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2030 年燃料电池市场预测:按产品、来源、应用和地区分類的全球分析Fuel Cell Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Product, Source, Application and By Geography |
根据Stratistics MRC预测,2024年全球燃料电池市场规模将达到97.1亿美元,预计2030年将达到517.3亿美元,预测期内复合年增长率为32.2%。
燃料电池是一种电化学装置,透过与氧化剂(通常是空气中的氧气)反应,将燃料的化学能直接转化为电能。与燃烧燃料产生热量并将热量转化为电能的传统内燃机不同,燃料电池运作效率更高,排放更少。燃料电池有多种应用,从为汽车动力来源动力到为关键基础设施提供备用电源。
根据美国国际能源总署《2021年全球能源评论-分析》,2021年欧盟二氧化碳排放将减少2.4%。自2010年以来,欧盟的年平均改善率约为3%。根据国际能源总署(IEA)预测,截至2022年,流通中的燃料电池汽车将达到15,200辆。
对清洁能源的需求不断增长
随着人们对气候变迁和空气污染的担忧不断增加,人们对减少温室气体排放的永续能源解决方案的期望也越来越高。燃料电池透过电化学反应将化学能直接转化为电能,正成为这项转变中的关键技术。燃料电池因其高效、低排放的发电能力而成为传统石化燃料的有吸引力的替代品。材料、设计和製造方面的创新正在提高其性能、降低成本并提高其在从运输到固定发电等各种应用中的可行性。
监管和政策的不确定性
监管和政策的不确定性极大地阻碍了燃料电池技术的进步和采用。燃料电池提供清洁且有效率的能源解决方案,但面临不同地区法规和不一致政策的挑战。政府和监管机构往往有不同的标准和奖励,分散的格局使投资和开发变得复杂。例如,补贴的转变或排放标准的变化可能会扰乱燃料电池製造商和投资者的长期计画。缺乏统一的法律规范还会阻碍燃料电池基础设施的部署,例如广泛采用所需的加油站。这些不确定性削弱了相关人员的信心并减缓了燃料电池技术的商业化。
基础建设发展
对氢气生产、储存和分配基础设施的投资对于燃料电池的广泛使用至关重要,燃料电池使用氢气作为清洁能源来源。加氢站和管道将使氢能随时用于燃料电池汽车和其他应用。此外,电解和蒸汽甲烷改性等生产技术的进步提高了氢气生产效率并降低了成本。基础设施还透过提供创新所需的资源和设施来支持研究和开发。随着基础设施的扩大和整合度的提高,采用燃料电池技术的障碍将会降低,使其成为传统能源来源更可行、更有吸引力的替代品。
使用氢气作为燃料时的储存问题
氢燃料电池面临巨大的储存挑战,阻碍了其广泛采用。氢是最轻、最小的分子,因此有效储存需要高压罐和低温,从而增加了成本和复杂性。氢气在常温下的密度非常低,因此要将其储存在实际体积中,必须将其压缩至高压(高达 700 bar)或冷却至低温(-253°C)。高压储槽价格昂贵,需要能够承受极端压力的坚固材料,而低温储存则需要能源集中冷冻过程。
COVID-19 大流行对燃料电池行业产生了重大影响,扰乱了供应链和需求。停工和社交疏离措施推迟了生产并减少了产能,因为许多工厂和生产线暂时关闭或效率降低。疫情引发的景气衰退减少了对包括燃料电池在内的新技术的投资,因为公司和政府将当前的医疗保健和经济復苏置于长期能源计划之上。但这场危机也加速了人们对包括燃料电池在内的绿色技术的兴趣,因为世界的焦点转向了永续復苏和减少碳排放。
预计磷酸燃料电池产业在预测期内将是最大的。
预计磷酸燃料电池领域在预测期内将是最大的。 PAFC 使用磷酸作为电解质,并在相对较高的温度(150-200°C)下运作。这种高温提高了氢燃料对杂质的抵抗力,与低温燃料电池相比,发电效率更高。最近的趋势集中在透过改进材料和催化剂来提高 PAFC 的耐用性和性能,从而延长电池寿命并降低营业成本。此外,透过优化温度控管系统和利用汽电共生产生的废热,进一步提高整体能源效率的研究正在进行中。
预计可携式电源领域在预测期内的复合年增长率最高。
预计可携式电源领域在预测期内的复合年增长率最高。该领域的进步集中在提高燃料电池的功率密度、寿命和整体性能。透过改进催化剂和优化燃料处理,研究人员可以提高这些电池的能量输出和效率,使它们更适合可携式应用。更轻的材料和更小的组件等创新也有助于开发更小、更便携的燃料电池,这些电池可以为从智慧型手机到医疗设备设备提供动力。
在整个预测期内,亚太地区占据最大的市场份额。日本、韩国和中国等国家走在了前列,提供了各种财政奖励,例如补贴、税收减免和研究津贴,以刺激创新和部署。这些政府也大力投资加氢站等基础设施,这对于燃料电池汽车的广泛采用至关重要。旨在减少温室气体排放和提高能源安全的政策正在进一步推动向清洁燃料电池的转变,以取代传统的石化燃料。
预计在预测期内,亚太地区燃料电池市场将出现盈利成长。政府、企业和研究机构之间的合作正在推动燃料电池技术的进步,提高效率并降低成本。公共和私营部门的策略性投资正在推动尖端基础设施和製造能力的发展。例如,合资企业和融资计划正在支援扩大生产规模以及将燃料电池整合到从运输到固定发电的各种应用中。这种合作方式不仅支持区域经济成长,也使亚太地区成为清洁能源解决方案的全球领导者。
According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Fuel Cell Market is accounted for $9.71 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach $51.73 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 32.2% during the forecast period. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electrical energy through a reaction with an oxidant, typically oxygen from the air. Unlike traditional combustion engines, which burn fuel to create heat and then convert that heat into electricity, fuel cells operate more efficiently and with fewer emissions. They are used in various applications, from powering vehicles to providing backup power for critical infrastructure.
According to the Global Energy Review, 2021 - Analysis by the U.S. International Energy Agency, CO2 emissions in the European Union (EU) were analyzed to be 2.4% lower in 2021. The European Union has averaged an annual improvement rate of around 3% since 2010. According to International Energy Agency (IEA), as of 2022, 15.2 thousand of total fuel cell vehicle was in circulation.
Growing demand for clean energy
As concerns about climate change and air pollution mount, there is a growing push towards sustainable energy solutions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Fuel cells, which convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions, are emerging as a key technology in this transition. Their ability to generate power with high efficiency and low emissions makes them an attractive alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Innovations in materials, design, and manufacturing are enhancing their performance, reducing costs, and improving their viability for various applications, from transportation to stationary power generation.
Regulatory and policy uncertainty
Regulatory and policy uncertainty significantly hampers the advancement and adoption of fuel cell technology. Fuel cells, which offer a clean and efficient energy solution, face challenges due to fluctuating regulations and inconsistent policies across different regions. Governments and regulatory bodies often have varying standards and incentives, creating a fragmented landscape that complicates investment and development. For instance, shifting subsidies or changes in emission standards can disrupt long-term planning for fuel cell manufacturers and investors. The lack of a unified regulatory framework can hinder the deployment of fuel cell infrastructure, such as refueling stations, necessary for widespread adoption. This uncertainty undermines confidence among stakeholders and delays the commercialization of fuel cell technologies.
Infrastructure development
Investment in hydrogen production, storage, and distribution infrastructure is essential for the widespread use of fuel cells, which rely on hydrogen as a clean energy source. Developing refueling stations and pipelines ensures that hydrogen can be readily available for fuel cell vehicles and other applications. Additionally, advancements in production technology, such as electrolysis and steam methane reforming, improve hydrogen generation efficiency and reduce costs. Infrastructure improvements also support research and development by providing the necessary resources and facilities for innovation. As infrastructure expands and becomes more integrated, it reduces the barriers to fuel cell technology adoption, making it a more viable and attractive alternative to conventional energy sources.
Storage issues associated with using hydrogen as fuel
Hydrogen fuel cells face significant storage challenges that impede their widespread adoption. Hydrogen, being the lightest and smallest molecule, requires high-pressure tanks or cryogenic temperatures for effective storage, which can be costly and complex. At room temperature, hydrogen has a very low density, meaning that storing it in a practical volume necessitates either compressing it to high pressures (up to 700 bar) or cooling it to cryogenic temperatures (-253°C). High-pressure tanks are expensive and require robust materials to withstand the extreme pressures, while cryogenic storage involves energy-intensive refrigeration processes.
The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the fuel cell industry, disrupting both supply chains and demand. Lockdowns and social distancing measures led to delays in manufacturing and reduced production capacities, as many factories and production lines were temporarily halted or operated at reduced efficiency. The pandemic-induced economic downturn diminished investments in new technologies, including fuel cells, as companies and governments prioritized immediate healthcare and economic recovery over long-term energy projects. However, the crisis also accelerated interest in green technologies, including fuel cells, as the global focus shifted towards sustainable recovery and reducing carbon emissions.
The Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period. PAFCs use phosphoric acid as the electrolyte, which operates at relatively high temperatures (150-200°C). This high temperature allows for better tolerance of impurities in the hydrogen fuel and provides a higher efficiency in electricity generation compared to lower temperature fuel cells. Recent developments focus on enhancing the durability and performance of PAFCs through improved materials and catalysts, which extend the cell's lifespan and reduce operational costs. Additionally, there is ongoing research to optimize the thermal management systems to better harness the waste heat produced, which can be used for cogeneration applications, further improving overall energy efficiency.
The Portable Power segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period
Portable Power segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Advances in this field focus on improving the fuel cell's power density, lifespan, and overall performance. By refining catalysts and optimizing fuel processing, researchers are able to increase the energy output and efficiency of these cells, making them more suitable for portable applications. Innovations such as lightweight materials and miniaturized components are also contributing to the development of smaller, more portable fuel cells that can power devices ranging from smartphones to medical equipment.
Asia Pacific region dominated the largest share of the market throughout the projection period. Nations like Japan, South Korea, and China are at the forefront, offering a range of financial incentives such as subsidies, tax breaks and research grants to stimulate innovation and deployment. These governments are also investing heavily in infrastructure, such as hydrogen refueling stations, which are critical for the widespread adoption of fuel cell vehicles. Policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing energy security further support the transition to fuel cells, which offer a cleaner alternative to traditional fossil fuels.
Asia Pacific region is poised to witness profitable growth in the fuel cell market over the extrapolated period. Collaborative efforts between governments, corporations, and research institutions are driving advancements in fuel cell technology, improving efficiency and reducing costs. Strategic investments from both public and private sectors are facilitating the development of cutting-edge infrastructure and manufacturing capabilities. For instance, joint ventures and funding initiatives are helping to scale up production and integrate fuel cells into various applications, from transportation to stationary power generation. This collaborative approach not only boosts regional economic growth but also positions Asia Pacific as a global leader in clean energy solutions.
Key players in the market
Some of the key players in Fuel Cell market include Ballard Power Systems Inc, Ceres Power Holdings PLC, Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies, Hydrogenics Corporation, Intelligent Energy Limited, Kyocera Corporation, Nedstack Fuel Cell Technology B.V, Nuvera Fuel Cells LLC and SFC Energy AG.
In December 2023, General Motors and Komatsu announced to develop a hydrogen fuel cell power module for the Japanese construction machinery maker's 930E electric drive mining truck.
In November 2023, Honda in association with General Motors displayed a prototype of its next-generation hydrogen fuel cell system at European Hydrogen Week in Brussels. The company is planning to expand its portfolio in fuel cell technology.
In February 2023, SFC Energy AG, a hydrogen and methanol fuel cell supplier, and FC TecNrgy Pvt Ltd signed a strategic cooperation agreement to establish a manufacturing facility for hydrogen and methanol fuel cells in India.
In January 2023, Advent Technologies collaborated with Alfa laval to explore the application of high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells in marine applications.
In June 2022, Doosan Fuel Cell Co., Ltd. signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Korea Southern Power along with Samsung C&T and the Korea Institute of Energy Research. The MOU encompasses cooperation in the development of fuel cell-coupled CCU technologies and ammonia fuel cell demonstration projects.
In March 2022, Ceres and HORIBA MIRA partnered to accelerate hydrogen and fuel cell technology development and commercialization. The collaboration will leverage Ceres' expertise in fuel cell design and manufacturing and HORIBA MIRA's testing capabilities to accelerate the adoption of these technologies in various industries.