封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1822413

2032 年再生农业食品市场预测:按产品、来源、认证、分销管道、最终用户和地区进行的全球分析

Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Forecasts to 2032 - Global Analysis By Product, Source, Certification, Distribution Channel, End User and By Geography

出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

根据 Stratistics MRC 的数据,全球再生农业食品市场预计在 2025 年达到 25 亿美元,到 2032 年将达到 54 亿美元,预测期内的复合年增长率为 11.4%。

再生农业食品的生产采用能恢復土壤健康、增加生物多样性和促进生态系平衡的农耕方式。这类食品源自于强调轮作、覆盖作物、减少耕作和畜牧业整合以补充自然资源的系统。注重土壤再生和碳封存有助于建立更健康的生态系统,同时提供营养丰富、以负责任的方式种植的食物。这种方法优先考虑农业与自然的和谐,确保粮食生产既能支持环境復原力,又能维护社区的长期健康。

对营养丰富的食品的需求不断增加

消费者对营养饮食的兴趣日益浓厚,这些饮食有助于提升免疫力、能量和长期健康,这推动了市场的发展。随着健康意识的增强,消费者越来越青睐有机水果、蔬菜和谷物,因为它们比传统种植的农产品具有更优的营养价值。对文明病和肥胖的担忧进一步加速了这一转变。此外,营养学家和健康领域影响者的推荐也加速了人们的接受。对营养食品日益增长的需求是全球有机农业和永续食品生产扩张的强大驱动力。

迁移和认证成本高

市场面临着将传统农场转型为有机认证农场的高成本所带来的挑战。农民必须经历漫长的过渡期,在此期间产量往往会下降,但成本仍居高不下。认证过程还需要严格的文件记录、审核和费用,这给中小型生产商带来了负担。这些成本会导致价格上涨,并限制普通消费者的购买。因此,经济负担减缓了有机食品的大规模采用,并抑制了有机食品供应的成长,尤其是对成本敏感的新兴经济体。

扩大零售和出口通路

不断扩大的零售分销和国际出口机会正在为有机食品产业创造巨大的发展动力。超级市场、专卖店和电商平台正在提升人们对有机品牌的认知度和可及性。此外,不断增长的全球需求正鼓励生产商将其营养产品出口到欧洲、北美和亚洲等利润丰厚的市场。贸易自由化和国际零售商的永续性正在扩大这些机会。这些不断发展的零售和出口管道使生产商能够拓展业务并接触到多样化的消费者群体。

全球消费者意识有限

儘管已开发市场成长迅速,但认知度不足仍是全球推广有机食品的一大挑战。在许多开发中地区,消费者要不是不了解有机认证标准,就是对支付更高价格购买这些产品的价值心存疑虑。此外,消费者对有机食品优于传统食品的营养价值也有误解。此外,教育宣传活动不足也削弱了信任,阻碍了有机食品的推广。这种认知度的缺乏构成了重大威胁,并限制了永续性尚处于萌芽阶段的未开发市场的成长潜力。

COVID-19的影响:

新冠疫情对有机食品市场既是颠覆者,也是催化剂。儘管早期的封锁措施扰乱了供应链,但消费者对免疫力和天然营养的兴趣却飙升。随着预防性卫生成为重中之重,有机水果、蔬菜和谷物也开始流行。线上零售成为重要的通路,填补了实体店关闭所造成的空白。疫情后,人们对健康和食品安全的关注持续增强了消费者需求,并支持了有机食品的长期普及。

预计新鲜水果和蔬菜市场在预测期内将占最大份额

预计在预测期内,新鲜果蔬将占据最大的市场份额,这得益于消费者对清洁、无化学成分且营养丰富的果蔬的强烈偏好。超级市场和农场对农场的直销模式正在提升消费者对蔬果的认知度和供应量。此外,政府支持的健康饮食意识提升宣传活动也正在推动蔬果的普及。由于新鲜农产品易腐烂,因此购买频率较高,巩固了其主导地位。这个细分市场将持续支撑有机食品市场,反映出消费者对日常健康必需品的信任。

预计预测期内谷物部门的复合年增长率最高。

预计谷物类产品在预测期内将实现最高成长率,这得益于有机米、小麦、燕麦和藜麦消费量的增加。饮食结构日益向全谷谷物和植物蛋白转变,推动了注重健康的消费者对谷物的接受。谷物作为主食、烘焙食品和零嘴零食的多功能性正在推动市场渗透。对营养丰富的有机谷物的出口需求也推动了成长。健康意识的提升和全球贸易机会的结合,使谷物成为成长最快的类别。

占比最大的地区:

预计亚太地区将在预测期内占据最大市场份额,这得益于其庞大的农业基础、不断壮大的中阶人口以及日益增强的永续食品意识。在政府补贴和认证计画的支持下,印度和中国等国家对有机农产品的需求正在增加。都市区消费者越来越重视营养丰富的饮食,从而透过传统和现代零售通路推动需求成长。这些因素正在巩固亚太地区在全球有机食品市场的主导。

复合年增长率最高的地区:

在预测期内,北美预计将实现最高的复合年增长率,这与成熟的消费者意识、较高的可支配收入以及强大的有机产品零售网络息息相关。受清洁饮食和植物性营养等饮食趋势的推动,美国和加拿大对有机农产品、谷物和包装食品的需求强劲。持续的产品创新和透明的标籤正在增强消费者信心。此外,先进的物流和电子商务正在进一步加速有机产品的普及,使北美成为成长最快的地区。

免费客製化服务:

此报告的订阅者可以使用以下免费自订选项之一:

  • 公司简介
    • 对最多三家其他市场公司进行全面分析
    • 主要企业的SWOT分析(最多3家公司)
  • 区域细分
    • 根据客户兴趣对主要国家进行的市场估计、预测和复合年增长率(註:基于可行性检查)
  • 竞争基准化分析
    • 根据产品系列、地理分布和策略联盟对主要企业基准化分析

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相关利益者
  • 调查范围
  • 调查方法
    • 资料探勘
    • 数据分析
    • 数据检验
    • 研究途径
  • 研究材料
    • 主要研究资料
    • 次级研究资讯来源
    • 先决条件

第三章市场走势分析

  • 驱动程式
  • 抑制因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 产品分析
  • 最终用户分析
  • 新兴市场
  • COVID-19的影响

第四章 波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买方的议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争对手之间的竞争

5. 全球再生农业食品市场(按产品)

  • 生鲜农产品
  • 包装食品
  • 乳製品替代品
  • 饮料
  • 肉类和鸡肉替代品

6. 全球再生农业食品市场(依来源)

  • 粮食
  • 水果和蔬菜
  • 坚果和种子
  • 豆类
  • 特色作物

7. 全球再生农业食品市场(依认证)

  • 再生有机认证
  • 公平贸易
  • 生物动力
  • 非基因改造验证

8. 全球再生农业食品市场(依分销管道)

  • 农夫市集
  • 杂货连锁店
  • 有机专卖店
  • 线上平台

9. 全球再生农业食品市场(以最终用户划分)

  • 零售消费者
  • 食品服务
  • 机构投资者
  • 工业加工

10. 全球再生农业食品市场(按地区)

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲国家
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 纽西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 中东和非洲
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 卡达
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲地区

第十一章 重大进展

  • 协议、伙伴关係、合作和合资企业
  • 收购与合併
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务扩展
  • 其他关键策略

第 12 章:公司概况

  • General Mills
  • Nestle SA
  • PepsiCo, Inc.
  • Unilever PLC
  • Cargill Incorporated
  • Bunge Limited
  • Barilla Group
  • Associated British Foods plc
  • Origin Agritech Limited
  • Millennial Potash Corp.
  • Kering SA
  • VF Corporation
  • Walmart Inc.
  • Kroger Co.
  • Target Corporation
Product Code: SMRC31167

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market is accounted for $2.5 billion in 2025 and is expected to reach $5.4 billion by 2032 growing at a CAGR of 11.4% during the forecast period. Regenerative agriculture-based foods are produced through farming practices that restore soil health, enhance biodiversity, and promote ecological balance. These foods come from systems that emphasize crop rotation, cover cropping, reduced tillage, and integration of livestock to replenish natural resources. By focusing on soil regeneration and carbon sequestration, they contribute to healthier ecosystems while providing nutritious, responsibly grown food. The approach prioritizes harmony between farming and nature, ensuring that food production supports both environmental resilience and the long-term health of communities.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Rising demand for nutrient-dense food

The market is propelled by increasing consumer focus on nutrient-rich diets that support immunity, energy, and long-term wellness. With rising health awareness, consumers are gravitating toward organic fruits, vegetables, and grains that deliver superior nutritional benefits compared to conventional produce. Lifestyle diseases and obesity concerns further accelerate this shift. Moreover, endorsements from nutritionists and wellness influencers are amplifying adoption. This growing demand for nutrient-dense food is strongly reinforcing the expansion of organic farming and sustainable food production worldwide.

Restraint:

High transition and certification costs

The market faces challenges from high costs associated with converting conventional farms into certified organic operations. Farmers must endure lengthy transition periods, during which yields are often lower but expenses remain high. Certification processes also demand rigorous documentation, audits, and fees, straining small and medium producers. These costs translate into premium pricing that can limit accessibility for mainstream consumers. Consequently, financial burdens slow down large-scale adoption, restraining organic food supply growth, especially in cost-sensitive developing economies.

Opportunity:

Growing retail and export channels

Expanding retail distribution and international export opportunities are creating significant momentum in the organic food sector. Supermarkets, specialty stores, and e-commerce platforms are offering greater visibility and accessibility for organic brands. Additionally, rising global demand is encouraging producers to export nutrient-dense products to lucrative markets in Europe, North America, and Asia. Trade liberalization and sustainability-driven procurement by international retailers amplify this opportunity. These evolving retail and export channels are empowering producers to scale operations and capture diverse consumer bases.

Threat:

Limited consumer awareness globally

Despite rapid growth in developed markets, limited awareness continues to challenge global penetration of organic food. In many developing regions, consumers are either unaware of organic certification standards or skeptical about the value of paying higher prices for these products. Misconceptions regarding nutritional benefits versus conventional food persist. Furthermore, limited education campaigns reduce trust and discourage adoption. This lack of awareness acts as a major threat, restricting growth potential in untapped markets where sustainability trends are still emerging.

Covid-19 Impact:

The COVID-19 pandemic acted as both a disruptor and an accelerator for the organic food market. While initial lockdowns hindered supply chains, consumer focus on immunity and natural nutrition surged dramatically. Organic fruits, vegetables, and grains gained traction as preventive health became a top priority. Online retail emerged as a critical distribution channel, bridging gaps created by physical retail closures. Post-pandemic, the heightened emphasis on wellness and food safety has permanently reinforced consumer demand, boosting long-term organic food adoption.

The fresh produce segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The fresh produce segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the forecast period, resulting from strong consumer preference for fruits and vegetables perceived as clean, chemical-free, and nutrient-dense. Supermarket and direct farm sales are boosting visibility and accessibility. Additionally, government-backed awareness campaigns on healthy eating are strengthening adoption. The perishability of fresh produce drives frequent purchases, reinforcing its dominance. This segment continues to anchor the organic food market, reflecting everyday consumer reliance on healthy essentials.

The grains segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the grains segment is predicted to witness the highest growth rate, propelled by rising consumption of organic rice, wheat, oats, and quinoa. Growing dietary shifts toward whole grains and plant-based proteins are fueling adoption among health-conscious consumers. The versatility of grains in staple foods, bakery products, and snacks enhances market penetration. Export demand for nutrient-rich organic grains is also accelerating growth. This combination of health awareness and global trade opportunities positions grains as the fastest-growing category.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, the Asia Pacific region is expected to hold the largest market share, attributed to its vast agricultural base, expanding middle-class population, and growing awareness of sustainable food. Countries like India and China are witnessing rising demand for organic produce, supported by government subsidies and certification programs. Urban consumers are increasingly prioritizing nutrient-dense diets, fueling demand through both traditional and modern retail channels. These factors consolidate Asia Pacific's leadership in the global organic food market.

Region with highest CAGR:

Over the forecast period, the North America region is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR associated with mature consumer awareness, high disposable incomes, and a strong retail network for organic products. The U.S. and Canada are experiencing robust demand for organic produce, grains, and packaged foods, reinforced by dietary trends like clean eating and plant-based nutrition. Continuous product innovation and transparent labeling enhance consumer confidence. Additionally, advanced logistics and e-commerce further accelerate adoption, making North America the fastest-growing region.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market include General Mills, Nestle S.A., PepsiCo, Inc., Unilever PLC, Cargill Incorporated, Bunge Limited, Barilla Group, Associated British Foods plc, Origin Agritech Limited, Millennial Potash Corp., Kering S.A., VF Corporation, Walmart Inc., Kroger Co., and Target Corporation.

Key Developments:

In Sep 2025, General Mills announced a major expansion of its regenerative agriculture initiatives, partnering with farmers to transition an additional one million acres of farmland to regenerative practices by 2030, focusing on oats and wheat for its product lines.

In Aug 2025, Nestle S.A. launched its new "Regen-Ag Select" product line, its first range of snacks and cereals sourced entirely from ingredients grown on certified regenerative farms, complete with on-pack QR codes for supply chain transparency.

In July 2025, Cargill Incorporated and PepsiCo, Inc. unveiled a new strategic partnership to create a fully traceable regenerative agriculture supply chain for key ingredients used in PepsiCo's popular snack brands, aiming to reduce the carbon footprint of its core products.

Products Covered:

  • Fresh Produce
  • Packaged Foods
  • Dairy Alternatives
  • Beverages
  • Meat & Poultry Alternatives

Sources Covered:

  • Grains
  • Fruits & Vegetables
  • Nuts & Seeds
  • Legumes
  • Specialty Crops

Certifications Covered:

  • Regenerative Organic Certified
  • Fair Trade
  • Biodynamic
  • Non-GMO Verified

Distribution Channels Covered:

  • Farmers' Markets
  • Grocery Chains
  • Specialty Organic Stores
  • Online Platforms

End Users Covered:

  • Retail Consumers
  • Foodservice
  • Institutional Buyers
  • Industrial Processors

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2024, 2025, 2026, 2028, and 2032
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Product Analysis
  • 3.7 End User Analysis
  • 3.8 Emerging Markets
  • 3.9 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market, By Product

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Fresh Produce
  • 5.3 Packaged Foods
  • 5.4 Dairy Alternatives
  • 5.5 Beverages
  • 5.6 Meat & Poultry Alternatives

6 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market, By Source

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Grains
  • 6.3 Fruits & Vegetables
  • 6.4 Nuts & Seeds
  • 6.5 Legumes
  • 6.6 Specialty Crops

7 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market, By Certification

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Regenerative Organic Certified
  • 7.3 Fair Trade
  • 7.4 Biodynamic
  • 7.5 Non-GMO Verified

8 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market, By Distribution Channel

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Farmers' Markets
  • 8.3 Grocery Chains
  • 8.4 Specialty Organic Stores
  • 8.5 Online Platforms

9 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market, By End User

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Retail Consumers
  • 9.3 Foodservice
  • 9.4 Institutional Buyers
  • 9.5 Industrial Processors

10 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market, By Geography

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 North America
    • 10.2.1 US
    • 10.2.2 Canada
    • 10.2.3 Mexico
  • 10.3 Europe
    • 10.3.1 Germany
    • 10.3.2 UK
    • 10.3.3 Italy
    • 10.3.4 France
    • 10.3.5 Spain
    • 10.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 10.4 Asia Pacific
    • 10.4.1 Japan
    • 10.4.2 China
    • 10.4.3 India
    • 10.4.4 Australia
    • 10.4.5 New Zealand
    • 10.4.6 South Korea
    • 10.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 10.5 South America
    • 10.5.1 Argentina
    • 10.5.2 Brazil
    • 10.5.3 Chile
    • 10.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 10.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 10.6.2 UAE
    • 10.6.3 Qatar
    • 10.6.4 South Africa
    • 10.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

11 Key Developments

  • 11.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 11.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 11.3 New Product Launch
  • 11.4 Expansions
  • 11.5 Other Key Strategies

12 Company Profiling

  • 12.1 General Mills
  • 12.2 Nestle S.A.
  • 12.3 PepsiCo, Inc.
  • 12.4 Unilever PLC
  • 12.5 Cargill Incorporated
  • 12.6 Bunge Limited
  • 12.7 Barilla Group
  • 12.8 Associated British Foods plc
  • 12.9 Origin Agritech Limited
  • 12.10 Millennial Potash Corp.
  • 12.11 Kering S.A.
  • 12.12 VF Corporation
  • 12.13 Walmart Inc.
  • 12.14 Kroger Co.
  • 12.15 Target Corporation

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Region (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Product (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Fresh Produce (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Packaged Foods (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Dairy Alternatives (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Beverages (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Meat & Poultry Alternatives (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Source (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Grains (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Fruits & Vegetables (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Nuts & Seeds (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Legumes (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Specialty Crops (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Certification (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Regenerative Organic Certified (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Fair Trade (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Biodynamic (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Non-GMO Verified (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Farmers' Markets (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Grocery Chains (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Specialty Organic Stores (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Online Platforms (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By End User (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Retail Consumers (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Foodservice (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Institutional Buyers (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Regenerative Agriculture-Based Foods Market Outlook, By Industrial Processors (2024-2032) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.