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市场调查报告书
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1967639

汽车轮胎橡胶添加剂市场－全球产业规模、份额、趋势、机会、预测：按类型、应用、地区和竞争格局划分，2021-2031年

Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Type, By Application, By Region & Competition, 2021-2031F
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 180 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

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简介目录

全球汽车轮胎橡胶添加剂市场预计将从 2025 年的 65.2 亿美元成长到 2031 年的 79.6 亿美元，复合年增长率为 3.38%。

这些添加剂是与生胶混合的专用化学试剂，用于改善橡胶的性能，例如加工效率、耐久性、耐热性和弹性。这一成长主要受全球汽车产业的扩张以及由此带来的轮胎产量增加的推动，以满足车辆需求。此外，日益严格的安全标准要求提高轮胎的耐久性，加上现代车辆行驶里程的不断增加，也推高了对这些关键化学增强剂的需求。根据国际橡胶研究组织（IRSG）的数据，预计2025年上半年全球橡胶消费量将达到1,580万吨，年成长1.9%，凸显了支撑该市场的稳定工业需求。

市场概览
预测期 2027-2031
市场规模：2025年 65.2亿美元
市场规模：2031年 79.6亿美元
复合年增长率：2026-2031年 3.38%
成长最快的细分市场 劣化抑制剂
最大的市场 亚太地区

另一方面，由于原料成本波动，尤其是添加剂合成所需的石化衍生成本波动，市场面临巨大的挑战。原油价格的波动会导致生产成本急剧上升，进而有效压缩利润空间，并扰乱整个供应链的价格体系。这种财务上的不确定性可能会阻碍长期策略规划，迫使轮胎製造商寻求更便宜的替代材料，从而限制高端添加剂供应商的收入成长。

市场驱动因素

汽车产业的快速电气化正在改变橡胶添加剂产业，对能够承受电动车（EV）独特物理负荷的混炼技术提出了更高的要求。电动车能够瞬间产生扭矩，并搭载沉重的电池组，显着增加了轮胎的负荷。这迫使製造商采用先进的增强和硫化添加剂来提高耐磨性，而这种技术需求也直接推动了高性能化学原料市场的扩张。正如国际能源总署（IEA）在2024年4月发布的《2024年全球电动车展望》中所指出的，2023年电动车销量接近1,400万辆，这为减少轮胎快速磨损的添加剂带来了巨大的需求。为了配合销售量的成长，美国轮胎製造商协会预测，2024年美国轮胎总出货量将达到3.357亿条，凸显了强劲的製造业发展势头，而这正是对这些关键原材料的迫切需求。

同时，日益严格的环境法规和绿色轮胎的日益普及正推动着橡胶衍生向永续的生物基方向转变。製造商正积极以植物来源和生物质衍生二氧化硅等可再生资源取代传统的石油化学衍生物，以在维​​持安全标准的同时减少生命週期排放。这项转变要求添加剂供应商快速进行技术创新，以确保这些环保材料的耐久性和分散性。Bridgestone公司在2024年2月的新闻稿中宣布，已开始使用化学回收的原料（例如回收的炭黑和轮胎衍生油）来生产轮胎，这正是这一趋势的象征。这项进展表明，商业性对循环添加剂来源的依赖性日益增强，这意味着整个产业正被迫摆脱对传统石化燃料衍生原料的依赖。

市场挑战

原物料价格波动，尤其是依赖原油的石化衍生价格波动，对全球汽车轮胎橡胶添加剂市场的稳定和成长构成重大挑战。由于合成橡胶添加剂与石化燃料市场密切相关，原油价格的剧烈波动会即时引发生产成本的意外上涨。这种经济波动会挤压轮胎製造商的利润空间，使其难以进行长期采购规划，并阻碍产品价格的稳定。面对这些不可预测的投入成本，製造商往往被迫减少库存或转向更便宜、品质更低的替代品，这些措施直接损害了优质添加剂供应商的获利能力。

这种不稳定的商业环境的影响在近期的生产统计数据中得到了清晰的体现。根据日本汽车轮胎製造商协会的数据，2024年汽车轮胎产量年减5.8%，至1.2236亿条。产量下降凸显了市场的不确定性和成本压力如何积极抑制製造业活动，即使汽车行业整体的理论需求仍然存在，也有效地阻碍了必要橡胶添加剂的引入。

市场趋势

在严格的监管要求推动下，为消除对水生生态系统构成风险的有害劣化抑制剂，向永续和无毒硫化剂的转型正在迅速重塑市场格局。与通常专注于碳排放的永续性倡议不同，这一趋势旨在消除诸如6PPD之类的化学物质，该物质已被证实与银鲑的急性毒性有关。因此，添加剂生产商正致力于合成环境安全的替代品，这些替代品既能保持臭氧保护功能，又不会产生有害的副产品。这一监管转变也体现在重要的产业合作中。例如，美国轮胎製造商协会于2024年8月发布新闻稿，宣布成立“6PPD替代品分析联盟”，并确定了七种候选化学物质，用于替代轮胎配方中有害的臭氧抑製剂6PPD，目前相关研究正在进行中。

同时，智慧轮胎解决方案和自修復材料的进步正在为特种橡胶添加剂创造一个高价值的细分市场。这一趋势包括将感测器技术和自适应聚合物化合物应用于轮胎，这些技术和化合物能够自动密封穿孔并即时监测轮胎健康状况，从而延长产品寿命并提高安全性。市场对这些智慧材料的需求源于其在优化车队管理效率和降低营运风险方面的卓越能力。 2024年7月，T21 Media发表了报导，米其林在文中宣布，其预测性和互联性轮胎解决方案可将轮胎相关的道路交通事故减少高达80%，并重点强调了推动这些先进系统应用的关键安全优势。

目录

第一章概述

第二章：调查方法

第三章执行摘要

第四章：客户心声

第五章：汽车轮胎橡胶添加剂的全球市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按金额
  • 市占率及预测
    • 依类型（增塑剂、偶联剂、劣化抑制剂、加工助剂/促进剂）
    • 依应用领域（乘用车、商用车）
    • 按地区
    • 按公司（2025 年）
  • 市场地图

第六章：北美汽车轮胎橡胶添加剂市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 北美洲：国别分析
    • 我们
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第七章：欧洲汽车轮胎橡胶添加剂市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 欧洲：国别分析
    • 德国
    • 法国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 西班牙

第八章：亚太地区汽车轮胎橡胶添加剂市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 亚太地区：国别分析
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韩国
    • 澳洲

第九章：中东和非洲汽车轮胎橡胶添加剂市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 中东与非洲：国别分析
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 南非

第十章：南美汽车轮胎橡胶添加剂市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 南美洲：国别分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥伦比亚
    • 阿根廷

第十一章 市场动态

  • 促进因素
  • 任务

第十二章 市场趋势与发展

  • 併购
  • 产品发布
  • 近期趋势

第十三章：全球汽车轮胎橡胶添加剂市场：SWOT分析

第十四章：波特五力分析

  • 产业竞争
  • 新进入者的潜力
  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 顾客权力
  • 替代品的威胁

第十五章 竞争格局

  • BASF SE
  • Akrochem Corporation
  • Akzo Nobel NV
  • Arkema Group
  • BEHN MEYER
  • Eastman Chemical Company
  • LANXESS
  • Struktol Company of America, LLC
  • Thomas Swan & Co. Ltd.
  • LUMITOS AG

第十六章 策略建议

第十七章：关于研究公司及免责声明

简介目录
Product Code: 17671

The Global Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market is projected to expand from USD 6.52 billion in 2025 to USD 7.96 billion by 2031, registering a CAGR of 3.38%. These additives are specialized chemical agents infused into raw rubber to enhance processing efficiency, durability, and performance traits like heat resistance and elasticity. This growth is chiefly driven by the broadening global automotive sector and the consequent increase in tire production required to satisfy vehicular demand. Additionally, strict safety standards requiring improved tire longevity, combined with the rising mileage of modern fleets, are increasing the need for these vital chemical enhancers. Data from the International Rubber Study Group indicates that global rubber consumption reached 15.8 million tonnes in the first half of 2025, a 1.9 percent year-over-year rise, highlighting the steady industrial demand underpinning this market.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2027-2031
Market Size 2025USD 6.52 Billion
Market Size 2031USD 7.96 Billion
CAGR 2026-20313.38%
Fastest Growing SegmentAnti Degradants
Largest MarketAsia Pacific

Conversely, the market faces a substantial obstacle due to unstable raw material costs, specifically regarding petrochemical derivatives essential for additive synthesis. The fluctuation of crude oil prices can lead to sudden spikes in production costs, effectively compressing profit margins and destabilizing pricing throughout the supply chain. This financial uncertainty impedes long-term strategic planning and might force tire manufacturers to pursue cheaper alternative inputs, a move that could potentially constrain revenue growth for suppliers of premium additives.

Market Driver

The swift electrification of the automotive industry is transforming the rubber additive sector, creating a need for formulations capable of enduring the unique physical stresses imposed by electric vehicles (EVs). Because EVs generate instant torque and carry heavy battery packs, they place considerably greater strain on tires, forcing producers to adopt advanced reinforcing agents and vulcanization additives to improve abrasion resistance. This technical necessity is directly expanding the market for high-performance chemical ingredients. As noted by the International Energy Agency in their 'Global EV Outlook 2024' released in April 2024, electric car sales neared 14 million in 2023, establishing a vital requirement for additives that reduce rapid tire wear. Complementing this volume increase, the U.S. Tire Manufacturers Association projected total U.S. tire shipments to hit 335.7 million units in 2024, emphasizing the strong manufacturing momentum demanding these crucial inputs.

Concurrently, rigorous environmental mandates and the rising popularity of green tires are driving a definitive move toward sustainable and bio-based rubber additives. Manufacturers are actively replacing traditional petrochemical derivatives with renewable options, including plant-based oils and biomass-derived silica, aiming to lower lifecycle emissions while maintaining safety standards. This shift obliges additive suppliers to innovate swiftly to guarantee the durability and dispersibility of these eco-friendly materials. Highlighting this trend, Bridgestone Corporation announced in a February 2024 news release that it had begun manufacturing tires utilizing chemically recycled raw materials, such as recovered carbon black and tire-derived oil. This progression demonstrates an increasing commercial dependence on circular additive sources, necessitating a broad industry departure from conventional fossil-fuel-based ingredients.

Market Challenge

Price volatility regarding raw materials, especially petrochemical derivatives reliant on crude oil, represents a major impediment to the stability and growth of the Global Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market. Because synthetic rubber additives are tightly bound to fossil fuel markets, abrupt variations in oil prices trigger immediate and unforeseen increases in production expenses. This financial volatility compresses profit margins for tire makers, making long-term procurement planning difficult and hindering the maintenance of steady product pricing. Confronted with these unpredictable input costs, manufacturers are frequently compelled to cut inventory or switch to cheaper, lower-quality alternatives, actions that directly erode the revenue potential for suppliers of premium additives.

The consequences of this precarious operating climate are clearly reflected in recent manufacturing statistics. Data from the Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association indicates that in 2024, automobile tire production volume fell by 5.8 percent year-over-year, declining to 122.36 million units. This reduction in output underscores how market instability and cost pressures can actively dampen manufacturing operations, effectively halting the uptake of necessary rubber additives even when the wider automotive sector suggests a theoretical demand.

Market Trends

The market is being swiftly redefined by a move toward sustainable and non-toxic vulcanization agents, spurred by pressing regulatory demands to remove hazardous anti-degradants that pose risks to aquatic ecosystems. Distinct from general sustainability efforts centered on carbon emissions, this trend specifically aims to eliminate chemicals like 6PPD, which is associated with acute toxicity in Coho salmon. Consequently, additive producers are focusing on synthesizing environmentally safe replacements that uphold essential ozone protection without producing dangerous byproducts. This regulatory shift is demonstrated by major industry cooperation; as per an August 2024 press release from the U.S. Tire Manufacturers Association concerning the '6PPD Alternatives Analysis Consortium,' seven potential chemical substitutes have been identified for further study to replace the toxic antiozonant 6PPD in tire mixtures.

At the same time, the progression of smart tire solutions and self-healing materials is establishing a high-value niche for specialized rubber additives. This trend entails incorporating sensing technologies and adaptive polymer compounds capable of sealing punctures automatically or monitoring tire health in real-time, which extends product life and improves safety. The appetite for these intelligent materials is driven by their demonstrated capacity to optimize fleet management efficiency and lower operational risks. As reported by T21 Media in a July 2024 article titled 'Michelin Connected Fleets boosts productivity through the use of technology,' Michelin stated that its predictive and connected tire solutions could decrease tire-related road incidents by as much as 80 percent, highlighting the significant safety advantages propelling the uptake of these advanced systems.

Key Market Players

  • BASF SE
  • Akrochem Corporation
  • Akzo Nobel N.V.
  • Arkema Group
  • BEHN MEYER
  • Eastman Chemical Company
  • LANXESS
  • Struktol Company of America, LLC
  • Thomas Swan & Co. Ltd.
  • LUMITOS AG

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market, By Type

  • Plasticizers
  • Coupling Agents
  • Anti degradants
  • Processing Aid/ Promoters

Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market, By Application

  • Passenger Car
  • and Commercial Vehicle

Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market, By Region

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Germany
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Type (Plasticizers, Coupling Agents, Anti degradants, Processing Aid/ Promoters)
    • 5.2.2. By Application (Passenger Car, and Commercial Vehicle)
    • 5.2.3. By Region
    • 5.2.4. By Company (2025)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Type
    • 6.2.2. By Application
    • 6.2.3. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 6.3.2. Canada Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Application

7. Europe Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Type
    • 7.2.2. By Application
    • 7.2.3. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 7.3.2. France Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Application
    • 7.3.4. Italy Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Application
    • 7.3.5. Spain Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Application

8. Asia Pacific Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Type
    • 8.2.2. By Application
    • 8.2.3. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 8.3.2. India Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 8.3.3. Japan Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Application
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Application
    • 8.3.5. Australia Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Application

9. Middle East & Africa Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Type
    • 9.2.2. By Application
    • 9.2.3. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 9.3.2. UAE Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Application

10. South America Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Type
    • 10.2.2. By Application
    • 10.2.3. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Application

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Automotive Tire Rubber Additive Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. BASF SE
    • 15.1.1. Business Overview
    • 15.1.2. Products & Services
    • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.2. Akrochem Corporation
  • 15.3. Akzo Nobel N.V.
  • 15.4. Arkema Group
  • 15.5. BEHN MEYER
  • 15.6. Eastman Chemical Company
  • 15.7. LANXESS
  • 15.8. Struktol Company of America, LLC
  • 15.9. Thomas Swan & Co. Ltd.
  • 15.10. LUMITOS AG

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer