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市场调查报告书
商品编码
1968494

冷却塔市场－全球产业规模、份额、趋势、机会、预测：按产品、材料、应用、区域和竞争格局划分，2021-2031年

Cooling Towers Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Product, By Material, By Application, By Region & Competition, 2021-2031F
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 185 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

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简介目录

全球冷却塔市场预计将从 2025 年的 53.4 亿美元成长到 2031 年的 71.6 亿美元，复合年增长率为 5.01%。

冷却塔作为一种散热装置，透过传导或蒸发降低水流温度，并将废热散发到大气中。全球市场的成长主要受电力产业能源需求成长和工业生产强劲成长的驱动，这两者都需要有效的温度控管解决方案。此外，大型商业基础设施的持续建设也增加了对集中式冷暖气空调（HVAC）系统的需求，这些关键设备的需求在各个经济区域都日益稳定。

市场概览
预测期 2027-2031
市场规模：2025年 53.4亿美元
市场规模：2031年 71.6亿美元
复合年增长率：2026-2031年 5.01%
成长最快的细分市场 玻璃钢
最大的市场 亚太地区

然而，该领域面临着与环境永续性和严格的节水法规相关的重大挑战。传统蒸发冷却耗水量巨大，这往往与缺水地区的监管政策相衝突，阻碍了新设备的安装。根据 Eurovent Market Intelligence 的报告，到 2024 年，欧洲冷却塔市场规模预计为 2.1 亿欧元，显示节水替代方案的发展已趋于停滞。这项数据凸显了製造商在兼顾高热性能和日益增长的资源消耗削减压力方面所面临的困境。

市场驱动因素

商业设施、住宅基础设施，尤其是快速发展的资料中心产业对暖通空调（HVAC）系统的需求不断增长，是推动市场扩张的主要动力。随着数位转型加速，需要强大的温度控管解决方案来散发高密度伺服器产生的巨大热量，而采用蒸发式冷却塔这种节能散热方式的需求也在不断增长。这一趋势对主要製造商的财务表现产生了显着影响。根据SPX Technologies于2024年5月发布的“2024年第一季财务业绩”，该公司暖通空调部门的收入达到3.024亿美元，同比增长20.2%，这主要得益于强劲的需求和冷却应用运作的提高。

同时，为因应全球火力发电和核能发电容量的成长，冷却塔产业的发展势在必行，这将有助于废热处理和满足监管要求。为了满足基本负载电力需求，发电厂正在提高发电量，从而持续推动对能够处理高流量的机械式和自然通风式冷却塔的需求。根据美国能源资讯署 (EIA) 于 2024 年 2 月发布的《月度发电设备储备库存统计》，开发商计划在 2024 年在美国新增 62.8 吉瓦的大型发电装置容量，这一趋势与辅助冷却设备的采购直接相关。巴布科克-威尔科克斯 (Babcock & Wilcox) 等供应商也进一步印证了这个趋势。该公司在 2024 年 8 月发布的《2024 年第二季业绩报告》中指出，其累积订单7.578 亿美元，较去年同期成长 51%，这主要得益于持续的计划活动。

市场挑战

严格的节水要求和日益增长的环境永续性意识是全球冷却塔市场的主要限制因素。随着淡水日益被视为重要资源，主要工业区的监管机构正在对用水量施加严格的限制，尤其针对标准蒸发式冷却塔的高运作耗水量。这种监管压力成为新建设施的主要障碍，开发商面临着耗水量大的散热系统许可证长期审批延误甚至被直接拒绝的困境，导致传统冷却设备的潜在基本客群不断萎缩。

根据执行时间 Institute 2024 年的一项调查，只有 43% 的资料中心营运商监控其用水量，这种严重的透明度缺失导致监管机构收紧了对蒸发冷却设备的预防性法规。缺乏清晰的效率报告削弱了行业应对用水限制的能力，迫使终端用户转向干式冷却技术以确保营运合规，从而导致传统冷却塔的订单下降。因此，如何在不增加过高营运成本的情况下满足这些高永续性标准，正在积极阻碍市场成长。

市场趋势

随着各行业寻求在日益减少的淡水资源和散热性能之间取得平衡，节水型混合冷却技术的应用正在迅速改变市场格局。与耗水量庞大的传统蒸发冷却系统不同，混合冷却系统能够根据周围环境智慧地在干式和湿式运作模式之间切换，从而显着降低能源消耗。这项技术进步对于干旱地区的重工业和资料中心尤其重要，因为在这些地区，水资源效率正与能源性能一起成为关键的营运指标。例如，2024年7月发表在《ACHR News》上的报导题为「永续资料中心冷却」的文章指出，HXV混合冷却器等混合解决方案与开放式冷却塔相比，节水率可高达70%。

同时，整合人工智慧和物联网的即时监控和预测性维护正在将冷却塔从被动设备转变为智慧化的、数据驱动的资产。製造商正积极采用基于云端的分析和感测器，以推进基于状态的维护，从而在零件故障导致计划外停机之前进行预测。这种数位化转型透过根据热负荷的变化动态调节水流量和风扇转速，提高了运行可靠性并优化了能源利用。根据江森自控于2024年5月发布的《2024年永续发展报告》，该公司的人工智慧驱动型OpenBlue解决方案在复杂环境中实施后，实现了30%的碳排放减少，同时显着节省了能源，这表明市场正在向数位化优化的温度控管转型。

目录

第一章概述

第二章：调查方法

第三章执行摘要

第四章：客户心声

第五章：全球冷却塔市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按金额
  • 市占率及预测
    • 产品类型（开放式、封闭式、混合式）
    • 依材质（FRP、钢材、混凝土、木材）
    • 依应用领域（暖通空调、发电、石油和天然气）
    • 按地区
    • 按公司（2025 年）
  • 市场地图

第六章：北美冷却塔市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 北美洲：国别分析
    • 我们
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第七章：欧洲冷却塔市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 欧洲：国别分析
    • 德国
    • 法国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 西班牙

第八章：亚太地区冷却塔市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 亚太地区：国别分析
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韩国
    • 澳洲

第九章：中东和非洲冷却塔市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 中东与非洲：国别分析
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 南非

第十章：南美洲冷却塔市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
  • 市占率及预测
  • 南美洲：国别分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥伦比亚
    • 阿根廷

第十一章 市场动态

  • 促进因素
  • 任务

第十二章 市场趋势与发展

  • 併购
  • 产品发布
  • 近期趋势

第十三章：全球冷却塔市场：SWOT分析

第十四章：波特五力分析

  • 产业竞争
  • 新进入者的潜力
  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 顾客权力
  • 替代品的威胁

第十五章 竞争格局

  • Cooling Tower Systems, Inc.
  • Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc.
  • Baltimore Aircoil Company
  • Delta Cooling Towers Inc.
  • Engie Refrigeration GmbH
  • EVAPCO, Inc.
  • Johnson Controls International Plc.
  • Kelvion Holdings GmbH
  • Liang Chi Industry Co. Ltd

第十六章 策略建议

第十七章：关于研究公司及免责声明

简介目录
Product Code: 23110

The Global Cooling Towers Market is projected to expand from USD 5.34 Billion in 2025 to USD 7.16 Billion by 2031, registering a CAGR of 5.01%. A cooling tower functions as a heat rejection mechanism that transfers waste heat to the atmosphere by lowering the temperature of a water stream through conduction or evaporation. Growth in the global market is chiefly underpinned by the rising energy requirements of the power generation industry and the vigorous growth of industrial manufacturing, both of which demand effective thermal management solutions. Furthermore, the ongoing construction of large-scale commercial infrastructure has heightened the need for centralized heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, cementing the demand for these essential units across various economies.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2027-2031
Market Size 2025USD 5.34 Billion
Market Size 2031USD 7.16 Billion
CAGR 2026-20315.01%
Fastest Growing SegmentFRP
Largest MarketAsia Pacific

However, the sector encounters a major obstacle related to environmental sustainability and rigorous water conservation regulations. The substantial water usage associated with conventional evaporative cooling frequently clashes with regulatory policies in areas facing water scarcity, hindering the installation of new units. As reported by Eurovent Market Intelligence, the European cooling tower market was valued at €210 million in 2024, a figure that indicates stagnation relative to the rise of water-saving alternatives. This statistic underscores the difficulty manufacturers face in reconciling high thermal performance with mounting pressure to reduce resource consumption.

Market Driver

The escalating demand for HVAC systems within commercial and residential infrastructure, especially in the burgeoning data center industry, acts as a primary engine for market expansion. As digital transformation gains speed, facilities need powerful thermal management solutions to eliminate the immense heat produced by high-density servers, leading to a heavy reliance on evaporative cooling towers for energy-efficient heat rejection. This pattern is visibly impacting the financial results of major manufacturers; according to SPX Technologies' "First Quarter 2024 Results" from May 2024, their HVAC segment achieved revenue of $302.4 million, marking a 20.2% increase from the prior year due to robust demand in cooling applications and increased operational volume.

Concurrently, the rising global capacity in thermal and nuclear power generation demands a corresponding growth in the cooling tower industry to handle waste heat and maintain regulatory compliance. To satisfy base-load electricity needs, power plants are boosting their output, generating continuous demand for mechanical and natural draft towers capable of managing high water flow rates. According to the "Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory" released by the U.S. Energy Information Administration in February 2024, developers intended to add 62.8 gigawatts of new utility-scale electric-generating capacity in the United States during 2024, a trend that directly aligns with the procurement of auxiliary cooling equipment. This momentum is further confirmed by suppliers like Babcock & Wilcox, who reported in their August 2024 "Second Quarter 2024 Results" an implied backlog of $757.8 million, representing a 51% year-over-year rise driven by ongoing project activity.

Market Challenge

Rigorous water conservation mandates and the growing emphasis on environmental sustainability present a significant constraint on the Global Cooling Towers Market. With fresh water increasingly viewed as a critical resource, regulators in major industrial areas are implementing strict limits on water withdrawal, specifically targeting the high operational consumption characteristic of standard evaporative cooling towers. This regulatory pressure creates a major obstacle for new facility construction, as developers encounter extended permitting delays or complete rejections for water-intensive heat rejection systems, effectively reducing the prospective customer base for traditional cooling units.

According to the Uptime Institute in 2024, merely 43% of data center operators monitored their water usage metrics, a notable gap in transparency that has led authorities to enforce stricter precautionary limits on evaporative cooling installations. This absence of clear efficiency reporting undermines the industry's capacity to argue against water-use caps, compelling a reduction in orders for conventional towers as end-users shift toward dry-cooling technologies to guarantee operational compliance. Consequently, the difficulty in meeting these high sustainability standards without facing prohibitive operational costs is actively impeding market growth.

Market Trends

The adoption of hybrid cooling technologies for water conservation is swiftly altering the market landscape as industries attempt to reconcile thermal performance with dwindling freshwater supplies. In contrast to standard evaporative units that utilize large amounts of water, hybrid systems intelligently alternate between dry and wet operation modes depending on ambient conditions, significantly reducing utility consumption. This technological advancement is especially vital for heavy industry and data centers in drought-prone areas, where water efficiency is becoming a key operational benchmark alongside energy performance; for instance, ACHR News noted in a July 2024 article titled "Sustainable Data Center Cooling" that hybrid solutions like the HXV Hybrid Cooler have shown the capacity to achieve up to 70% water savings relative to open cooling towers.

At the same time, the integration of AI and IoT for real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance is evolving cooling towers from passive equipment into intelligent, data-driven assets. Manufacturers are increasingly incorporating cloud-based analytics and sensors to facilitate condition-based maintenance, which predicts component failures before they result in unplanned outages. This digital transformation improves operational reliability and refines energy use by dynamically modifying water flow and fan speeds in response to thermal load changes; according to the "2024 Sustainability Report" by Johnson Controls in May 2024, deploying their AI-powered OpenBlue solutions in complex settings reduced carbon emissions by 30% while delivering assured energy savings, highlighting the market's shift toward digitally optimized thermal management.

Key Market Players

  • Cooling Tower Systems, Inc.
  • Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc.
  • Baltimore Aircoil Company
  • Delta Cooling Towers Inc.
  • Engie Refrigeration GmbH
  • EVAPCO, Inc.
  • Johnson Controls International Plc.
  • Kelvion Holdings GmbH
  • Liang Chi Industry Co. Ltd

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Cooling Towers Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Cooling Towers Market, By Product

  • Open-circuit
  • Closed-circuit
  • Hybrid

Cooling Towers Market, By Material

  • FRP
  • Steel
  • Concrete
  • Wood

Cooling Towers Market, By Application

  • HVAC
  • Power Generation
  • Oil & Gas

Cooling Towers Market, By Region

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Germany
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Cooling Towers Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Cooling Towers Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Cooling Towers Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Product (Open-circuit, Closed-circuit, Hybrid)
    • 5.2.2. By Material (FRP, Steel, Concrete, Wood)
    • 5.2.3. By Application (HVAC, Power Generation, Oil & Gas)
    • 5.2.4. By Region
    • 5.2.5. By Company (2025)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Cooling Towers Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Product
    • 6.2.2. By Material
    • 6.2.3. By Application
    • 6.2.4. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Product
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Material
        • 6.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 6.3.2. Canada Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Product
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Material
        • 6.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Product
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Material
        • 6.3.3.2.3. By Application

7. Europe Cooling Towers Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Product
    • 7.2.2. By Material
    • 7.2.3. By Application
    • 7.2.4. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Product
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Material
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.2. France Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Product
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Material
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Product
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Material
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.4. Italy Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Product
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Material
        • 7.3.4.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.5. Spain Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Product
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Material
        • 7.3.5.2.3. By Application

8. Asia Pacific Cooling Towers Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Product
    • 8.2.2. By Material
    • 8.2.3. By Application
    • 8.2.4. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Product
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Material
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.2. India Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Product
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Material
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.3. Japan Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Product
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Material
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Product
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Material
        • 8.3.4.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.5. Australia Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Product
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Material
        • 8.3.5.2.3. By Application

9. Middle East & Africa Cooling Towers Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Product
    • 9.2.2. By Material
    • 9.2.3. By Application
    • 9.2.4. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Product
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Material
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 9.3.2. UAE Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Product
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Material
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Product
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Material
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By Application

10. South America Cooling Towers Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Product
    • 10.2.2. By Material
    • 10.2.3. By Application
    • 10.2.4. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Product
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Material
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Product
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Material
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Cooling Towers Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Product
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Material
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By Application

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Cooling Towers Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. Cooling Tower Systems, Inc.
    • 15.1.1. Business Overview
    • 15.1.2. Products & Services
    • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.2. Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc.
  • 15.3. Baltimore Aircoil Company
  • 15.4. Delta Cooling Towers Inc.
  • 15.5. Engie Refrigeration GmbH
  • 15.6. EVAPCO, Inc.
  • 15.7. Johnson Controls International Plc.
  • 15.8. Kelvion Holdings GmbH
  • 15.9. Liang Chi Industry Co. Ltd

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer