48v低压电电力供给网路(PDN)架构和供应链全景(2025年)

长期以来，48V 低压 PDN 架构一直以 48V 轻混车为主。 48V 轻混汽车的电气拓朴结构相对落后，且中国主机厂对其关注度不足，使其难以成为主要的成长市场。相较之下，纯电动车 (BEV) 和插电式混合动力车 (PHEV) 可以使用高压电池建造 48V 低压供电轨，为整个电子电气系统供电。

未来的纯电动车 (BEV) 平台是主机厂安装 48V 汽车系统的主要目标。在特斯拉Cyber​​truck的推动下，随着先进自动驾驶和线控底盘技术的日益普及，纯电动车48V低压PDN架构正受到越来越多主机厂的关注，其供应链成熟度有望快速提升。

48V供应链与产业链成熟度正快速提升

从供应链角度来看，目前48V架构的发展受限于零件供应链成熟度的不足。

汽车底盘系统，48V布局的首选方向

汽车底盘系统，包括线控制动、主动悬吊、电动辅助转向（EPS）等，是48V部署的首选方向。

以EPS为例，近年来，DP-EPS（双小齿轮式）和R-EPS（齿条助力式）的市占率迅速扩大。

新能源汽车加速普及和车辆自重增加，对转向辅助的要求也随之提升。

先进自动驾驶功能的快速普及，带来了转向系统冗余设计和全动力转向的需求，越来越多的车型采用DP-EPS和R-EPS。

此外，自主品牌的崛起和中高阶车型的增多，也提升了人们对转向性能和驾驶体验的期望。

在中国，输出功率小于16kN的EPS产品已达到技术成熟阶段，但尚无输出功率高于16kN的成熟EPS产品。同时，市场上对输出功率需求较高的车辆普遍依赖液压辅助转向，无法实现速度感应转向。与电动辅助转向相比，液压系统性能较差，且部署限制较多，带来了课题。

为此，一汽红旗研发了“输出力矩超过20kN的冗余平行轴电动辅助转向系统（R-EPS）”，并在国内首次亮相。该系统支援超级巡航、自动停车、车道维持等L2/L3级自动驾驶功能，并达到ASIL D级功能安全。该系统是红旗自主研发项目之一，目前已获得车辆认证。

R-EPS是经纬恆润自主研发的一款48V冗余型EPS产品，采用I型布局。

产品尺寸紧凑，空间布局灵活

专为满足48V应用需求而设计，大幅降低功耗，提升能效，同时向下相容24V应用

高输出扭矩，马达扭力10Nm，输出功率高达1.5kW，满足高推力需求，提升驾驶舒适性和操作性

冗余安全设计，符合先进自动驾驶与线控转向系统的安全要求

依照ISO 26262流程开发，高安全等级达到ASIL D系统功能安全，故障率＜＝10 FIT，实现故障安全管理安全要求

支援网路安全

支援OTA更新

本报告对中国汽车产业进行了研究分析，介绍了48V低压供电网路（PDN）的发展现状、各个组件的创新，以及OEM和组件供应商的PDN部署。

目录

第1章 48v低压电电力供给网路(PDN)定义与标准化

• 48V 低压 PDN 的发展历史与分类
• 汽车低压 PDN 架构的发展历史
• 48V 低压 PDN 应用的分类
• 48V 低电压 PDN 架构与 12V 低电压 PDN 架构的比较
• 48V 低电压 PDN 架构的优缺点
• 开发 48V 低压 PDN 架构的必要性
• 电动车 48V 系统相较于传统 12V 系统的优势(1)
• 电动车 48V 系统相较于传统 12V 系统的优势 (2)
• 电动车 48V 系统相较于传统 12V 系统的优势 (3)
• 48V 低电压 PDN 架构的优势 (1)
• 48V 低电压 PDN 架构的优势 (2)
• 48V 低电压 PDN 架构的优势 (3)
• 适用于 xEV 的 48V 低电压 PDN 架构 (1)
• 48V 低电压 PDN 架构对 xEV 的意义 (2)
• 48V 低压 PDN 架构对 xEV 的意义 (3)
• 48V 低压 PDN 架构推广的困难与障碍 (1)
• 48V 低压 PDN 架构推广的困难与障碍(2)
• 48V低电压供电网路（PDN）标准体系
• 48v系统设计的课题(1)
• 48v系统设计的课题(2)
• 48v系统设计的课题(3)
• 48v系统设计的课题(4)
• 48v低压电PDN标准系统的摘要
• 国际规格(1)
• 国际规格(2)
• 国际规格(3)
• 国际规格(4)
• 国际规格(5)
• 欧洲规格(1)
• 欧洲规格(2)
• 欧洲规格(3)
• 中国规格(1)
• 中国规格(2)
• 中国规格(3)
• 全球和中国的小客车市场现状与趋势
• 全球小客车的销售额:生产国别(2024年～2030年)
• 中国的小客车市场占有率的转变:各国(2024年～2030年)
• 中国的小客车的销售额:NEV·ICE·电压各平台(2024年～2030年)(资料表)
• 中国的小客车的销售额:NEV·ICE·电压各平台(2024年～2030年)
• 全球右/轻度混合动力车市场(48v+BSG/ISG系统)的车辆的销售额(2023年～2024年)
• 中国所贩售含48v轻度混合动力车装载模式(进口车)(2024年)
• 含48v轻度混合动力车装载模式(进口车)(2023年)
• 48v低压电PDN架构的市场预测
• 48v低压电PDN架构的量产可能性的评估
• 48v低压电PDN架构小客车的销售额(2024年～2030年)(1)
• 48v低压电PDN架构小客车的销售额(2024年～2030年)(2)
• 48v低压电PDN架构的零件的影响
• 从车辆的12v48v的转变长的演进的流程被要求
• 48v低压电PDN架构带来新的零件的机会
• 48v低压电系统零件的阶段的转换
• 48v低压电PDN架构零件的升级的摘要
• 48v低压电PDN架构零件的效率
• 48v低压电PDN架构零件的高电力负担能力
• 48v低压电PDN架构零件的开发进展和趋势
• 48v低压电PDN架构零件开发的优先级的评估(1)
• 48v低压电PDN架构零件开发的优先级的评估(2)
• 48v低压电PDN架构零件开发的优先级的评估(3)
• 48v低压电PDN架构零件开发的优先级的评估(4)

第2章 48v身体/动力传动零件的创新

• 48v低压电零件 - 48vmicromotor
• 48v低压电零件 - 汽车用micromotor(1)
• 48v低压电零件 - 汽车用micromotor(2)
• 48v低压电零件 - 48vmicromotor(8)
• 48v低压电零件 - 48vmicromotor(9)
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v起动装置生成器
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v起动装置生成器(1)
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v起动装置生成器(2)
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v起动装置生成器(7)
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v起动装置生成器(8)
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v起动装置生成器:主要供应商及技术性用途(1)
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v起动装置生成器:主要供应商及技术性用途(2)
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v马达控制系统
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v马达控制系统(1)
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v马达控制系统(2)
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v马达控制系统(3)
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v马达控制系统(4)
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v马达控制系统:开发进展
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v马达控制系统:主要供应商及技术性用途(1)
• 48v动力传动系统 - 48v马达控制系统:主要供应商及技术性用途(2)
• 48v驾驶座系统 - 48v薄板马达
• 48v驾驶座系统 - 48v薄板马达(1)
• 48v驾驶座系统 - 48v薄板马达(2)
• 48v驾驶座系统 - 48v薄板马达(3)
• 48v驾驶座系统 - 48v薄板马达(4)
• 48v驾驶座系统 - 48v薄板马达:有代表性的智慧薄板的案例

第3章 48v地带/电力供给零件的创新

• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v电力供给系统
• 48v地带控制系统 - 电力供给系统(1)
• 48v地带控制系统 - 电力供给系统(5)
• 48v地带控制系统 - 电力供给系统(6)
• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v电力供给系统(1)
• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v电力供给系统(2)
• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v电力供给系统(6)
• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v电力供给系统:主要供应商和技术性用途
• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v地带控制器
• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v地带控制器(1)
• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v地带控制器(2)
• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v地带控制器(8)
• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v地带控制器(9)
• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v地带控制器:主要供应商和技术性用途
• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v高功率音响系统
• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v高功率音响系统(1)
• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v高功率音响系统(2)
• 48v地带控制系统 - 48v高功率音响系统:主要供应商和技术性用途
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v PDN和DC/DC
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v PDN和DC/DC(1)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v PDN和DC/DC(2)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v PDN和DC/DC(10)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v PDN和DC/DC(11)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v PDN和DC/DC:主要供应商和技术性用途(1)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v PDN和DC/DC:主要供应商和技术性用途(2)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v PDN和DC/DC:主要供应商和技术性用途(3)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v PDN和DC/DC:主要供应商和技术性用途(4)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v PDN和DC/DC:使用案例(1)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v PDN和DC/DC:使用案例(2)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v PDN和DC/DC:使用案例(8)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v PDN和DC/DC:使用案例(9)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v/12v锂电池
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v/12v锂电池(1)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v/12v锂电池(2)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v/12v锂电池(5)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v/12v锂电池(6)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v/12v锂电池:主要供应商与产品用途
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v/12v锂电池:使用案例(1)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v/12v锂电池:使用案例(2)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v/12v锂电池:虚拟电池(1)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v/12v锂电池:虚拟电池(2)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 48v/12v锂电池:虚拟电池(3)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 锂电池BMS
• 48v电力供给系统 - 锂电池BMS(1)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 锂电池BMS(2)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 锂电池BMS(3)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 锂电池BMS:主要供应商与产品用途
• 48v电力供给系统 - 锂电池BMS:使用案例(1)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 锂电池BMS:使用案例(2)
• 48v电力供给系统 - 锂电池BMS:使用案例(3)
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v eFuse
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v eFuse(1)
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v eFuse(2)
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v eFuse(10)
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v eFuse(11)
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v eFuse:主要供应商和技术性用途(1)
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v eFuse:主要供应商和技术性用途(2)
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v eFuse:主要供应商和技术性用途(3)
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v介麵线路线束
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v介麵线路线束(1)
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v介麵线路线束(2)
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v介麵线路线束(3)
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v介麵线路线束(15)
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v介麵线路线束(16)
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v介麵线路线束(17)
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v介面和线路线束:主要供应商和技术性用途
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v介麵线路线束:使用案例
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v主动/被动电子元件
• 48v智慧型电力供给系统 - 48v主动/被动电子元件

第4章 48v底盘系统零件的创新

• 48v底盘系统
• 48v底盘系统 - 开发的优点
• 48v底盘系统 - 48v电力动力方向盘系统(EPS)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48v EPS(1)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48v EPS(2)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48v EPS(6)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48v EPS(7)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48v EPS:主要的模式与产品用途
• 48v底盘系统 - 48v EPS:使用案例
• 48v底盘系统 - 48v线控转向系统(EMB)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48v线控转向系统(EMB)(1)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48v线控转向系统(EMB)(2)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48v线控转向系统(EMB)(6)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48v线控转向系统(EMB)(7)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48v线控转向系统(EMB):主要的模式与产品用途(1)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48v线控转向系统(EMB):主要的模式与产品用途(2)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48vFull主动式悬吊
• 48v底盘系统 - 48vFull主动式悬吊(1)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48vFull主动式悬吊(2)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48vFull主动式悬吊:主要供应商和技术性用途
• 48v底盘系统 - 48vFull主动式悬吊:使用案例(1)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48vFull主动式悬吊:使用案例(2)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48vFull主动式悬吊:使用案例(3)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48vFull主动式悬吊:使用案例(4)
• 48v底盘系统 - 48vFull主动式悬吊:使用案例(5)

第5章 48v温度控管系统零件的创新

• 48v车辆温度控管系统
• 48v车辆温度控管系统(1)
• 48v车辆温度控管系统(2)
• 48v车辆温度控管系统(3)
• 48v车辆温度控管系统(4)
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v冷却扇
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v冷却扇
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v冷却扇:主要供应商及技术性用途(1)
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v冷却扇:主要供应商及技术性用途(2)
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v冷却扇:使用案例
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v电子帮浦
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v电子帮浦(1)
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v电子帮浦(2)
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v电子帮浦(3)
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v电子帮浦(4)
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v电子帮浦:主要供应商及技术性用途(1)
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v电子帮浦:主要供应商及技术性用途(2)
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v PTC电热器
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v PTC电热器(1)
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v PTC电热器(2)
• 48v温度控管系统 - 48v PTC电热器:主要供应商和技术性用途

第6章 OEM的48v PDN展开

• Tesla
• Xiaomi Auto
• NIO
• XPeng Motors
• Changan Auto
• BYD
• Geely
• Chery
• FAW Hongqi
• Mercedes-Benz
• BMW
• Audi
• Volvo
• Lamborghini
• GM

第7章 零件供应商的48v PDN展开

• Bosch
• TDK
• Valeo
• ST
• Vicor
• onsemi
• Vishay
• 3PEAK
• NXP
• Innoscience
• Infineon
• Silicon Application Corporation Group
• G-eDrive Tech
• Gentherm
• UAES
• Nexperia
• Higasket Plastics
• Elmos
• ZLG
• Aptiv
• EATON (Bussmann)
• Littelfuse
• Sinofuse Electric
• TE
• MPS

For a long time, the 48V low-voltage PDN architecture has been dominated by 48V mild hybrids. The electrical topology of 48V mild hybrids is relatively outdated, and Chinese OEMs have not given it sufficient attention, making it difficult to become a major incremental market. In contrast, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) can use high-voltage batteries to create a 48V low-voltage rail to power the entire E/E system.

Future BEV platforms have become the primary target for OEMs to deploy 48V automotive systems. Driven by Tesla Cybertruck, along with the increasing penetration of high-level autonomous driving and chassis-by-wire, the 48V low-voltage PDN architecture for battery electric vehicles will receive growing attention from OEMs, and the maturity of supply chain will rapidly improve accordingly.

48V supply chain and industry chain are rapidly improving maturity

From the supply chain perspective, the 48V architecture is currently limited by the insufficient maturity of component supply chains. The 48V low-voltage PDN (PDN) architecture is divided into 9 major categories and 20 subcategories, with a preliminary assessment of the development priority and technical maturity of each segmented product.

Automotive chassis system, the preferred direction of 48V layout

The automotive chassis system, including brake-by-wire, active suspension, and electric power steering (EPS), etc. are preferred directions for 48V deployment.

Taking EPS as an example, in recent years, the market share of DP-EPS (dual-pinion type) and R-EPS (rack-assisted type) has been rapidly increasing:

The accelerated penetration of new energy vehicles, along with increased vehicle weight, has raised higher demands for steering assistance.

The rapid adoption of high-level autonomous driving functions has necessitated redundant design and full-power steering in steering systems, driving more vehicle models to adopt DP-EPS or R-EPS systems.

The rise of domestic brands and the increase in mid-to-high-end models have raised expectations for steering performance and driving experience.

EPS products with an output force below 16kN have reached a mature stage of technology in China, but there are no mature EPS products with higher output forces available. Meanwhile, vehicles requiring higher output forces in the market generally rely on hydraulic power steering, which cannot achieve speed-sensitive steering. Compared to electric power steering, hydraulic systems suffer from inferior performance and challenging deployment constraints.

To address this, FAW Hongqi has developed a "redundant parallel-axis electric power steering system (R-EPS) with an output force exceeding 20kN," marking its domestic debut. This system supports L2/L3 autonomous driving functions such as super cruise, automated parking, and lane-keeping, achieving ASIL D functional safety. It has already undergone vehicle validation in one of Hongqi's R&D projects.

The R-EPS incorporates a 48V redundant EPS product developed by Jingwei HiRain, featuring a Type-I layout:

Compact product size, offering greater flexibility in spatial arrangement

Designed to meet 48V requirements, significantly reducing power consumption for improved energy efficiency while remaining backward-compatible with 24V applications

High output torque, with motor torque reaching 10Nm and power up to 1.5kW, meeting high thrust demands for enhanced driving comfort and handling

Redundant safety design, fulfilling the safety requirements of advanced autonomous driving and steer-by-wire systems

High safety level, achieving ASIL D system functional safety, developed in compliance with ISO 26262 processes, with a failure rate <=10 FIT, enabling fail-operational safety requirements

Supports cybersecurity

Supports OTA updates

Since braking and steering require high-power motors, traditional 12V low-voltage system cannot meet the power demands. Xiaomi Auto has adopted a 48V architecture for scenarios such as brake-by-wire and steer-by-wire, including:

48V EMB: Xiaomi's intelligent chassis utilizes a 48V low-voltage system, upgrading from the SU7's 12V DPB+ESP10.0 electro-hydraulic braking to a 48V four-wheel fully dry electromechanical braking system.

48V steer-by-wire system: Xiaomi's steer-by-wire system employs a fully redundant design in the hand force simulator and tire actuator, with backup for critical components such as power supply, communication, sensors, main chips, and circuits. This meets ASIL-D functional safety requirements, providing the highest level of safety assurance.

The automotive power supply system is witnessing strong demand for power ICs such as medium-voltage MOSFETs above 80V and 100V GaN FETs

In automotive power supply systems, particularly with ongoing reconstruction of vehicle ECUs, the demand for power ICs is exceptionally high. For current automotive controller hardware design, the power supply system serves as a crucial component, providing electricity to sensors, microcontrollers, actuators, communication modules, and other elements.

48V can function as a vehicle's third voltage rail: even in new energy vehicles equipped with high-voltage systems, a 48V power rail may be introduced to operate medium-power loads (typically between 1kW to 10kW). This development will lead to the widespread adoption of high-voltage (400V/800V) to 48V DC-DC converters.

In 48V systems, the maximum voltage of a fully charged battery pack reaches 60V, rendering traditional low-voltage MOSFETs used in 12V systems obsolete. Consequently, multiple manufacturers have recently introduced medium-voltage MOSFETs rated above 80V specifically for automotive 48V applications.

In April 2024, Infineon launched its first product under the advanced OptiMOS(TM) 7 80V technology-IAUCN08S7N013. This product is designed for automotive DC-DC converters and 48V motor control applications (such as EPS).

In June 2024, onsemi introduced its latest T10 PowerTrench series, also offering 80V medium-voltage MOSFETs for automotive 48V systems. The T10 technology employs a shielded gate trench structure, reducing ringing, overshoot, and noise through its industry-leading soft recovery body diode (Qrr, Trr), achieving a balance between performance and recovery characteristics.

Beyond silicon-based MOSFETs, the GaN industry is also eyeing automotive 48V systems. Several power GaN manufacturers, including EPC, TI, Infineon, and DanXi Technology, have launched 100V GaN FET products targeting 48V automotive applications. Thanks to their high frequency, high efficiency, and compact size, 100V GaN FETs are becoming a key technology for 48V system upgrades and intelligent applications. Major products include:

Innoscience INS2002: A 100V half-bridge driver set for release in 2025, featuring an integrated smart bootstrap switch and adjustable dead time, supporting bidirectional 48V/12V DC-DC conversion for high-frequency applications like motor drives and Class-D audio amplifiers.

Texas Instruments (TI) LMG2100R044 & LMG3100R017: 100V GaN chips with integrated drivers in QFN packaging, compatible with 3.3V-12V logic-level inputs. Suitable for data centers and automotive power systems, they reduce peripheral components while improving power density.

GaN Systems (under Infineon) GS61008T: A 100V/90A silicon-based GaN HEMT supporting top-side cooling, initially used in energy storage and industrial motor drives, with early versions still deployed in some automotive systems.

DanXi Technology DXC6010S1C: A 100V GaN chip (35A/12mΩ) with integrated driver, compatible with traditional silicon controllers. Designed for microinverters and motor drives, it simplifies power path design.

In 12V+48V hybrid electrical architectures, the 48V zonal controller serves as the core energy conversion and management node. UAES's zonal controller solution adopts a 48V/12V compatible design. For the 48V portion, an additional DC/DC stage handles 48V-to-12V power conversion and reverse polarity protection. Short-term implementations may rely on added DC/DC converter chips, but in the long run, adopting 48V PMIC chip technology could eliminate this stage, reducing costs.

Tesla follows a similar approach, using zonal controllers as 48V hubs to distribute power to other vehicle controllers. In its Gen4 zonal controllers, Tesla integrates DC/DC conversion supporting 48V/12V transformation and employs 48V E-fuses for power distribution management.

The standardization of 48V is a critical step toward mass production of 48V systems

Standardization is key to the testing, validation, and production line upgrades for 48V vehicles and components. Currently, voltage requirements and testing for electrical and electronic equipment in road vehicles are primarily based on 12V-24V systems. The first standard for 48V was LV148, which was later replaced by Germany's VDA320. The current standard is ISO 21780:2020. Other relevant standards for electric vehicle safety and testing include ISO 6469 and ISO 21498. In the future, as 48V low-voltage power supply network architectures develop, it is expected that ISO/SAE/GB/LV will introduce more requirements and testing standards for 48V electrical and electronic equipment.

China has recently released the recommended national standard GB/T 45120-2024, "Road vehicles-Supply voltage of 48 V-Electrical requirements and tests." This standard is modified from ISO 21780:2020, which was developed based on the electrical requirements for components in 48V mild hybrid vehicles with a DC 48V power supply. Other DC 48V power supply components may also refer to this standard.

In summary, the standardization and supply chain maturity of 48V systems have significantly accelerated. However, new vehicles still require a 2-3 years cycle for system validation, development, testing, and certification. It is estimated that the inflection point for 48V architecture adoption will occur around 2028.

The industry driver for 48V architecture lies in OEMs' high-performance and differentiated vehicle pre-research planning. The 48V architecture will first be deployed in high-end battery electric vehicles equipped with 800-1000V high-voltage platforms, high-performance powertrains, and advanced autonomous driving features. The industry's momentum primarily depends on the mass production timelines of leading OEMs, such as:

Tesla is prioritizing 48V system trials in premium models like the Cybertruck to gather data and cultivate the supply chain. The upgraded Model S/X is planned to adopt the 48V architecture first in 2025, followed by a gradual rollout across the entire lineup (Model Y will not introduce 48V in 2025). Tesla will use OTA updates to enhance low-voltage system functions in existing vehicles, buying time for hardware iterations.

NIO ET9, based on the NT 3.0 platform, has proactively implemented a redundant 12V and 48V architecture, with the 48V system specifically supporting high-power loads such as the FAS fully active suspension.

Xiaomi Auto is introducing the 48V architecture in applications like brake-by-wire and steer-by-wire systems.

Tesla, NIO, and Xiaomi may gradually adopt the 48V low-voltage PDN architecture between 2025 and 2026. However, due to gaps in the supply chain, they still face a lengthy adoption cycle. Other OEMs' 48V low-voltage PDN platforms remain in the planning stage, with market entry expected to take at least 2-3 years. As new architecture models hit the market, ResearchInChina predicts that by 2030, the adoption of 48V architecture in BEVs will surpass the one-million-unit milestone.

Table of Contents

1 Definition and Standardization of 48V Low-voltage Power Distribution Network (PDN)

• 1.1 Development History and Classification of 48V Low-voltage PDN
• Development History of Automotive Low-voltage PDN Architecture
• Classification of 48V Low-voltage PDN Applications
• 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture VS 12V Low-voltage PDN Architecture
• 1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of 48V Low-voltage Power Distribution Network (PDN) Architecture
• Development Necessity of 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture
• What Are the Advantages of 48V System for Electric Vehicles over Conventional 12V System? (1)
• What Are the Advantages of 48V System for Electric Vehicles over Conventional 12V System? (2)
• What Are the Advantages of 48V System for Electric Vehicles over Conventional 12V System? (3)
• Advantages of 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture (1)
• Advantages of 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture (2)
• Advantages of 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture (3)
• Significance of 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture for xEV (1)
• Significance of 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture for xEV (2)
• Significance of 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture for xEV (3)
• Difficulties and Obstacles in Popularizing 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture (1)
• Difficulties and Obstacles in Popularizing 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture (2)
• 1.3 Standard System of 48V Low-voltage Power Distribution Network (PDN)
• 48V System Design Challenges (1)
• 48V System Design Challenges (2)
• 48V System Design Challenges (3)
• 48V System Design Challenges (4)
• Summary of 48V Low-voltage PDN Standard System
• International Standards (1)
• International Standards (2)
• International Standards (3)
• International Standards (4)
• International Standards (5)
• European Standards (1)
• European Standards (2)
• European Standards (3)
• Chinese Standards (1)
• Chinese Standards (2)
• Chinese Standards (3)
• 1.4 Market Status and Trends of Global and China Passenger Car Market
• Global Passenger Vehicle Sales (by production origin), 2024-2030E
• Changes in Market Share by Country in China's Passenger Vehicle Market, 2024-2030E
• Sales of Passenger Car in China (by NEV, ICE, and Voltage Platform), 2024-2030E (data table)
• Sales of Passenger Car in China (by NEV, ICE, and Voltage Platform), 2024-2030E
• Global Light/Mild Hybrid Market (48V+BSG/ISG systems) Vehicle Sales, 2023-2024
• 48V Mild Hybrid-equipped Models on Sale in China (including imports), 2024
• Models (including Imports) Equipped with 48V Mild Hybrid Systems, 2023
• 1.5 Market Outlook of 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture
• Mass Production Potential Assessment of 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture
• 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture Passenger Car Sales, 2024-2030E (1)
• 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture Passenger Car Sales, 2024-2030E (2)
• 1.6 Impacts of 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture for Components
• Transition from 12V to 48V in Vehicles Requires A Lengthy Evolution Process
• 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture Brings New Component Opportunities
• Phase-wise Transformation of 48V Low-voltage System Components
• Summary of Component Upgrades for 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture
• Efficiency of 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture Components
• High-power Load Capability of 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture Components
• Development Progress and Trends of 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture Components
• Priority Assessment for 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture Component Development (1)
• Priority Assessment for 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture Component Development (2)
• Priority Assessment for 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture Component Development (3)
• Priority Assessment for 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture Component Development (4)

2 48V Vehicle Body/Powertrain Component Innovations

• 2.1 48V Low-voltage Components - 48V Micro Motors
• 48V Low-voltage Components - Automotive Micro Motors (1)
• 48V Low-voltage Components - Automotive Micro Motors (2)
• 48V Low-voltage Components - 48V Micro Motors (8)
• 48V Low-voltage Components - 48V Micro Motors (9)
• 2.2 48V Powertrain System - 48V Starter-Generator
• 48V Powertrain System - 48V Starter-Generator (1)
• 48V Powertrain System - 48V Starter-Generator (2)
• 48V Powertrain System - 48V Starter-Generator (7)
• 48V Powertrain System - 48V Starter-Generator (8)
• 48V Powertrain System - 48V Starter-Generator: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (1)
• 48V Powertrain System - 48V Starter-Generator: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (2)
• 2.3 48V Powertrain System - 48V Motor Control System
• 48V Powertrain System - 48V Motor Control System (1)
• 48V Powertrain System - 48V Motor Control System (2)
• 48V Powertrain System - 48V Motor Control System (3)
• 48V Powertrain System - 48V Motor Control System (4)
• 48V Powertrain System - 48V Motor Control System: Development Progress
• 48V Powertrain System - 48V Motor Control System: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (1)
• 48V Powertrain System - 48V Motor Control System: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (2)
• 2.4 48V Cockpit System - 48V Seat Motors
• 48V Cockpit System - 48V Seat Motors (1)
• 48V Cockpit System - 48V Seat Motors (2)
• 48V Cockpit System - 48V Seat Motors (3)
• 48V Cockpit System - 48V Seat Motors (4)
• 48V Cockpit System - 48V Seat Motors: Typical Smart Seat Cases

3 48V Zonal /Power Supply Component Innovations

• 3.1 48V Zonal Control System - 48V Power Supply System
• 48V Zonal Control System - Power Supply System (1)
• 48V Zonal Control System - Power Supply System (5)
• 48V Zonal Control System - Power Supply System (6)
• 48V Zonal Control System - 48V Power Supply System (1)
• 48V Zonal Control System - 48V Power Supply System (2)
• 48V Zonal Control System - 48V Power Supply System (6)
• 48V Zonal Control System - 48V Power Supply System: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications
• 3.2 48V Zonal Control System - 48V Zonal Controller
• 48V Zonal Control System - 48V Zonal Controller (1)
• 48V Zonal Control System - 48V Zonal Controller (2)
• 48V Zonal Control System - 48V Zonal Controller (8)
• 48V Zonal Control System - 48V Zonal Controller (9)
• 48V Zonal Control System - 48V Zonal Controller: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications
• 3.3 48V Zonal Control System - 48V High-power Audio System
• 48V Zonal Control System - 48V High-power Audio System (1)
• 48V Zonal Control System - 48V High-power Audio System (2)
• 48V Zonal Control System - 48V High-power Audio System: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications
• 3.4 48V Power Supply System - 48V PDN and DC/DC
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V PDN and DC/DC (1)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V PDN and DC/DC (2)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V PDN and DC/DC (10)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V PDN and DC/DC (11)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V PDN and DC/DC: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (1)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V PDN and DC/DC: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (2)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V PDN and DC/DC: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (3)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V PDN and DC/DC: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (4)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V PDN and DC/DC: Use Case (1)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V PDN and DC/DC: Use Case (2)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V PDN and DC/DC: Use Case (8)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V PDN and DC/DC: Use Case (9)
• 3.5 48V Power Supply System - 48V/12V Lithium Battery
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V/12V Lithium Battery (1)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V/12V Lithium Battery (2)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V/12V Lithium Battery (5)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V/12V Lithium Battery (6)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V/12V Lithium Battery: Key Suppliers and Product Applications
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V/12V Lithium Battery: Use Case (1)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V/12V Lithium Battery: Use Case (2)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V/12V Lithium Battery: Virtual Battery (1)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V/12V Lithium Battery: Virtual Battery (2)
• 48V Power Supply System - 48V/12V Lithium Battery: Virtual Battery (3)
• 3.6 48V Power Supply System - Lithium Battery BMS
• 48V Power Supply System - Lithium Battery BMS (1)
• 48V Power Supply System - Lithium Battery BMS (2)
• 48V Power Supply System - Lithium Battery BMS (3)
• 48V Power Supply System - Lithium Battery BMS: Key Suppliers and Product Applications
• 48V Power Supply System - Lithium Battery BMS: Use Case (1)
• 48V Power Supply System - Lithium Battery BMS: Use Case (2)
• 48V Power Supply System - Lithium Battery BMS: Use Case (3)
• 3.7 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V eFuse
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V eFuse (1)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V eFuse (2)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V eFuse (10)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V eFuse (11)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V eFuse: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (1)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V eFuse: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (2)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V eFuse: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (3)
• 3.8 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V Interface and Wiring Harness
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V Interface and Wiring Harness (1)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V Interface and Wiring Harness (2)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V Interface and Wiring Harness (3)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V Interface and Wiring Harness (15)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V Interface and Wiring Harness (16)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V Interface and Wiring Harness (17)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V Interface and Wiring Harness: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V Interface and Wiring Harness: Use Case
• 3.9 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V Active/Passive Electronic Components
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System - 48V Active/Passive Electronic Components

4 48V Chassis System Component Innovations

• 4.1 48V Chassis System
• 48V Chassis System - Development Advantages
• 4.2 48V Chassis System - 48V Electric Power Steering System (EPS)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V EPS (1)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V EPS (2)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V EPS (6)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V EPS (7)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V EPS: Main Models and Product Applications
• 48V Chassis System - 48V EPS: Use Case
• 4.3 48V Chassis System - 48V Steer-by-wire System (EMB)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V Steer-by-wire System (EMB) (1)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V Steer-by-wire System (EMB) (2)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V Steer-by-wire System (EMB) (6)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V Steer-by-wire System (EMB) (7)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V Steer-by-wire System (EMB): Main Models and Product Applications (1)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V Steer-by-wire System (EMB): Main Models and Product Applications (2)
• 4.4 48V Chassis System - 48V Fully Active Suspension
• 48V Chassis System - 48V Fully Active Suspension (1)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V Fully Active Suspension (2)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V Fully Active Suspension: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications
• 48V Chassis System - 48V Fully Active Suspension: Use Case (1)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V Fully Active Suspension: Use Case (2)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V Fully Active Suspension: Use Case (3)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V Fully Active Suspension: Use Case (4)
• 48V Chassis System - 48V Fully Active Suspension: Use Case (5)

5 48V Thermal Management System Component Innovations

• 5.1 48V Vehicle Thermal Management System
• 48V Vehicle Thermal Management System (1)
• 48V Vehicle Thermal Management System (2)
• 48V Vehicle Thermal Management System (3)
• 48V Vehicle Thermal Management System (4)
• 5.2 48V Thermal Management System - 48V Cooling Fan
• 48V Thermal Management System - 48V Cooling Fan
• 48V Thermal Management System - 48V Cooling Fan: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (1)
• 48V Thermal Management System - 48V Cooling Fan: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (2)
• 48V Thermal Management System - 48V Cooling Fan: Use Case
• 5.3 48V Thermal Management System - 48V Electronic Pump
• 48V Thermal Management System - 48V Electronic Pump (1)
• 48V Thermal Management System - 48V Electronic Pump (2)
• 48V Thermal Management System - 48V Electronic Pump (3)
• 48V Thermal Management System - 48V Electronic Pump (4)
• 48V Thermal Management System - 48V Electronic Pump: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (1)
• 48V Thermal Management System - 48V Electronic Pump: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications (2)
• 5.4 48V Thermal Management System - 48V PTC Heater
• 48V Thermal Management System - 48V PTC Heater (1)
• 48V Thermal Management System - 48V PTC Heater (2)
• 48V Thermal Management System - 48V PTC Heater: Key Suppliers and Technical Applications

6 48V PDN Deployment of OEMs

• 6.1 Tesla
• Comprehensive Shift to 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture
• 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture (1)
• 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture (2)
• 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture (3)
• 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture Design Idea (1)
• 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture Design Idea (2)
• 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture Design Idea (10)
• 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture Design Idea (11)
• 6.2 Xiaomi Auto
• 48V Design Idea and Application
• Range-extended Vehicle Model Planning
• E/E Architecture
• Zonal controller
• 48V Chassis System
• 6.3 NIO
• Evolution of EEA
• NT3.0 Platform 48V Architecture (1)
• NT3.0 Platform 48V Architecture (2)
• NT3.0 Platform 48V Architecture (3)
• NT3.0 Platform 48V Architecture (4)
• 6.4 XPeng Motors
• Zonal Controller 12V Architecture (1)
• Zonal Controller 12V Architecture (2)
• Zonal Controller 12V Architecture (3)
• Zonal PDN 12V Architecture
• Zonal PDN: Development Planning
• 6.5 Changan Auto
• 48V Power Supply Architecture
• 6.6 BYD
• 12V Lithium Battery (1)
• 12V Lithium Battery (2)
• 48V "Green Hybrid Technology" (1)
• 48V "Green Hybrid Technology" (2)
• e3.0 Evo BEV Platform (Sea Lion) (1)
• e3.0 Evo BEV Platform (Sea Lion) (2)
• e3.0 Evo BEV Platform (Sea Lion) (3)
• e3.0 Evo BEV Model (Seal) (1)
• e3.0 Evo BEV Model (Seal) (2)
• e3.0 Evo BEV Model (Seal) (3)
• 6.7 Geely
• Mild Hybrid Power System
• 48V Mild Hybrid System
• ZEEKR - ZEEA 3.0 Zonal Intelligent Power Distribution Design
• 6.8 Chery
• Hybrid Technology Palnning
• Kunpeng ICE & Hybrid Development Strategy
• Hybrid Powertrain Pathway Planning
• 48V Mild Hybrid System (1)
• 48V Mild Hybrid System (2)
• 48V Mild Hybrid System (3)
• 6.9 FAW Hongqi
• 48V EPS Product Portfolio and Design Idea
• 48V R-EPS
• 6.10 Mercedes-Benz
• EEA of STAR 3
• Dual Power Supply System Design of STAR 3
• 48V Mild Hybrid System (1)
• 48V Mild Hybrid System (2)
• 6.11 BMW
• Hybrid Route Planning
• 48V Mild Hybrid System (1)
• 48V Mild Hybrid System (2)
• 48V Mild Hybrid System (3)
• 6.12 Audi
• 48V Mild Hybrid System
• 6.13 Volvo
• Hybrid Route Planning
• 48V Mild Hybrid System (1)
• 48V Mild Hybrid System (2)
• 6.14 Lamborghini
• 48V Product Line and Design Idea
• 48V EPS
• 48V Mild Hybrid System
• 6.15 GM
• 48V Mild Hybrid System

7 48V PDN Deployment of Parts Suppliers

• 7.1 Bosch
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (1)
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (2)
• 48V Power Supply System
• Bosch Huayu - 48V Steering System
• 48V Hybrid Braking System (1)
• 48V Hybrid Braking System (2)
• 48V Hybrid Braking System (8)
• 48V Hybrid Braking System (9)
• 7.2 TDK
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (1)
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (2)
• 48V In-Vehicle Network
• 48V DC-DC Converter (1)
• 48V DC-DC Converter (2)
• 48V Thermal Management System
• 48V Automotive Inverter
• 48V Power Supply System (1)
• 48V Power Supply System (2)
• 48V Power Supply System (3)
• 48V Power Supply System (4)
• 7.3 Valeo
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (1)
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (2)
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (3)
• 48V Powertrain System (1)
• 48V Powertrain System (5)
• 48V Powertrain System (6)
• 48V Power Supply System
• 48V Thermal Management System
• 7.4 ST
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (1)
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (2)
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (3)
• 48V Chassis System
• 48V Power Supply System (1)
• 48V Power Supply System (2)
• 48V Power Assist System (1)
• 48V Power Assist System (4)
• 48V Power Assist System (5)
• 48V Thermal Management System (1)
• 48V Thermal Management System (2)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System
• 48V High-power Audio-Visual System
• 7.5 Vicor
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea
• 48V Zonal Architecture
• 48V Power Supply System (1)
• 48V Power Supply System (2)
• 48V Power Supply System (3)
• 48V Power Supply System (4)
• 48V Active Suspension System
• 48V Thermal Management System
• 7.6 onsemi
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (1)
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (2)
• 48V Powertrain System (1)
• 48V Powertrain System (2)
• 48V Power Supply System (1)
• 48V Power Supply System (2)
• 48V Power Supply System (3)
• Medium-voltage MOSFET (1)
• Medium-voltage MOSFET (2)
• Medium-voltage MOSFET (3)
• MOSFET Module (1)
• MOSFET Module (2)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System (1)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System (2)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System (3)
• 7.7 Vishay
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System
• 48V Power Supply System (1)
• 48V Power Supply System (2)
• 7.8 3PEAK
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea
• 48V Powertrain System
• 48V Power Supply System
• 7.9 NXP
• 48V Automotive Electrification Products
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea
• 48V Power Supply System (1)
• 48V Power Supply System (2)
• 48V Power Supply System (3)
• 48V Power Supply System (4)
• 48V Powertrain System (1)
• 48V Powertrain System (2)
• 7.10 Innoscience
• 48V Power Supply System (1)
• 7.11 Infineon
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (1)
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (2)
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (3)
• 48V Low-voltage Electrical Architecture Products
• 48V Powertrain System (1)
• 48V Powertrain System (2)
• 48V Power Supply System (1)
• 48V Power Supply System (2)
• 48V Power Supply System (3)
• 48V Thermal Management System
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System
• 7.12 Silicon Application Corporation Group
• 48V EEA Solution (1)
• 48V EEA Solution (2)
• 48V EEA Solution (3)
• 7.13 G-eDrive Tech
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea
• 48V Thermal Management System
• 7.14 Gentherm
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea
• 48V Power Supply System
• 48V Thermal Management System
• 7.15 UAES
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (1)
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (2)
• 48V Zonal Controller and Chip Technology Architecture
• 48V Zonal Controller
• 7.16 Nexperia
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (1)
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (2)
• Automotive Power MOSFET (1)
• Automotive Power MOSFET (2)
• Automotive Power MOSFET (3)
• Medium-voltage Automotive MOSFET (1)
• Medium-voltage Automotive MOSFET (2)
• Medium-voltage Automotive MOSFET (3)
• Medium-voltage Automotive MOSFET (4)
• 48V Power Supply System Component Classification
• 48V Power Supply System (1)
• 48V Power Supply System (2)
• 48V Power Supply System (3)
• 48V Power Supply System (4)
• 48V Powertrain System (1)
• 48V Powertrain System (2)
• 7.17 Higasket Plastics
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea
• 48V Chassis System
• 7.18 Elmos
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea
• 48V Powertrain System
• 7.19 ZLG
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea
• 48V Powertrain System
• 7.20 Aptiv
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System
• 7.21 EATON (Bussmann)
• 48V Commercial Vehicle Mild Hybrid
• 48V Power Supply System (1)
• 48V Power Supply System (2)
• 48V Thermal Management System
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System
• 7.22 Littelfuse
• 48V Low-voltage Intelligent Power Distribution Architecture
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System (1)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System (2)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System (3)
• 7.23 Sinofuse Electric
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System (1)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System (2)
• 7.24 TE
• Low-voltage Aluminum-core Current-carrying Wire Technology
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System (1)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System (2)
• 7.25 MPS
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (1)
• 48V Product Portfolio and Design Idea (2)
• 48V Power Architecture Products
• 48V Power Supply System (1)
• 48V Power Supply System (5)
• 48V Intelligent Power Distribution System
• 48V Zonal Controller
• 48V Lighting System