水凝胶：未来技术和市场（2024-2044）

预计到 2044 年，水凝胶市场规模将增长至超过 750 亿美元。 水凝胶可以帮助盲人恢復视力和截瘫患者行走。 水凝胶还将支持新形式的被动冷却，随着全球变暖的持续，这将是至关重要的。 此外，水凝胶在许多其他应用中也很重要，包括用于水果采收、手术和智能假肢的软机器人。

本报告对水凝胶的技术和市场进行了调查，并提供了市场和产品的概述、背景、实现水凝胶的技术、水凝胶在各个领域的应用实例、各个领域未来有前景的技术的趋势、A研发趋势总结。

目录

第 1 章执行摘要/概述

第 2 章简介

• 背景
• 成分
• 关于术语“凝胶”的註释
• 限制
• 天然与合成
• 医用水凝胶的应用：23个例子
• 水凝胶在6个非医学领域的应用：19例
• 挑战：水凝胶中的毒素
• 水凝胶其他领域研究：20例
• 将水凝胶商业化的公司：40 个例子

第 3 章改进水凝胶：医疗和其他用途（2024-2044）

• 摘要
• 水凝胶的 SWOT 评估：现状
• 水凝胶市场的扩张：图表
• 水凝胶分子工具包和趋势
• 水凝胶的新化学和功能：6个家族
• 水凝胶实现技术：后续章节将涵盖的6大类
• 有机硅/聚氨酯：它们如何与水凝胶竞争和融合？
• 最新研究中其他新材料如何与水凝胶竞争
• 最有希望的水凝胶改进途径：2024-2044 年
• 弹性水凝胶系统（EHS）
• 不断发展的水凝胶製造技术：包括 3D 和 4D 打印

第 4 章：未来水凝胶可用于冷却建筑物、太阳能电池板、人员、食物等

• 摘要
• 信息图：冷却和热管理的关键新需求的到来（2024-2044 年）
• 5 Infogram 冷却工具包和水凝胶商机
• 使用水凝胶进行一般蒸发冷却
• 未来水凝胶技术6G微电子和太阳能电池板冷却
• 使用水凝胶冷却太阳能电池板并回收有用的水
• 富有想像力的新型水凝胶在建筑冷却中的应用
• 使用气凝胶和水凝胶冷却药品和食品
• 用于软体机器人的自冷却智能执行器
• 其他新兴冷却水凝胶：食品、服装、下一代微芯片、电力电子、数据中心、大型电池、电池塔、建筑物

第五章未来的自修復水凝胶

• 定义/焦点
• 自我修復的基础知识
• 自愈水凝胶在工程和医疗保健中的重要性
• 自修復材料的 SWOT 评估（2024 年）
• 自修復水凝胶的技术选择
• 水凝胶替代品在实际和潜在自愈应用中的竞争力
• 研究中的重要案例（2024-2044）

第六章未来的水凝胶膜和薄膜：离子交换、气体分离等

• 摘要
• 膜的困难和自我修復的需要
• 近期研究中的自修復膜化学
• 基础知识
• 建筑膜和隔音膜
• 电池、超级电容器、燃料电池隔膜、电解质膜
• 电子皮肤，人类和机器人的电子皮肤
• 气体分离
• 离子导体
• 超滤膜

第 7 章未来基于水凝胶的柔性电子器件、传感器和固态储能

• 摘要
• 柔性固态储能示例
• 用于生物技术和环境应用的磁响应水凝胶
• 传感器和传感
• 晶体管
• 电子产品用热水凝胶

第 8 章未来水凝胶 ELM（工程活性材料）

• 摘要
• 向自然学习
• 典型特征/材料
• 分类
• 障碍/要走的路
• ELM 研究中的生物材料示例

第 9 章使用水凝胶的未来水管理：农业、防水、防污、生物分离

• 摘要
• 磁性水凝胶针对水中的污染物
• 基于橡胶的吸附水凝胶去除污染物
• 用于蛋白质生物分离的智能水凝胶
• 水凝胶及其替代品用于从空气中提取有用的水
• 使用可重复使用的水凝胶回收贵金属
• 海洋恢復：珊瑚礁
• 农业径流污染测量与控制
• 船舶海洋防污膜及涂料
• 农业土壤调理和灌溉

第 10 章未来水凝胶材料在建筑和建造中的应用

• 摘要
• 混凝土和其他水泥材料
• 其他

The new Zhar Research report, "Hydrogels: Future Technologies and Markets 2024-2044" uniquely focuses on new technologies and applications that will add to the market so it powers to over $75 billion in 2044. Hydrogels will help the blind to see and the paralysed to walk. They will assist new forms of passive cooling, essential due to global warming. Hydrogels may be important for soft robotics used in fruit picking, surgery and smart prosthetics but there is much more.

Throughout the report, the information is distilled into infograms, comparison tables and graphics with many "Zhar Research Comment" sections appraising latest research. Learn many other emerging technologies, their possible impact and when. See how many are applicable in several application sectors, derisking investment, for this is a commercially oriented report. It finds that hydrogels are increasingly recyclable but self-healing versions often last much longer and are safer and more affordable over life.

The report is balanced, examining how several hydrogels have toxicity issues with their precursors and breakdown products but alternatives are identified. Zhar Research does not find huge opportunity for hydrogels in automotive and some other sectors from 2024-2044, but very large opportunities are discovered in several other sectors. The report identifies what formulations compete with hydrogels and how that will play out, including subsuming some alternatives into composites with the best of both worlds.

Latest inputs are vital in this fast-changing field. Appropriately, the 20-year forecasts, roadmaps and research analysis in 298-page, "Hydrogels: Future Technologies and Markets 2024-2044" are heavily based on the flood of research in 2023. Enjoy latest PhD-level technical insight into what is really possible and needed. The report is continuously updated so you always get the latest. The long view fully reveals the opportunities from such radical advances as engineered living materials, for example, where hydrogels are the preferred scaffold materials and the medical implications are profound. The trends are identified, such as increasing use of biomimetics and composites.

The 28-page Executive Summary and Conclusions is sufficient for those in a hurry. The definitions, needs and context are followed by graphics and data revealing the global market for hydrogel-dominated materials and devices: 3 sectors and total $ billion 2024-2044 plus future hydrogel enabling technology by 6 functional categories $ billion 2024-2044. An infogram illustrates forthcoming hydrogel adoption. Another presents the hydrogel molecular toolkit and trends. See hydrogels in the polymer competitive landscape then the global market for hydrogel, silicone and polyurethane families $ billion 2024-2044 because they will both compete and combine. Dense graphics reveal the different hydrogels competing in latest research. See technology choices, examples, trends with a detailed hydrogel SWOT appraisal. Understand the regional bias of hydrogel research and use with sales by region 2024-2044, the hydrogel roadmap 2024-2044 by industry sector and 26 background forecasts for equipment that will incorporate hydrogels.

Chapter 2 ( 13 pages) Introduction explains the history, benefits and market drivers. View formulations, limitations, choice of natural vs synthetic and how, so far, most of the commercial success and research is in healthcare. 23 examples of medical hydrogel applications are tabulated against 19 others. Zhar Research does not hide the fact that hydrogel toxigens are an issue, showing types of main concern and their effects. The research pipeline is illustrated with 20 examples of hydrogel research and 42 companies commercialising hydrogels.

Medical applications of hydrogels, including contact lenses, dominate the market today and have the most ambitious objectives and funding so Chapter 3 (26 pages) concerns, "How hydrogels will be improved for medical and other purposes 2024-2044". It analyses the hydrogel molecular toolkit and trends, six families of emerging hydrogel chemistry and functionality and future hydrogel enabling technology by six other categories covered deeply in later chapters. How will silicones and polyurethanes both compete with and combine with hydrogels? How do other emerging materials compete with hydrogels in latest research? With new appraisals, comments and predictions, Zhar Research reveals the most promising routes to improvement 2024-2044, including new biomimetics, composites and chemistry with appraisal of important new research. Then come Elastomer Hydrogel Systems EHS and evolving production technologies for hydrogels including 3D and 4D printing.

Chapter 4. "Future hydrogels that cool buildings, solar panels, people, food, other" (45 pages) interprets these needs and possible solutions finding that they mainly lie beyond healthcare. New infogram: Major new cooling and thermal management needs arrive 2024-2044 leads five new infograms on the cooling toolkit and the hydrogel opportunity. Zhar Research explains hydrogel evaporative cooling in general, future hydrogel technologies for cooling of 6G microelectronics and solar panels, hydrogel-silica aerogel, even thermogalvanic hydrogel for synchronous evaporative cooling. Discover possible hydrogel cooling of solar panels including gathering useful water, hydroceramic hydrogel cooling of architecture, hydrogel windows to block and store heat. Learn how aerogel and hydrogel working together may cool pharmaceuticals and food, assess a self-cooling smart actuator for soft robotics and examine other emerging cooling hydrogels for food, apparel, next microchips, power electronics, data centers, large batteries, cell towers and buildings.

Hydrogels are the leading option for future self-healing so Chapter 5. "Future self-healing hydrogels" goes to 58 pages despite distillation into many new graphics. See definitions, focus, basics and drivers. Here are intrinsic or extrinsic self-healing hydrogel, the value chain, types of damage to people and things that are addressed, metrics, SWOT appraisal, technology options for self-healing hydrogels. Then comes a deep dive into physical and chemical hydrogel self-healing, competing formulations and important examples in the research pipeline. Learn self-healing hydrogels planned for anti-fouling, water-oil separation, liquid transportation, bone regeneration, drug-delivery and as cancer therapy injectables. Add their emerging use as electrical conductors for electronics and medical purposes, remote near-infrared-responsive controls, self-lubricating water-based polymeric systems, sensing, solid state electrolytes, spinal cord implants for treating paralysis, soft robotics, smart prosthetics, bioelectronics, cartilage, stretchable hydrogels for protein delivery, tissue engineering and triboelectric nanogenerators.

Chapter 6 takes 18 pages to cover, "Future hydrogel membranes and film: ion-exchange, gas separation, other". Zhar Research finds that hydrogels have a future here but not a leading position. Some of the aspects covered are membrane difficulty levels, needs for self-healing and membrane chemistry in recent studies. Then come proposed hydrogel membranes - architectural, acoustic, battery, supercapacitor, fuel cell, electrolyte and sensorised e-skin for humans and robots. Hydrogels as gas separation, ionic conductors and ultrafiltration are also covered.

The 21 pages of Chapter 7 cover future hydrogel flexible electronics, sensors and solid-state energy storage. See chosen chemical routes: carbon, polymer, biopolymer, biomass then biopolymer hydrogel routes in more detail followed by flexible and solid-state energy storage examples including zinc-air battery electrolyte, biopolymer-based hydrogel electrolytes, supercapacitor, fuel cell, electrolyser and magneto-responsive hydrogels for biotechnological and environmental applications. Excitation-responsive, sensors, transistors, thermal hydrogels for electronics are appraised from research with Zhar Research predicting hydrogel contribution not dominance.

Chapter 8 covers "Future hydrogel Engineered Living Materials ELM" that some observers trumpet as "the next big thing" but Zhar Research advises caution, forecasting significant commercial impact but over a decade from now. See an overview, hype curve, infogram, SWOT appraisal, competition for ELM, Engineered Living Hydrogels ELH and their competition, taxonomy and obstacles with a recommended way forward for both bio-ELM and hybrid ELM where hydrogels are central. Finally, mycelial and bacterial forms are examined in more detail.

Chapter 9 at 22 pages explains future hydrogel water management: agriculture; waterproofing, anti-fouling, bioseparation. See sections on removing contaminants, bioseparation of proteins and extracting useful water from the air. Zhar Research reveals research showing metal oxide frameworks competing with hydrogels, water harvesting even while warming and precious metal recovery with reusable hydrogel. Marine recovery of coral reefs and measuring and controlling agricultural runoff pollution currently damaging coral reefs both call for hydrogels as do marine anti-fouling film and paint, all covered here. Understand agricultural soil conditioning and irrigation and some companies and research projects involved.

Chapter 10. "Future hydrogel materials in building and construction" ends the report with 14 pages on inducing hydrogel in concrete and coating concrete with it. See some company advances, polyacrylic hydrogel in cement composites, hydrogels containing nanosilica enhancing cement pastes, improved concrete with hydrogel-based internal curing agents and other options.

Zhar Research report, "Hydrogels: Future Technologies and Markets 2024-2044" is essential reading for everyone wishing to research, fund, regulate, supply or use hydrogel materials and structures. Billion-dollar new businesses await.

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions

• 1.1. Purpose of this report
• 1.2. Definitions, needs and context
• 1.3. The big picture
• 1.4. Global market for hydrogel-dominated materials and devices: 3 sectors and total $ billion 2024-2044
• 1.5. Future hydrogel enabling technology by 6 functional categories $ billion 2024-2044
• 1.6. Infogram of hydrogel market expansion 2024-2044
• 1.7. Hydrogel molecular toolkit and trends
• 1.8. Infogram: hydrogels in the polymer competitive landscape
• 1.9. Global market for hydrogel, silicone, polyurethane families $ billion
• 1.10. How hydrogels compete in latest research
• 1.11. Detailed hydrogel technology choices, examples, trends
• 1.12. Hydrogel SWOT appraisal
• 1.13. Regional bias of hydrogel research and use with sales by region 2024-2044
• 1.14. Hydrogel roadmap 2024-2044 by industry sector
• 1.15. 26 Background forecasts

2. Introduction

• 2.1. Background
  • 2.1.1. Long history
  • 2.1.2. Many benefits
  • 2.1.3. Market drivers
• 2.2. Formulations
• 2.3. Beware of the term gel
• 2.4. Limitations
• 2.5. Natural vs synthetic
• 2.6. 23 examples of medical hydrogel applications
• 2.7. 19 examples of hydrogel applications in six sectors beyond medical
• 2.8. Hydrogel toxigens are an issue
• 2.9. 20 examples of hydrogel research in other areas
• 2.10. 40 Examples of companies commercialising hydrogels

3. How hydrogels will be improved for medical and other purposes 2024-2044

• 3.1. Overview
• 3.2. Hydrogel SWOT appraisal - where we are now
• 3.3. Graphic of hydrogel market expansion across the landscape 2024-2044
• 3.4. Hydrogel molecular toolkit and trends
• 3.6. Six families of emerging hydrogel chemistry and functionality
• 3.7. Future hydrogel enabling technology by six other categories covered in later chapters
• 3.8. How silicones and polyurethanes will both compete with and combine with hydrogels
• 3.9. How other emerging materials compete with hydrogels in latest research
• 3.10. Most promising routes to improvement of hydrogels 2024-2044
  • 3.10.1. Biomimetic, composite and chemistry
  • 3.10.2. Appraisal of important new medical research: wound healing, sensorised and rejuvenated skin, easing Crohn's disease, restoring vision etc.
• 3.11. Elastomer Hydrogel Systems EHS
  • 3.11.1. Basics
  • 3.11.2. Directly bonded or interphase
  • 3.11.3. Seven examples of important hydrogel EHS research
• 3.12. Evolving production technologies for hydrogels including 3D and 4D printing

4. Future hydrogels that cool buildings, solar panels, people, food, other

• 4.1. Overview
• 4.2. Infogram: Major new cooling and thermal management needs arrive 2024-2044
• 4.3. Five infograms: The cooling toolkit and the hydrogel opportunity
• 4.4. Hydrogel evaporative cooling in general
  • 4.4.1. Ambitions, limitations
  • 4.4.2. Hydrogel open evaporative cooling
• 4.5. Future hydrogel technologies cooling of 6G microelectronics and solar panels
  • 4.5.1. Hydrogel-silica aerogel
  • 4.5.2. Thermogalvanic hydrogel for synchronous evaporative cooling
• 4.6. Hydrogel cooling of solar panels including gathering useful water
• 4.7. Imaginative new hydrogels in architectural cooling
  • 4.7.1. Hydroceramic hydrogel cooling architectural structure
  • 4.7.2. Hydrogel windows to block and store heat
• 4.8. Aerogel and hydrogel together cool pharmaceuticals and food
• 4.9. Self-cooling smart actuator for soft robotics
• 4.10. Other emerging cooling hydrogels for food, apparel, next microchips, power electronics, data centers, large batteries, cell towers and buildings

5. Future self-healing hydrogels

• 5.1. Definitions and focus
• 5.2. Self-healing basics
  • 5.2.1. Self- healing material market drivers
  • 5.2.2. Intrinsic or extrinsic self-healing and value chain
  • 5.2.3. Types of damage to people and things that are addressed
  • 5.2.4. The dilemma of metrics
• 5.3. Importance of self-healing hydrogels in engineering and healthcare
• 5.4. SWOT appraisal of self-healing materials in 2024
• 5.5. Technology options for self-healing hydrogels
  • 5.5.1. Overview
  • 5.5.2. Physical self-healing in hydrogels
  • 5.5.3. Chemical self-healing in hydrogels
• 5.6. Hydrogel competitive place against alternatives in actual and potential self-healing applications
• 5.7. Important examples in the research pipeline for 2024-2044
  • 5.7.1. Anti-fouling, water-oil separation, liquid transportation
  • 5.7.2. Bone regeneration
  • 5.7.3. Drug-delivery and cancer therapy injectable hydrogels
  • 5.7.4. Electrical conductors for electronics and medical purposes
  • 5.7.5. Remote near-infrared-responsive controls
  • 5.7.6. Self-lubricating water-based polymeric systems
  • 5.7.7. Sensing
  • 5.7.8. Solid state electrolytes
  • 5.7.9. Spinal cord implants for treating paralysis
  • 5.7.10. Soft robotics, smart prosthetics, bioelectronics, cartilage
  • 5.7.11. Stretchable hydrogels for protein delivery etc.
  • 5.7.12. Tissue engineering
  • 5.7.13. Triboelectric nanogenerators

6. Future hydrogel membranes and film: ion-exchange, gas separation, other

• 6.1. Overview
• 6.2. Membrane difficulty levels and needs for self-healing
• 6.3. Self-healing membrane chemistry in recent studies
• 6.4. Basics
• 6.5. Architectural and acoustic membranes
• 6.6. Battery, supercapacitor, fuel cell separators and electrolyte membrane
• 6.7. Electronic skin, e-skin for humans and robots
  • 6.7.1. Overview
  • 6.7.2. Hydrogel e-skin
• 6.8. Gas separation
  • 6.8.1. Carbon dioxide
  • 6.8.2. General
• 6.9. Ionic conductors
• 6.10. Ultrafiltration membrane

7. Future hydrogel flexible electronics, sensors and solid-state energy storage

• 7.1. Overview
  • 7.1.1. Motivation
  • 7.1.2. Chosen chemical routes: carbon, polymer, biopolymer, biomass
  • 7.1.3. Biopolymer hydrogel routes
• 7.2. Flexible and solid-state energy storage examples
  • 7.2.1. Zinc-air battery electrolyte
  • 7.2.2. Supercapacitors, fuel cells and water electrolysers
  • 7.2.3. Biopolymer-based hydrogel electrolytes
  • 7.2.4. Supercapacitors
• 7.3. Magneto-responsive hydrogels for biotechnological and environmental applications
• 7.4. Sensor and sensing
• 7.5. Transistors
• 7.6. Thermal hydrogels for electronics

8. Future hydrogel Engineered Living Materials ELM

• 8.1. Overview
  • 8.1.1. Engineered Living Materials ELM
  • 8.1.2. ELM hype curve 2024-2044
  • 8.1.3. Infogram: Some features of engineered living materials
  • 8.1.4. Engineered Living Material SWOT appraisal
  • 8.1.5. Engineered Living Hydrogels ELH and their competition
• 8.2. Learning from nature
• 8.3. Typical features and materials
• 8.4. Taxonomy
• 8.5. Obstacles and the way forward
  • 8.5.1. Obstacles
  • 8.5.2. Bio ELM vs hybrid ELM
  • 8.5.3. Examples of specific approaches
• 8.6. Examples of living material in ELM research
  • 8.6.1. Funghi - mycelial materials
  • 8.6.2. Bacterial
  • 8.6.3. Further reading

9. Future hydrogel water management: agriculture; waterproofing, anti-fouling, bioseparation

• 9.1. Overview
• 9.2. Contaminants of water targetted with magnetic hydrogels
• 9.3. Rubber-based adsorption hydrogels removing contaminants
• 9.4. Smart hydrogels for bioseparation of proteins
• 9.5. Hydrogels and alternatives extracting useful water from the air
  • 9.5.1. Metal oxide frameworks competing with hydrogels
  • 9.5.2. Water harvesting even while warming
• 9.6. Precious metal recovery with reusable hydrogel
• 9.7. Marine recovery: coral reefs
• 9.8. Measuring and controlling agricultural runoff pollution
• 9.9. Marine anti-fouling film and paint
• 9.10. Agricultural soil conditioning and irrigation
  • 9.10.1. Overview
  • 9.10.2. Alsta Hydrogel India
  • 9.10.3. Gelponics project: AEH Innovative Hydrogel, CHAP Solutions, Growbotic Systems UK

10. Future hydrogel materials in building and construction

• 10.1. Overview
• 10.2. Concrete and other cementitious materials
  • 10.2.1. Inducing hydrogel in concrete
  • 10.2.2. Aquron and Markham New Zealand
  • 10.2.3. Hydrogel Concrete Solutions Australia
  • 10.2.4. Intelligent Concrete USA
  • 10.2.5. Polyacrylic hydrogel in cement composites
  • 10.2.6. Hydrogels containing nanosilica enhance cement pastes
  • 10.2.7. Improved concrete using hydrogel-based internal curing agents
• 10.3. Other