欧洲专用 5G 网路市场预测至 2030 年 - 区域分析 - 按组件、频率和最终用户
市场调查报告书
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1533133

欧洲专用 5G 网路市场预测至 2030 年 - 区域分析 - 按组件、频率和最终用户

Europe Private 5G Networks Market Forecast to 2030 - Regional Analysis - By Component, Frequency, and End User

出版日期: | 出版商: The Insight Partners | 英文 98 Pages | 订单完成后即时交付

价格

2022年欧洲专用5G网路市值为6.7826亿美元,预计2030年将达到105.1158亿美元;预计2022年至2030年复合年增长率为40.9%。

企业数位化程度的提高推动欧洲专用 5G 网路市场

企业数位化是利用数位技术实现业务转型的过程。企业数位化推动5G专网需求激增。随着企业变得更加数位化,他们需要更快、更可靠、更安全的连接来支援其营运。专用5G网路可以透过提供专用频宽、低延迟和高QoS来满足这些需求。此外,企业数位化也正在催生5G专网新的商业模式。例如,一些供应商提供託管私有 5G 服务,允许企业部署和管理私人 5G 网络,而无需投资基础设施。例如,AT&T 提供的 5G 企业解决方案承诺透过无线和蜂窝网路提供宽频速度,以释放先前受有线、频宽和传输限制的新机会。一些市场参与者也正在采取措施来保持市场竞争力。例如,2023年,诺基亚与DXC技术合作推出DXC讯号专用LTE和5G解决方案。诺基亚和全球领先的财富 500 强技术服务公司之一 DXC Technology 宣布推出 DXC Signal Private LTE 和 5G,这是一种託管安全专用无线网路和数位化平台解决方案,可协助工业企业实现营运数位转型。因此,物联网需求的不断增长对专用5G网路产生了强烈的需求。专用 5G 网路可以提供物联网应用所需的频宽、延迟、可靠性和安全性。因此,专用5G网路市场正在显着成长。

欧洲专用5G网路市场概况

欧洲专用 5G 网路市场分为德国、法国、义大利、英国、西班牙和欧洲其他地区。在欧洲,製造、物流和医疗保健等各行业的企业越来越需要高速、低延迟的连接来支援其营运。专用 5G 网路可以提供这些功能,使其成为对企业有吸引力的选择。此外,欧洲政府正在投资私人 5G 网路。例如,2023年3月,西班牙外交部启动了几项招标,总价值达5,330万美元。相反,根据当地媒体报道,西班牙国防部正在寻求为军队建立专用5G网路。最大的招标是创建一个测试和培训中心以提供军事网路保护培训的计画。第二次招标是为马德里的两个军事设施建立两个私人 5G 独立网路。此外,还将向医疗保健、紧急服务、后勤和国防等领域提供总计 2,130 万美元的资金。比利时政府 5G 试点计画招标的获胜者于 2023 年 3 月公布。私人网路供应商 Citymesh 获得了五个项目。政府表示,该国的 5G 部署速度比大多数其他欧盟国家都要慢,这些计画将加速比利时的 5G 创新。该计画于 2022 年 7 月首次启动。不断增加的频谱可用性。

欧洲专用 5G 网路市场收入及 2030 年预测(百万美元)

欧洲专用 5G 网路市场细分

欧洲专用 5G 网路市场根据组件、频率、最终用户和国家进行细分。根据组件,欧洲专用 5G 网路市场分为硬体、软体和服务。 2022 年,硬体领域占据最大的市场份额。

根据频率,欧洲专用 5G 网路市场分为 6GHz 以下和毫米波。 2022 年 6GHz 以下细分市场将占据更大的市场份额。

根据最终用户,欧洲专用5G网路市场分为製造业、能源和公用事业、汽车、军事和国防、政府和公共安全等。 2022 年,製造业占据最大的市场份额。

根据国家/地区,欧洲专用 5G 网路市场分为德国、英国、法国、西班牙、义大利和欧洲其他地区。 2022 年,德国在欧洲专用 5G 网路市场份额中占据主导地位。

思科系统公司、华为技术有限公司、诺基亚公司、Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson、T-Systems International GmbH、Verizon Communications Inc、沃达丰集团 Plc、AT&T、高通公司和 Amazon Web Services Inc 是在欧洲运营的一些领先公司私有5G网络市场。

目录

第 1 章:简介

第 2 章:执行摘要

  • 主要见解
  • 市场吸引力

第 3 章:研究方法

  • 覆盖范围
  • 二次研究
  • 初步研究

第 4 章:欧洲专用 5G 网路市场格局

  • 概述
  • 生态系分析
    • 价值链供应商名单

第 5 章:欧洲专用 5G 网路市场 - 主要产业动态

  • 专用 5G 网路市场 - 主要产业动态
  • 市场驱动因素
    • 对物联网的需求不断成长
    • 企业数位化程度不断提高
  • 市场限制
    • 部署和维护成本高
    • 覆盖范围有限
  • 市场机会
    • 增加汽车产业中时间敏感网路的部署
    • 采矿业越来越多地采用专用 5G 网络
  • 未来趋势
    • 增加 5G 小基地台的使用
  • 驱动因素和限制的影响:

第 6 章:专用 5G 网路市场 - 欧洲市场分析

  • 2022 - 2030 年专用 5G 网路市场收入
  • 5G专网市场预测与分析

第 7 章:欧洲专用 5G 网路市场分析 - 按组成部分

  • 硬体
  • 软体
  • 服务

第 8 章:欧洲专用 5G 网路市场分析 - 按频率

  • 低于 6GHz
  • 毫米波

第 9 章:欧洲专用 5G 网路市场分析 - 按下最终用户

  • 製造业
  • 能源和公用事业
  • 汽车
  • 军事与国防
  • 政府和公共安全
  • 其他的

第 10 章:欧洲专用 5G 网路市场 - 国家分析

  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 义大利
    • 欧洲其他地区

第 11 章:竞争格局

  • 关键参与者的热图分析

第 12 章:产业格局

  • 概述
  • 市场主动性
  • 产品开发

第 13 章:公司简介

  • Cisco Systems Inc
  • Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
  • Nokia Corp
  • Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson
  • T-Systems International GmbH.
  • Verizon Communications Inc
  • Vodafone Group Plc
  • AT&T Inc
  • Qualcomm Inc
  • Amazon Web Services Inc

第 14 章:附录

Product Code: BMIRE00030264

The Europe private 5G networks market was valued at US$ 678.26 million in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 10,511.58 million by 2030; it is estimated to record a CAGR of 40.9% from 2022 to 2030.

Rising Digitalization across Enterprises Drives Europe Private 5G Networks Market

Enterprise digitalization is the process of transforming businesses using digital technologies. Enterprise digitalization has surged the demand for private 5G networks. As businesses become more digitalized, they need faster, more reliable, and more secure connectivity to support their operations. Private 5G networks can meet these needs by providing dedicated bandwidth, low latency, and high QoS. Moreover, enterprise digitalization is also leading to new business models for private 5G networks. For example, some vendors are offering managed private 5G services, which allows businesses to deploy and manage private 5G networks without having to invest in their infrastructure. For instance, AT&T provides a 5G enterprise solution that promises to deliver broadband speeds over wireless and cellular networks to unlock new opportunities previously constrained by wired, bandwidth, and transmission limitations. Several market players are also taking initiatives to stay competitive in the market. For instance, in 2023, Nokia partnered with DXC technology to launch DXC signal private LTE and 5G solutions. Nokia and DXC Technology, one of the leading Fortune 500 global technology services companies, announced the availability of DXC Signal Private LTE and 5G, a managed secure private wireless network and digitalization platform solution that helps industrial enterprises digitally transform their operations. Therefore, the increasing requirement for IoT is creating a strong demand for private 5G networks. Private 5G networks can offer the bandwidth, latency, reliability, and security that IoT applications require. As a result, the private 5G network market is growing significantly.

Europe Private 5G Networks Market Overview

The Private 5G Networks market in Europe is segmented into Germany, France, Italy, the UK, Spain, and the Rest of Europe. In Europe, businesses in a variety of industries-such as manufacturing, logistics, and healthcare-are increasingly demanding high-speed, low-latency connectivity to support their operations. Private 5G networks can provide these capabilities, making them an attractive option for businesses. Additionally, the European government is investing in the private 5G network. For instance, in March 2023, the Spanish Ministry launched several tenders with a total value of US$ 53.3 million. On the contrary, according to local media, the Spanish Ministry of Defence is looking to build private 5G networks for the military. The largest tender is for a project to create a testing and training hub to provide military cyber protection training. The second tender is for the establishment of two private 5G standalone networks for two military installations in Madrid. Moreover, a total of US$ 21.3 million will be granted to initiatives in healthcare, emergency services, logistics, and defense. The winners of the Belgian government's 5G pilot project tender was announced in March 2023. Orange emerged as the clear winner, and it was chosen to carry out a total of 12 of these projects. Citymesh, a private networking provider, was awarded five projects. The government said that the country suffered from a slower 5G rollout than most other EU countries and that the projects would accelerate 5G innovation in Belgium. The project call was first launched in July 2022. Therefore, the private 5G network market in Europe is expected to experience significant growth in the coming years, driven by the increasing demand for high-speed, low-latency connectivity, the growing need for security and privacy, and the increasing availability of spectrum.

Europe Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

Europe Private 5G Networks Market Segmentation

The Europe private 5G networks market is segmented based on component, frequency, end user, and country. Based on component, the Europe private 5G networks market is categorized into hardware, software, and services. The hardware segment held the largest market share in 2022.

Based on frequency, the Europe private 5G networks market is bifurcated into sub-6GHz and mmwave. The sub-6GHz segment held a larger market share in 2022.

Based on end user, the Europe private 5G networks market is categorized into manufacturing, energy and utilities, automotive, military and defense, government and public safety, and others. The manufacturing segment held the largest market share in 2022.

Based on country, the Europe private 5G networks market is segmented into Germany, the UK, France, Spain, Italy, and the Rest of Europe. Germany dominated the Europe private 5G networks market share in 2022.

Cisco Systems Inc, Huawei Technologies Co Ltd, Nokia Corp, Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, T-Systems International GmbH, Verizon Communications Inc, Vodafone Group Plc, AT&T, Qualcomm Inc, and Amazon Web Services Inc are some of the leading companies operating in the Europe private 5G networks market.

Table Of Contents

1. Introduction

  • 1.1 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
  • 1.2 Market Segmentation

2. Executive Summary

  • 2.1 Key Insights
  • 2.2 Market Attractiveness

3. Research Methodology

  • 3.1 Coverage
  • 3.2 Secondary Research
  • 3.3 Primary Research

4. Europe Private 5G Networks Market Landscape

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 Ecosystem Analysis
    • 4.2.1 List of Vendors in Value Chain

5. Europe Private 5G Networks Market - Key Industry Dynamics

  • 5.1 Private 5G Networks Market - Key Industry Dynamics
  • 5.2 Market Drivers
    • 5.2.1 Increasing Demand for IoT
    • 5.2.2 Rising Digitalization across Enterprises
  • 5.3 Market Restraints
    • 5.3.1 High Deployment and Maintenance Cost
    • 5.3.2 Limited Coverage Area
  • 5.4 Market Opportunities
    • 5.4.1 Increasing Deployment of Time-Sensitive Networking in Automotive Industries
    • 5.4.2 Growing adoption of Private 5G Networks in Mining Industry
  • 5.5 Future Trends
    • 5.5.1 Increasing use of 5G small cells
  • 5.6 Impact of Drivers and Restraints:

6. Private 5G Networks Market - Europe Market Analysis

  • 6.1 Private 5G Networks Market Revenue (US$ Million), 2022 - 2030
  • 6.2 Private 5G Networks Market Forecast and Analysis

7. Europe Private 5G Networks Market Analysis - By Component

  • 7.1 Hardware
    • 7.1.1 Overview
    • 7.1.2 Hardware Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.2 Software
    • 7.2.1 Overview
    • 7.2.2 Software Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.3 Services
    • 7.3.1 Overview
    • 7.3.2 Services Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

8. Europe Private 5G Networks Market Analysis - By Frequency

  • 8.1 Sub-6 GHz
    • 8.1.1 Overview
    • 8.1.2 Sub-6 GHz Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 8.2 mmWave
    • 8.2.1 Overview
    • 8.2.2 mmWave Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

9. Europe Private 5G Networks Market Analysis - By End User

  • 9.1 Manufacturing
    • 9.1.1 Overview
    • 9.1.2 Manufacturing Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 9.2 Energy and Utilities
    • 9.2.1 Overview
    • 9.2.2 Energy and Utilities Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 9.3 Automotive
    • 9.3.1 Overview
    • 9.3.2 Automotive Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 9.4 Military and Defense
    • 9.4.1 Overview
    • 9.4.2 Military and Defense Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 9.5 Government and Public Safety
    • 9.5.1 Overview
    • 9.5.2 Government and Public Safety Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 9.6 Others
    • 9.6.1 Overview
    • 9.6.2 Others Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

10. Europe Private 5G Networks Market - Country Analysis

  • 10.1 Europe
    • 10.1.1 Europe Private 5G Networks Market Overview
    • 10.1.2 Europe Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts and Analysis - By Country
      • 10.1.2.1 Europe Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts and Analysis - By Country
      • 10.1.2.2 Germany Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 10.1.2.2.1 Germany Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by Component
        • 10.1.2.2.2 Germany Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by Frequency
        • 10.1.2.2.3 Germany Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by End User
      • 10.1.2.3 United Kingdom Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 10.1.2.3.1 United Kingdom Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by Component
        • 10.1.2.3.2 United Kingdom Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by Frequency
        • 10.1.2.3.3 United Kingdom Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by End User
      • 10.1.2.4 France Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 10.1.2.4.1 France Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by Component
        • 10.1.2.4.2 France Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by Frequency
        • 10.1.2.4.3 France Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by End User
      • 10.1.2.5 Spain Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 10.1.2.5.1 Spain Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by Component
        • 10.1.2.5.2 Spain Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by Frequency
        • 10.1.2.5.3 Spain Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by End User
      • 10.1.2.6 Italy Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 10.1.2.6.1 Italy Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by Component
        • 10.1.2.6.2 Italy Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by Frequency
        • 10.1.2.6.3 Italy Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by End User
      • 10.1.2.7 Rest of Europe Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 10.1.2.7.1 Rest of Europe Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by Component
        • 10.1.2.7.2 Rest of Europe Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by Frequency
        • 10.1.2.7.3 Rest of Europe Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by End User

11. Competitive Landscape

  • 11.1 Heat Map Analysis by Key Players

12. Industry Landscape

  • 12.1 Overview
  • 12.2 Market Initiative
  • 12.3 Product Development

13. Company Profiles

  • 13.1 Cisco Systems Inc
    • 13.1.1 Key Facts
    • 13.1.2 Business Description
    • 13.1.3 Products and Services
    • 13.1.4 Financial Overview
    • 13.1.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 13.1.6 Key Developments
  • 13.2 Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
    • 13.2.1 Key Facts
    • 13.2.2 Business Description
    • 13.2.3 Products and Services
    • 13.2.4 Financial Overview
    • 13.2.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 13.2.6 Key Developments
  • 13.3 Nokia Corp
    • 13.3.1 Key Facts
    • 13.3.2 Business Description
    • 13.3.3 Products and Services
    • 13.3.4 Financial Overview
    • 13.3.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 13.3.6 Key Developments
  • 13.4 Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson
    • 13.4.1 Key Facts
    • 13.4.2 Business Description
    • 13.4.3 Products and Services
    • 13.4.4 Financial Overview
    • 13.4.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 13.4.6 Key Developments
  • 13.5 T-Systems International GmbH.
    • 13.5.1 Key Facts
    • 13.5.2 Business Description
    • 13.5.3 Products and Services
    • 13.5.4 Financial Overview
    • 13.5.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 13.5.6 Key Developments
  • 13.6 Verizon Communications Inc
    • 13.6.1 Key Facts
    • 13.6.2 Business Description
    • 13.6.3 Products and Services
    • 13.6.4 Financial Overview
    • 13.6.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 13.6.6 Key Developments
  • 13.7 Vodafone Group Plc
    • 13.7.1 Key Facts
    • 13.7.2 Business Description
    • 13.7.3 Products and Services
    • 13.7.4 Financial Overview
    • 13.7.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 13.7.6 Key Developments
  • 13.8 AT&T Inc
    • 13.8.1 Key Facts
    • 13.8.2 Business Description
    • 13.8.3 Products and Services
    • 13.8.4 Financial Overview
    • 13.8.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 13.8.6 Key Developments
  • 13.9 Qualcomm Inc
    • 13.9.1 Key Facts
    • 13.9.2 Business Description
    • 13.9.3 Products and Services
    • 13.9.4 Financial Overview
    • 13.9.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 13.9.6 Key Developments
  • 13.10 Amazon Web Services Inc
    • 13.10.1 Key Facts
    • 13.10.2 Business Description
    • 13.10.3 Products and Services
    • 13.10.4 Financial Overview
    • 13.10.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 13.10.6 Key Developments

14. Appendix

  • 14.1 About the Insight Partners
  • 14.2 Word Index

List Of Tables

  • Table 1. Private 5G Networks Market Segmentation
  • Table 2. Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 3. Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million) - Component
  • Table 4. Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million) - Frequency
  • Table 5. Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million) - End User
  • Table 6. Europe Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Country
  • Table 7. Germany Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Component
  • Table 8. Germany Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Frequency
  • Table 9. Germany Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By End User
  • Table 10. United Kingdom Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Component
  • Table 11. United Kingdom Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Frequency
  • Table 12. United Kingdom Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By End User
  • Table 13. France Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Component
  • Table 14. France Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Frequency
  • Table 15. France Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By End User
  • Table 16. Spain Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Component
  • Table 17. Spain Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Frequency
  • Table 18. Spain Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By End User
  • Table 19. Italy Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Component
  • Table 20. Italy Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Frequency
  • Table 21. Italy Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By End User
  • Table 22. Rest of Europe Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Component
  • Table 23. Rest of Europe Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Frequency
  • Table 24. Rest of Europe Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By End User
  • Table 25. Heat Map Analysis By Key Players
  • Table 26. List of Abbreviation

List Of Figures

  • Figure 1. Private 5G Networks Market Segmentation, By Country
  • Figure 2. Ecosystem: Private 5G Networks Market
  • Figure 3. Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints
  • Figure 4. Private 5G Networks Market Revenue (US$ Million), 2022 - 2030
  • Figure 5. Private 5G Networks Market Share (%) - Component, 2022 and 2030
  • Figure 6. Hardware Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 7. Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 8. Services Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 9. Private 5G Networks Market Share (%) Frequency, 2022 and 2030
  • Figure 10. Sub-6 GHz Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 11. mmWave Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 12. Private 5G Networks Market Share (%) End User, 2022 and 2030
  • Figure 13. Manufacturing Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 14. Energy and Utilities Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 15. Automotive Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 16. Military and Defense Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 17. Government and Public Safety Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 18. Others Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 19. Europe Private 5G Networks Market Revenue, By Key Country, (2022) (US$ Million)
  • Figure 20. Private 5G Networks Market Breakdown by Key Countries, 2022 and 2030 (%)
  • Figure 21. Germany Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 22. United Kingdom Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 23. France Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 24. Spain Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 25. Italy Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 26. Rest of Europe Private 5G Networks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)