耐腐蚀树脂市场－全球产业规模、份额、趋势、机会与预测：按类型、技术、应用、竞争对手、地区划分，2021-2031年

全球耐腐蚀树脂市场预计将从 2025 年的 400.6 亿美元成长到 2031 年的 588.2 亿美元，在此期间的复合年增长率为 6.61%。

作为涂料配方中的关键粘合剂，这些聚合物化合物在赋予涂料耐化学性、耐久性和对各种基材的附着力方面发挥着至关重要的作用。市场成长主要由建筑业和汽车业驱动。在建筑业，树脂是建筑保护性饰面必不可少的组成部分；而在汽车行业，高性能涂料则用于防腐蚀和提升外观。该市场的核心动力并非源于短期趋势，而是来自产业对保护基材的内在需求以及全球对耐用交通运输资产和基础设施日益增长的需求。

儘管产业发展势头良好，但原材料价格波动，尤其是依赖原油的原材料价格波动，为生产成本和利润率带来了巨大挑战。这种经济不稳定性影响着製造商维持稳定定价体系的能力。就市场规模而言，下游需求依然强劲。根据美国涂料协会预测，推动树脂消费的全球油漆和涂料产业预计到2025年将达到2,020亿美元。如此庞大的市场规模凸显了树脂在建筑和製造业整个价值链中的关键作用。

市场驱动因素

推动市场发展的关键因素是严格的环境法规的实施以及对绿色涂料技术（例如生物基和水性系统）日益增长的需求。全球监管机构正在对挥发性有机化合物 (VOC) 施加更严格的限制，迫使树脂製造商从传统的溶剂型方法转向永续的替代方案，例如生物基聚氨酯和水性环氧树脂。这种转变不仅受监管合规要求的驱动，也受企业永续性目标和商业性绩效的驱动。根据 PPG 于 2024 年 4 月发布的《2023 年 ESG 报告》，永续性产品的销售额将占公司整体产品组合的 44%，这表明公司收入高度依赖生态高效的配方技术。因此，製造商正在优先发展低碳化学技术，以确保与建筑和汽车行业具有环保意识的客户签订长期合约。

同时，全球基础设施和建筑计划的快速成长是耐腐蚀树脂需求的重要驱动力。新兴经济体的快速都市化催生了对混凝土、钢材和住宅建筑防护涂料的巨大需求，进而推动了丙烯酸、醇酸和环氧树脂黏合剂的消费，以确保这些建筑的耐久性。根据印度新闻资讯局2024年2月发布的公告，印度政府在其「2024-2025财年临时预算」中将基础建设的资本支出提高了11.1%，这表明主要增长地区对建筑化学品的需求显着增长。为了满足这一广泛的工业需求，上游化学品供应链必须维持高产量。BASF在2024年发布的报告显示，其集团上一财年的销售额达到689亿欧元，这充分体现了该领域规模经济的巨大优势，也反映了支持全球涂料应用的化学品行业的巨大规模。

市场挑战

原物料价格波动，尤其是原油衍生原物料价格的波动，对耐腐蚀树脂市场的成长构成重大阻碍。由于树脂是由环氧树脂和丙烯酸酯等原料经化学合成而成，其生产成本与全球石油市场的波动密切相关。这种波动造成了难以预测的金融环境，使得製造商难以维持价格稳定。因此，他们被迫在承受成本飙升、利润空间被压缩，以及将成本转嫁给下游环节（这可能会抑制市场需求）之间做出选择。

成本不确定性的动态变化直接影响产量和产业销售。当原料成本飙升或剧烈波动时，下游涂料产业（这些树脂的主要消费产业）往往会面临价格压力和合约签订。这种紧张局势的征兆像在主要製造地有所体现，也反映了更广泛的市场趋势。根据德国涂料和印刷油墨工业协会（VdL）预测，到2024年，涂料和印刷油墨产业的销售量将下降4%，至140万吨。这项降幅凸显了原料不稳定如何扰乱价值链，并最终限制了树脂市场的成长潜力。

市场趋势

辐射和紫外光固化系统的普及正在重塑市场格局，它们能够降低能耗并加快加工速度。与传统的热固化不同，这些树脂在暴露于电子束或紫外光下即可瞬间聚合，从而显着提高工业电子和包装等大批量应用的生产效率。这项转变的驱动力源自于消除漫长干燥时间和最大限度减少固化炉面积的技术需求，使其在与溶剂型固化剂相比时具有显着优势。根据2024年6月发布的「RadTech 2024 超出预期」新闻稿，预计未来三年北美地区紫外光和电子束固化产品的采用率将以每年超过5%的速度增长，这反映出业界对这些快速固化技术的依赖性日益增强。

将粉末涂料树脂应用于热敏基材是一项技术突破，它将市场从传统的金属扩展到木材和中密度纤维板 (MDF) 等材料。製造商正在开发低温固化树脂配方，这些配方可在显着降低的温度下聚合，从而防止基材因高温而受损，同时保持标准粉末涂料的耐久性和表面品质。这项创新为家具和建筑细木工行业开闢了新的收入来源，并创造了与重型基础设施应用截然不同的市场机会。根据阿克苏诺贝尔 2024 年 9 月发布的公告《推出突破性超耐久低温粉末涂料》，新型 Interpon D2525 低能耗 (Low-E) 系列可在低至 150°C 的温度下固化，与传统固化工艺相比，能耗最多可降低 20%。

目录

第一章概述

第二章调查方法

第三章执行摘要

第四章：客户评价

第五章 全球耐腐蚀树脂市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
  • 按金额
• 市占率及预测
  • 依类型（丙烯酸树脂、醇酸树脂、乙烯基树脂、聚氨酯树脂、环氧树脂、其他）
  • 依製程分类（水性涂料、溶剂型涂料、粉末涂料）
  • 依应用领域（建筑涂料、船舶及防护涂料、通用工业涂料、汽车涂料、木器涂料、包装涂料、其他）
  • 按地区
  • 按公司（2025 年）
• 市场地图

第六章：北美耐腐蚀树脂市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 北美洲：国家分析
  • 我们
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥

第七章 欧洲耐腐蚀树脂市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 欧洲：国家分析
  • 德国
  • 法国
  • 英国
  • 义大利
  • 西班牙

第八章：亚太地区耐腐蚀树脂市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 亚太地区：国家分析
  • 中国
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 韩国
  • 澳洲

9. 中东和非洲耐腐蚀树脂市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 中东和非洲：国家分析
  • 沙乌地阿拉伯
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
  • 南非

第十章：南美洲耐腐蚀树脂市场展望

• 市场规模及预测
• 市占率及预测
• 南美洲：国家分析
  • 巴西
  • 哥伦比亚
  • 阿根廷

第十一章 市场动态

• 司机
• 任务

第十二章 市场趋势与发展

• 併购
• 产品发布
• 最新进展

第十三章 全球耐腐蚀树脂市场：SWOT分析

第十四章：波特五力分析

• 产业竞争
• 新进入者的可能性
• 供应商电力
• 顾客权力
• 替代品的威胁

第十五章 竞争格局

• BASF SE
• Covestro AG
• Arkema SA
• Dow Chemical Company
• Allnex USA Inc.
• Evonik Industries AG
• The Sherwin-Williams Company
• Huntsman International LLC
• Mitsubishi Chemicals Corporation
• Toray Industries, Inc.

第十六章 策略建议

第十七章：关于研究公司及免责声明

The Global Coating Resins Market is projected to expand from a valuation of USD 40.06 Billion in 2025 to USD 58.82 Billion by 2031, registering a compound annual growth rate of 6.61% during this period. As the primary binding agents in coating formulations, these polymer compounds are indispensable for providing chemical resistance, durability, and adhesion across a variety of substrates. The market's growth is fundamentally anchored by the construction sector, where resins are vital for protective architectural finishes, and the automotive industry, which necessitates high-performance coatings for corrosion prevention and aesthetic enhancement. Rather than being driven by fleeting trends, the core momentum of this market stems from the essential industrial requirement to preserve substrates and the increasing global demand for enduring transportation assets and infrastructure.

Despite this growth trajectory, the industry confronts a significant hurdle regarding the price volatility of raw materials, specifically those dependent on crude oil, which introduces unpredictability into production costs and profit margins. This economic instability challenges manufacturers' ability to maintain consistent pricing structures for their customers. regarding market scale, downstream demand remains strong; according to the American Coatings Association, the global paint and coatings industry, which dictates resin consumption, is valued at $202 billion in 2025. This substantial valuation highlights the pivotal role resins occupy within the broader construction and manufacturing value chains.

Market Driver

A primary catalyst for market evolution is the enforcement of strict environmental regulations combined with rising demand for green coating technologies, such as bio-based and waterborne systems. Regulatory authorities worldwide are imposing tighter limits on volatile organic compounds, compelling resin manufacturers to shift from traditional solvent-based methods to sustainable alternatives like bio-based polyurethanes and waterborne epoxies. This transition is driven not only by compliance requirements but also by corporate sustainability goals and commercial performance. According to PPG's "2023 ESG Report" released in April 2024, sales of sustainably advantaged products accounted for 44% of the company's total portfolio, demonstrating a significant revenue reliance on eco-efficient formulations. Consequently, producers are prioritizing research and development in low-carbon chemistries to secure long-term contracts with environmentally conscious clients in the architectural and automotive sectors.

Simultaneously, the global surge in infrastructure and construction projects acts as a critical volume driver for coating resins. Rapid urbanization in emerging economies necessitates immense quantities of protective coatings for concrete, steel, and residential structures, thereby fueling the consumption of acrylic, alkyd, and epoxy binders to ensure structural longevity. According to the Press Information Bureau in February 2024, the "Interim Budget 2024-25" revealed that the Government of India increased its capital expenditure outlay for infrastructure development by 11.1%, signaling a massive intake of construction chemicals in key growth regions. To support this broad industrial demand, the upstream chemical supply chain must maintain high throughput. As evidence of the sector's economic scale, BASF reported in 2024 that the group generated sales of €68.9 billion for the preceding fiscal year, reflecting the substantial magnitude of the chemical sectors that underpin global coating applications.

Market Challenge

The volatility of raw material prices, particularly those derived from crude oil, constitutes a major impediment to the growth of the coating resins market. Since resins are chemically engineered from feedstocks like epoxies and acrylics, their production costs are intrinsically linked to the fluctuating global oil market. This instability creates an unpredictable financial environment where manufacturers struggle to maintain consistent pricing, forcing them to either absorb cost spikes, which erodes profit margins, or pass them downstream, which can stifle market demand.

This dynamic of cost uncertainty directly impacts production volumes and industry turnover. When raw material costs surge or fluctuate wildly, the downstream paint and coatings sector-the primary consumer of these resins-often contracts due to pricing pressures. Evidence of this strain is visible in key manufacturing hubs which reflect the broader market sentiment. According to the Verband der deutschen Lack- und Druckfarbenindustrie (VdL), in 2024, the sales volume of the paint and printing ink industry decreased by 4% to 1.4 million tonnes. This decline underscores how raw material instability disrupts the value chain, ultimately restricting the resin market's potential for expansion.

Market Trends

The proliferation of radiation-cured and UV-curable systems is reshaping the market by enabling reduced energy intensity and rapid processing speeds. Unlike traditional thermal curing, these resins polymerize instantly upon exposure to electron beams or ultraviolet light, significantly boosting throughput for high-volume applications such as industrial electronics and packaging. This shift is technically driven by the need to eliminate long drying times and minimize the operational footprint of curing ovens, offering a distinct advantage over solvent-borne alternatives. According to the "RadTech 2024 Exceeds Expectations" press release from June 2024, the use of UV and electron beam formulated products in North America is projected to grow by over 5% per year over the next three years, reflecting the accelerating industrial reliance on these fast-curing technologies.

The expansion of powder coating resins onto heat-sensitive substrates represents a technological breakthrough extending the market beyond traditional metals to materials like wood and medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Manufacturers are developing low-cure resin formulations that polymerize at significantly lower temperatures, preventing thermal damage to the substrate while maintaining the durability and finish quality of standard powder coatings. This innovation opens new revenue streams in the furniture and architectural joinery sectors, creating market opportunities distinct from heavy infrastructure applications. According to AkzoNobel's September 2024 announcement regarding the "AkzoNobel Launches Revolutionary Ultra-Durable Low-Temperature Powder Coating," the company's new Interpon D2525 Low-E range enables curing at temperatures as low as 150°C, which reduces energy consumption by up to 20% compared to conventional curing processes.

Key Market Players

• BASF SE
• Covestro AG
• Arkema S.A.
• Dow Chemical Company
• Allnex USA Inc.
• Evonik Industries AG
• The Sherwin-Williams Company
• Huntsman International LLC
• Mitsubishi Chemicals Corporation
• Toray Industries, Inc.

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Coating Resins Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Coating Resins Market, By Type

• Acrylic
• Alkyd
• Vinyl
• Polyurethane
• Epoxy
• Others

Coating Resins Market, By Technology

• Waterborne Coatings
• Solvent-borne Coatings
• Powder Coatings

Coating Resins Market, By Application

• Architectural Coatings
• Marine & Protective Coatings
• General Industrial Coatings
• Automotive Coatings
• Wood Coatings
• Packaging Coatings
• Others

Coating Resins Market, By Region

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • Spain
• Asia Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • South Korea
• South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
• Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Coating Resins Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Coating Resins Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

• 1.1. Market Definition
• 1.2. Scope of the Market
  • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
  • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
  • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

• 2.1. Objective of the Study
• 2.2. Baseline Methodology
• 2.3. Key Industry Partners
• 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
• 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
• 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
• 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

• 3.1. Overview of the Market
• 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
• 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
• 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
• 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Coating Resins Market Outlook

• 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 5.1.1. By Value
• 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 5.2.1. By Type (Acrylic, Alkyd, Vinyl, Polyurethane, Epoxy, Others)
  • 5.2.2. By Technology (Waterborne Coatings, Solvent-borne Coatings, Powder Coatings)
  • 5.2.3. By Application (Architectural Coatings, Marine & Protective Coatings, General Industrial Coatings, Automotive Coatings, Wood Coatings, Packaging Coatings, Others)
  • 5.2.4. By Region
  • 5.2.5. By Company (2025)
• 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Coating Resins Market Outlook

• 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 6.1.1. By Value
• 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 6.2.1. By Type
  • 6.2.2. By Technology
  • 6.2.3. By Application
  • 6.2.4. By Country
• 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
  • 6.3.1. United States Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.2.1. By Type
      • 6.3.1.2.2. By Technology
      • 6.3.1.2.3. By Application
  • 6.3.2. Canada Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.2.1. By Type
      • 6.3.2.2.2. By Technology
      • 6.3.2.2.3. By Application
  • 6.3.3. Mexico Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.2.1. By Type
      • 6.3.3.2.2. By Technology
      • 6.3.3.2.3. By Application

7. Europe Coating Resins Market Outlook

• 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 7.1.1. By Value
• 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 7.2.1. By Type
  • 7.2.2. By Technology
  • 7.2.3. By Application
  • 7.2.4. By Country
• 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
  • 7.3.1. Germany Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.2.1. By Type
      • 7.3.1.2.2. By Technology
      • 7.3.1.2.3. By Application
  • 7.3.2. France Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.2.1. By Type
      • 7.3.2.2.2. By Technology
      • 7.3.2.2.3. By Application
  • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.2.1. By Type
      • 7.3.3.2.2. By Technology
      • 7.3.3.2.3. By Application
  • 7.3.4. Italy Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.2.1. By Type
      • 7.3.4.2.2. By Technology
      • 7.3.4.2.3. By Application
  • 7.3.5. Spain Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.2.1. By Type
      • 7.3.5.2.2. By Technology
      • 7.3.5.2.3. By Application

8. Asia Pacific Coating Resins Market Outlook

• 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 8.1.1. By Value
• 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 8.2.1. By Type
  • 8.2.2. By Technology
  • 8.2.3. By Application
  • 8.2.4. By Country
• 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
  • 8.3.1. China Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.2.1. By Type
      • 8.3.1.2.2. By Technology
      • 8.3.1.2.3. By Application
  • 8.3.2. India Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.2.1. By Type
      • 8.3.2.2.2. By Technology
      • 8.3.2.2.3. By Application
  • 8.3.3. Japan Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.2.1. By Type
      • 8.3.3.2.2. By Technology
      • 8.3.3.2.3. By Application
  • 8.3.4. South Korea Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.2.1. By Type
      • 8.3.4.2.2. By Technology
      • 8.3.4.2.3. By Application
  • 8.3.5. Australia Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.2.1. By Type
      • 8.3.5.2.2. By Technology
      • 8.3.5.2.3. By Application

9. Middle East & Africa Coating Resins Market Outlook

• 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 9.1.1. By Value
• 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 9.2.1. By Type
  • 9.2.2. By Technology
  • 9.2.3. By Application
  • 9.2.4. By Country
• 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
  • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.2.1. By Type
      • 9.3.1.2.2. By Technology
      • 9.3.1.2.3. By Application
  • 9.3.2. UAE Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.2.1. By Type
      • 9.3.2.2.2. By Technology
      • 9.3.2.2.3. By Application
  • 9.3.3. South Africa Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.2.1. By Type
      • 9.3.3.2.2. By Technology
      • 9.3.3.2.3. By Application

10. South America Coating Resins Market Outlook

• 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 10.1.1. By Value
• 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 10.2.1. By Type
  • 10.2.2. By Technology
  • 10.2.3. By Application
  • 10.2.4. By Country
• 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
  • 10.3.1. Brazil Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.2.1. By Type
      • 10.3.1.2.2. By Technology
      • 10.3.1.2.3. By Application
  • 10.3.2. Colombia Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.2.1. By Type
      • 10.3.2.2.2. By Technology
      • 10.3.2.2.3. By Application
  • 10.3.3. Argentina Coating Resins Market Outlook
    • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.2.1. By Type
      • 10.3.3.2.2. By Technology
      • 10.3.3.2.3. By Application

11. Market Dynamics

• 11.1. Drivers
• 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

• 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
• 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
• 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Coating Resins Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

• 14.1. Competition in the Industry
• 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
• 14.3. Power of Suppliers
• 14.4. Power of Customers
• 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

• 15.1. BASF SE
  • 15.1.1. Business Overview
  • 15.1.2. Products & Services
  • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
  • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
  • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
• 15.2. Covestro AG
• 15.3. Arkema S.A.
• 15.4. Dow Chemical Company
• 15.5. Allnex USA Inc.
• 15.6. Evonik Industries AG
• 15.7. The Sherwin-Williams Company
• 15.8. Huntsman International LLC
• 15.9. Mitsubishi Chemicals Corporation
• 15.10. Toray Industries, Inc.

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer