子产品产量概览
  • 2023年全球电子产品产量概览
  • 2024年全球电子产品产量概览
  • 2021年全球电子市场概览
  • 2022年全球电子市场概览
  • 2023年全球电子市场概览
  • 2024年全球电子市场概览
  • 2025年全球电子市场概览
  • 2026年全球电子市场概览
  • 2027年全球电子市场概览

第三章中东欧概况资料

  • 中东欧经济概况
  • 中东欧电子设备概况
  • 2021 年至 2022 年进口量
  • 2021 年至 2022 年的出口量
  • 东欧综合生产概览
  • 东欧医疗与工业生产概况
  • 东欧消费品生产概览
  • 东欧零件生产概览
  • 东欧市场概况
  • 东欧市场整合概述
  • 东欧医疗与工业市场概况
  • 东欧消费市场概览
  • 东欧零件市场概览

第 4 章国家资料

  • 保加利亚
  • 克罗埃西亚
  • 捷克共和国
  • 爱沙尼亚
  • 匈牙利
  • 立陶宛
  • 波兰
  • 罗马尼亚
  • 俄罗斯
  • 斯洛伐克
  • 斯洛维尼亚
  • 土耳其
  • 乌克兰

第五章附录

简介目录
Product Code: ISBN 1 905429 991

CEE's electronics industry is focused on a small number of major global OEMs and electronic manufacturing services providers with the focus on the 3C segments. In total, the 3C segments amounted to US$37.3 billion in 2023, 65.5% of electronics equipment output. 3C production is centered on five countries with Poland, Slovakia and Turkey major centres for TV production. Production in the Czech Republic is focused on computing while Hungary is produces a combination of computing and consumer electronics related equipment.

INFOGRAPHICS

CEE Electronics Production by Country 2023

The focus on 3C has been a key factor in the growth of electronics industry across CEE. However, with volume manufacturing in the hands of a relatively few companies the region continues to be vulnerable to the individual strategies of the company. Companies will need to balance the advantages of producing in close proximity to the European market against the advantages offered through lower costs by utilising manufacturing facilities in China and increasingly other Asian countries.

INFOGRAPHICS

CEE Electronics Production by Product 2023

Industrial and high-end communications equipment production within the region will continue to take an increasing share of production, although in overall percentage terms it will remain low because of the dominant position held by the 3C segment. Although this will be led by foreign investment as companies look to move production from higher cost West European locations or in the case of non-European companies look to establish a low-cost manufacturing base to serve the European market, it is also an area where indigenous companies will compete.

The region is already a production base for many of the leading European Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) providers with the proportion of production undertaken in the region forecast to increase over the period to 2027.

Although the major players with large volume production plants will continue to dominate in value terms companies over the period there will be significant investment by medium-sized companies looking for a lower-cost European production base.

Within CEE, components account for only 12.8% of electronics output in 2023. There are several indigenous companies although they tend to be small and focused on passive components. Foreign companies have established operations in the country including Infineon Technologies and onsemi, both companies expanding their existing semiconductor facilities in the region with onsemi in June 2024 announcing plans to invest US$2 billion to expand silicon carbide wafer production at its existing operations in the country.

INFOGRAPHICS

East European Electronics Production & Market by Region 2023

In 2023, Russia and Ukraine accounted for 8.8% of electronics production in the region and 22.6% of the market. At the end of 2023 electronics production in Russia and Ukraine is forecast at US$5.5 billion and compared to US$5.2 billion prior to the start of the conflict in 2021, with growth being driven by developments in Russia. In the same period the electronics market in the two countries has declined 39.8% to US$23.9 billion (2021: US$33.5 billion).

Yearbook of World Electronics Data - Volume 3 East Europe & World Summary

Published since 1991 the Volume 3 of the Yearbook of World Electronics Data provides:

  • Unique World Summary covering the 53 countries in the Yearbook of World Electronics Data series
  • A single source solution allowing you to track the electronics industry in 13 countries in CEE
  • 13 major product groups.
  • Market and production forecasts.
  • CD-option allows you to manipulate the data quickly and easily: produce your own subsets or summaries of the data, create your own forecasts or cut and paste the data into your own in-house reports and presentations.

Who will benefit ?

The Yearbook is essential research providing key data for all areas of the electronics industry including:

  • Distributors and manufacturers of electronic components and materials.
  • Suppliers of electronic production equipment.
  • OEMs.
  • EMS Providers.
  • Government, including investment organizations.
  • Financial and industry analysts.
  • Academic institutes & universities tracking developments in the electronics industry.

The Yearbook of World Electronics Data

The Yearbook of World Electronics Data series presents market and production statistics for the GLOBAL electronics industry. Available in three published volumes covering 53 countries and 13 major product groups, the yearbook is used in the formulation of business and market planning, in tracking trends based on a clear understanding of how the industry has developed historically and to provide a basis for medium and long-term forecasting.

  • 53 country coverage, 13 major product groups
  • ... comparable country by country and product by product.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. WORLD SUMMARY DATA

  • 2.1. Economic Overview
  • 2.2. Electronics Overview
    • 2.2.1. Americas
    • 2.2.2. Japan
    • 2.2.3. Asia
    • 2.2.4. Western Europe
    • 2.2.5. Eastern Europe
  • 2.3. Summary of World Electronics Production 2021
  • 2.4. Summary of World Electronics Production 2022
  • 2.5. Summary of World Electronics Production 2023
  • 2.6. Summary of World Electronics Production 2024
  • 2.7. Summary of World Electronics Markets 2021
  • 2.8. Summary of World Electronics Markets 2022
  • 2.9. Summary of World Electronics Markets 2023
  • 2.10. Summary of World Electronics Markets 2024
  • 2.11. Summary of World Electronics Markets 2025
  • 2.12. Summary of World Electronics Markets 2026
  • 2.13. Summary of World Electronics Markets 2027

3. CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE SUMMARY DATA

  • 3.1. Central & Eastern Europe Economic Overview
  • 3.2. Central & Eastern Europe Electronics Overview
  • 3.3. Imports 2021-2022
  • 3.4. Exports 2021-2022
  • 3.5. Consolidated Summary of East Europe Production 2021
  • 3.6. Consolidated Summary of East Europe Production 2022
  • 3.7. Consolidated Summary of East Europe Production 2023
  • 3.8. Consolidated Summary of East Europe Production 2024
  • 3.9. Summary of East Europe Medical & Industrial Production
  • 3.10. Summary of East Europe Consumer Production
  • 3.11. Summary of East Europe Components Production
  • 3.12. Consolidated East Europe Summary of Markets 2021
  • 3.13. Consolidated East Europe Summary of Markets 2022
  • 3.14. Consolidated East Europe Summary of Markets 2023
  • 3.15. Consolidated East Europe Summary of Markets 2024
  • 3.16. Consolidated East Europe Summary of Markets 2025
  • 3.17. Consolidated East Europe Summary of Markets 2026
  • 3.18. Consolidated East Europe Summary of Markets 2027
  • 3.19. Summary of East Europe Medical & Industrial Markets
  • 3.20. Summary of East Europe Consumer Markets
  • 3.21. Summary of East Europe Components Markets

4. COUNTRY DATA

  • 4.1. BULGARIA
    • 4.1.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.1.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.1.3. Bulgaria Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.1.4. Bulgaria Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.2. CROATIA
    • 4.2.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.2.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.2.3. Croatia Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 3.2.4. Croatia Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.3. Czech Republic
    • 4.3.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.3.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.3.3. Czech Republic Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.3.4. Czech Republic Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.4. Estonia
    • 4.4.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.4.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.4.3. Estonia Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.4.4. Estonia Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.5. HUNGARY
    • 4.5.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.5.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.5.3. Hungary Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.5.4. Hungary Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.6. LITHUANIA
    • 4.6.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.6.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.6.3. Lithuania Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.6.4. Lithuania Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.7. POLAND
    • 4.7.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.7.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.7.3. Poland Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.7.4. Poland Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.8. ROMANIA
    • 4.8.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.8.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.8.3. Romania Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.8.4. Romania Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2006-2012
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.9. RUSSIA
    • 4.9.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.9.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.9.3. Russia Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.9.4. Russia Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.10. SLOVAKIA
    • 4.10.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.10.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.10.3. Slovakia Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.10.4. Slovakia Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.11. SLOVENIA
    • 4.11.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.11.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.11.3. Slovenia Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.11.4. Slovenia Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.12. TURKEY
    • 4.12.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.12.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.12.3. Turkey Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.12.4. Turkey Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.13. UKRAINE
    • 4.13.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.13.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.13.3. Ukraine Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.13.4. Ukraine Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027

5. APPENDICES

  • 5.1. World Exchange Rates
  • 5.2. Gide to the Interpretation of the Statistics
  • 5.3. Guide to International Statistical Classifications
  • 5.4. Guide to the Definition of the Electronic Product Headings
  • 5.5. List of Sources