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市场调查报告书
商品编码
1560877

全球生物界面活性剂市场 - 2024 - 2031

Global Biosurfactants Market - 2024 - 2031

出版日期: | 出版商: DataM Intelligence | 英文 208 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2个工作天内

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简介目录

报告概述

全球生物界面活性剂市场2023年达到12.4亿美元,预计到2031年将达到26.6亿美元,2024-2031年预测期间复合年增长率为10%。

低毒性、生物降解性和与环境的高相容性只是天然界面活性剂相对于合成界面活性剂的众多优点中的一小部分。由于农业、个人护理、製药和食品等各行业对环保和永续产品的需求不断增加,生物表面活性剂市场正在稳步扩大。

此外,生物表面活性剂在多种行业中都有用途,例如食品和饮料行业、製药业、农业行业、化妆品行业和采油业。有几个因素有助于扩大全球生物表面活性剂市场。这些因素包括生物表面活性剂的适应性及其在不同应用中取代传统界面活性剂的能力。

英国国家统计局预计,到2023年,肥皂和清洁剂以及清洁和抛光製剂的生产所创造的收入将达到约61.3181亿美元。儘管英国是一个成熟的石油大省,但面对近年来最严重的油价下跌之一,英国海洋石油工业展现了顽强的韧性。

市场动态

环境问题日益严重

表面活性物质的使用非常广泛,其消费量随着人口和活动的增加而增加。这些化合物的主要应用是牙膏和洗髮精等清洁剂产品,以及脱脂、农业、石油开采和其他相关领域。界面活性剂是一大类化合物,主要存在于清洁剂和其他洗涤剂溶液中。

残留的界面活性剂被排入下水道系统或直接排入地表水道,其中大部分最终沉积在土壤、沉积物和其他水体中。由于我们的河流、废水处理厂和海洋中存在表面活性剂,每年消耗量超过 1500 万吨,因此生态问题已成为重大社会问题。一个重要的问题是未经处理的污水或仅接受最低程度处理的废水的排放。

当含有高浓度界面活性剂的废水被排放时,环境后果可能会很严重。需要一个综合的水处理过程来收集、处理和重新输送废水以供再利用。围绕着表面活性剂的环境问题,例如其生物降解性受限、毒性、富营养化和过敏原,刺激了更多的研究和创新生物基表面活性剂的开发。界面活性剂在减少碳排放和大量大气温室气体方面具有至关重要的作用。

缺乏生产技术

缺乏合适的生物表面活性剂製造技术一直是生物技术和工业应用领域的重大挑战。商业化的主要障碍之一是製造成本。目前,多种生物表面活性剂的生产成本超过了合成同类产品。

成本差距是由于对专业菌株、发酵製程和下游纯化技术的需求增加所造成的。开发具有成本效益的生产程序对于企业的成功至关重要。生产生物表面活性剂所需的生长介质和原料的足够可及性和合理定价至关重要。

从发酵液中回收和纯化生物界面活性剂可能会带来挑战并产生高昂的成本。为了提供最佳纯度的产品,高效的下游程序是必要的。此外,由于该领域的研发资金不足,优化生产流程和开发生物表面活性剂新应用的进展受到阻碍。

细分市场分析

全球生物表面活性剂市场根据类型、应用和地区进行细分。

从应用来看,洗涤剂占据市场主导地位

洗衣和家庭清洁溶液的配方在很大程度上依赖表面活性剂,表面活性剂在过程中发挥重要作用。现代洗涤剂由多种成分组成,包括化学表面活性剂、柔软剂、氧化剂和各种酵素。此外,所有界面活性剂都是合成製造的,它们对仍处于幼年阶段的水生生物构成威胁。

除了在较宽的 pH 范围 (7.0-12.0) 内保持稳定外,生物界面活性剂(例如环脂肽 (CLP))在加热到高温时也不会失去其表面动力学特性。由于它们与商业衣物清洁剂具有显着的相似性和强度,以及其与植物油的卓越乳液生产能力,因此建议在製定衣物清洁剂策略时考虑它们。

2021 年,个人护理和洗涤剂行业协会 e。 V(IKW)报告称,德国洗衣粉和清洁用品的收入达50.92亿欧元,约60.246亿美元。与前一年的52.46亿欧元(约59.9亿美元)相比大幅增加。

市场地域占有率

欧洲消费者对绿色界面活性剂的意识不断增强

预计製造商对使用绿色表面活性剂替代品减少碳足迹的认识不断增强,将推动成长。禁止消费可能因生物降解而产生危险副产品或向环境释放毒素的化学物质的立法数量的增加预计也将促进成长。

欧盟委员会表示,欧盟共同体于1970年首次颁布政策,限制洗涤剂中界面活性剂的使用。这样做是为了解决水系统中的泡沫问题,这对海洋生态系统有害。多年来,德国人口不断增长,该国公民的个人清洁和护理意识也很高。

因此,肥皂和清洁剂的消耗量很大。在预测期内,预计这将导致表面活性剂的利用率增加。德国化学工业生产的产品是肥皂、清洁剂、化妆品等多种产品不可或缺的。该国境内有六十多家生产清洁、护理和洗涤产品的不同公司。

VKE,代表化妆品行销公司协会 e。 V报告称,2021年德国化妆品产业营收年增0.4%,明显高于2020年-9%的下降幅度。

市场竞争格局

该市场的主要全球参与者包括赢创工业股份公司、Deugan生物界面活性剂供应商、Biotensidon GmbH、Saraya有限公司、Allied Carbon Solutions Co., Ltd.、大庆VICTEX Industries Co., Ltd.、Jeneil Biotech, Inc.、巴斯夫SE、Holiferm Limited、索尔维 SA

俄乌战争影响分析

俄罗斯-乌克兰衝突对生物表面活性剂产业产生了重大影响,主要是由于原料和能源供应中断。欧洲(尤其是德国)的有机化学公司在能源消耗和製造业务方面严重依赖天然气。鑑于持续的衝突导致能源费用不断上升以及天然气配给的可能性,企业遇到了前所未有的困难。

停产导致企业高层更加谨慎,德国企业预期大幅下降就显示了这一点。俄罗斯能源的不可预测性导致氨等关键化学商品的产量减少,而氨对多种工业用途至关重要,包括生物表面活性剂的合成。

值得注意的是,巴斯夫和雅苒已经宣布减少氨产量,这直接影响了这项生物表面活性剂製造重要成分的可及性。在能源价格上涨和供应链不可预测的情况下,生物表面活性剂产业面临危险的未来,其特征是生产可能中断和成本上升。

按类型

醣脂

槐醣脂

海藻醣脂

鼠李醣脂

脂肽

表面活性素

地衣霉素

磷脂

聚合

其他的

按申请

洗涤剂

个人护理

食品加工

农业化学品

其他的

按地区

北美洲

我们

加拿大

墨西哥

欧洲

德国

英国

法国

义大利

西班牙

欧洲其他地区

南美洲

巴西

阿根廷

南美洲其他地区

亚太

中国

印度

日本

澳洲

亚太其他地区

中东和非洲

主要进展

2022年6月,赢创工业股份公司开始在斯洛伐克斯洛维尼亚尤普卡兴建商业鼠李醣脂製造工厂。透过建立这个新的生物表面活性剂工厂,该公司旨在成为生产高品质、环保生物表面活性剂的开拓者。

2022年3月,巴斯夫透露,其子公司Care Creations已成功创造出Plantapon Soy,这是一种由大豆蛋白合成的阴离子界面活性剂。生物基表面活性剂为个人护理和化妆品行业提供了多种环境优势。

2024年1月,英国生物界面活性剂製造公司Holiferm成功获得约2,330万美元的投资,用于生产永续生物界面活性剂。这项投资将使 Holiferm 能够扩大其商业加工设施。目前,Holiferm 的沃勒西工厂产能为每年 1.1 公斤 (KTA)。

为什么购买报告?

根据类型、应用和区域可视化全球生物表面活性剂市场细分,并了解关键商业资产和参与者。

透过分析趋势和共同开发来识别商业机会。

Excel资料表包含生物表面活性剂市场所有细分市场的大量资料点。

PDF 报告由详尽的质性访谈和深入研究后的综合分析组成。

产品映射以 Excel 形式提供,包含所有主要参与者的关键产品。

全球生物界面活性剂市场报告将提供约 54 个表格、46 张图表和 208 页。

2024 年目标受众

製造商/买家

产业投资者/投资银行家

研究专业人员

新兴公司

目录

第 1 章:方法与范围

第 2 章:定义与概述

第 3 章:执行摘要

第 4 章:动力学

  • 影响因素
    • 司机
      • 环境问题日益严重
    • 限制
      • 缺乏生产技术
    • 机会
    • 影响分析

第 5 章:产业分析

  • 波特五力分析
  • 供应链分析
  • 定价分析
  • 监管分析
  • 俄乌战争影响分析
  • DMI 意见

第 6 章:按类型

  • 醣脂
    • 槐醣脂
    • 海藻醣脂
    • 鼠李醣脂
  • 脂肽酶
    • 表面活性素
    • 地衣霉素
  • 磷脂
  • 聚合
  • 其他的

第 7 章:按申请

  • 洗涤剂
  • 个人护理
  • 食品加工
  • 农业化学品
  • 其他的

第 8 章:按地区

  • 北美洲
    • 我们
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 法国
    • 义大利
    • 西班牙
    • 欧洲其他地区
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 亚太
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 澳洲
    • 亚太其他地区
  • 中东和非洲

第 9 章:竞争格局

  • 竞争场景
  • 市场定位/份额分析
  • 併购分析

第 10 章:公司简介

  • Evonik Industries AG
    • 公司概况
    • 产品组合和描述
    • 财务概览
    • 主要进展
  • Deugan Biosurfactant Supplier
  • Biotensidon GmbH
  • Saraya Co. Ltd
  • Allied Carbon Solutions Co. Ltd.
  • Daqing VICTEX Industries Co. Ltd.
  • Jeneil Biotech, Inc.
  • BASF SE
  • Holiferm Limited
  • Solvay SA (*LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE)

第 11 章:附录

简介目录
Product Code: CH151

Report Overview

Global Biosurfactants Market reached US$ 1.24 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach US$ 2.66 billion by 2031, growing with a CAGR of 10% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

Low toxicity, biodegradability, and high compatibility with the environment are only a few of the many advantages that natural surfactants have over synthetic surfactants. The market for biosurfactants is expanding at a steady rate as a result of the increased demand for environmentally friendly and sustainable products across a variety of industries, including agriculture, personal care, pharmaceuticals and food.

In addition, biosurfactants have uses in a wide variety of industries, such as the food and beverage industry, the pharmaceutical industry, the agricultural industry, the cosmetics industry and the oil recovery industry. There are several factors that help to the expansion of the global market for biosurfactants. The factors include the adaptability of biosurfactants and their capacity to substitute conventional surfactants in distinct applications.

It is anticipated that the revenue created through the production of soap and detergents, as well as cleaning and polishing preparations, will reach around US$ 6,131.81 million by the year 2023, as stated by the Office for National Statistics in UK. The offshore oil industry in UK demonstrated its tenacity in the face of one of the most severe oil price downturns in recent years, even though UK is a mature petroleum province.

Market Dynamics

Rising Environmental Concerns

Utilization of surface-active substances is widespread and their consumption increases in parallel with the human population and activities. The principal applications of these compounds are in detergent goods, such as toothpaste and shampoos, as well as in degreasing, agriculture, oil extraction and other related fields. Surfactant is a broad category of compounds predominantly present in cleansers and other detergent solutions.

The residual surfactants are discharged into sewer systems or directly into surface waterways, with the majority ultimately being deposited in the soil, sediment and other bodies of water. Ecological concerns are a significant societal concern due to the presence of surfactants in our rivers, wastewater treatment plants and seas, at a consumption rate exceeding 15 million tons annually. A significant concern is the release of untreated effluent or wastewater that is just receiving minimal treatment.

Environmental consequences can be severe when wastewater containing high levels of surfactants is discharged. A comprehensive water treatment process is necessary to collect, treat and retransmit wastewater for reuse. The environmental issues surrounding surfactants, such as their restricted biodegradability, toxicity, eutrophication and allergens, have spurred more study and the development of innovative bio-based surfactants. The surfactants have a crucial function in mitigating carbon emissions and significant atmospheric greenhouse gasses.

Lack Of Production Technology

The lack of suitable manufacturing technology for biosurfactants has been a significant challenge in the realm of biotechnology and industrial applications. One of the primary barriers to commercialization is the cost of manufacture. At now, the production cost of several biosurfactants exceeds that of their synthetic counterparts.

The cost gap is caused by the increase in demand for specialist strains, fermentation processes and downstream purification techniques. The development of cost-effective production procedures is crucial for the success of a corporation. Adequate accessibility and reasonable pricing of the growing medium and raw materials required for the production of biosurfactants are essential.

The recovery and purification of biosurfactants from the fermentation broth may present challenges and incur high costs. Efficient downstream procedures are necessary to provide a product of optimal purity. Furthermore, the progress in optimizing production processes and developing new applications for biosurfactants has been hindered by insufficient funding for research and development in this area.

Market Segment Analysis

The global biosurfactants market is segmented based on type, application and region.

Based On The Application, Detergents Dominated The Market

The formulation of laundry and home cleaning solutions relies heavily on surfactants, which play an important role in the process. Modern detergents are made up of a variety of components, including chemical surfactants, softeners, oxidizing agents and various enzymes. Moreover, all surfactants are manufactured synthetically and they constitute a danger to aquatic life that is still in its juvenile stages.

In addition to being stable over a broad pH range (7.0-12.0), biosurfactants, such as Cyclic Lipopeptide (CLP), do not lose their surface-dynamic properties when they are heated to high temperatures. As a result of their remarkable likeness and strength to commercial clothes cleaners, as well as their exceptional emulsion production capacity with vegetable oils, it is recommended that they be taken into consideration when developing a strategy for clothing cleaners.

In 2021, the Industry Association for Personal Care and Detergents e. V (IKW) reported that the income generated from laundry detergents and cleaning goods in Germany amounted to EUR 5,092 million, which is equivalent to around US$ 6,024.60 million. It is a significant increase over the previous year's figure of EUR 5,246 million, which is equivalent to approximately US$ 5,990 million.

Market Geographical Share

Rising Consumer Awareness for Green Surfactants in Europe

It is anticipated that growth will be boosted by the growing awareness among manufacturers regarding the utilization of green surfactant alternatives to the reduction of carbon footprints. An increase in the amount of legislation that prohibits the consumption of chemicals that have the potential to generate hazardous byproducts or release toxins into the environment as a result of biological degradation is also anticipated to boost growth.

As stated by the European Commission, the European Union community first enacted a policy in 1970 that restricted the use of surfactants in detergents. It was done in order to address the issue of lathering in water systems, which is detrimental to the marine ecosystem. Throughout the years, Germany's population has grown and the country's citizens have a high level of awareness of personal cleanliness and care.

As a result, there is a significant amount of soap and detergent consumption. Over the course of the forecast period, it is anticipated that this will result in an increase in the utilization of surfactants. The items that are manufactured by the chemical industry in Germany are indispensable for a wide range of products, such as soaps, detergents, cosmetics and so on. More than sixty different companies that produce cleaning, care and washing products are located inside the borders of this nation.

The VKE, which stands for the Association of Marketing Companies for Cosmetic Products e. V, reported that the cosmetics industry in Germany experienced a year-on-year revenue growth of 0.4% in 2021, which was significantly higher than the -9 percent reduction that was seen in 2020. As a result of the intense competition among manufacturers to maintain the interest of customers, the market for the soap and detergent production business in UK is a dynamic one.

Market Competitive Landscape

The major global players in the market include Evonik Industries AG, Deugan Biosurfactant Supplier, Biotensidon GmbH, Saraya Co., Ltd, Allied Carbon Solutions Co., Ltd., Daqing VICTEX Industries Co., Ltd., Jeneil Biotech, Inc., BASF SE, Holiferm Limited, Solvay S.A.

Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis

The Russia-Ukraine conflict has had a substantial effect on the biosurfactants sector, mainly due to interruptions in the availability of raw materials and energy. Organic chemical firms in Europe, especially in Germany, depend significantly on natural gas for both energy consumption and manufacturing operations. In light of the ongoing conflict resulting in escalating energy expenses and the possibility of gas rationing, corporations are encountering unparalleled difficulties.

The imposition of production stoppages has resulted in heightened prudence among corporate executives, shown in the significant decline in business expectations in Germany. The unpredictability of energy sources from Russia has resulted in decreased output of crucial chemical commodities like as ammonia, which is vital for several industrial uses, including the synthesis of biosurfactants.

Notably, BASF and Yara have already declared reductions in ammonia production, which directly impacts the accessibility of this essential component for the manufacturing of biosurfactants. Amidst rising energy prices and unpredictable supply chains, the biosurfactants sector is confronted with a hazardous future, characterized by possible disruptions in production and escalating costs.

By Type

Glycolipids

Sophorolipids

Trehalolipids

Rhamnolipids

Lipopeptides

Surfactin

Lechenysin

Phospholipids

Polymeric

Others

By Application

Detergents

Personal Care

Food Processing

Agriculture Chemicals

Others

By Region

North America

US

Canada

Mexico

Europe

Germany

UK

France

Italy

Spain

Rest of Europe

South America

Brazil

Argentina

Rest of South America

Asia-Pacific

China

India

Japan

Australia

Rest of Asia-Pacific

Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

In June 2022, Evonik Industries AG commenced the construction of a commercial rhamnolipid manufacturing plant in Slovenska Eupca, Slovakia. Through the establishment of this new biosurfactant facility, the company aims to establish itself as a trailblazer in producing high-quality, environmentally-friendly biosurfactants.

In March 2022, BASF SE revealed that its subsidiary Care Creations has successfully created Plantapon Soy, an anionic surfactant synthesized from soy protein. The bio-based surfactant provides several environmental advantages to the personal care and cosmetics sector.

In January 2024, UK-based biosurfactants manufacturing company, Holiferm, has successfully obtained an investment of approximately US$ 23.3 million for the production of sustainable biosurfactants. The investment will enable Holiferm to expand its commercial processing facility. At present, Holiferm's Wallasey facility has a capacity of 1.1 kilo tonnes per annum (KTA).

Why Purchase the Report?

To visualize the global biosurfactants market segmentation based on type, application and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.

Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.

Excel data sheet with numerous data points of the biosurfactants market with all segments.

PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.

Product mapping available as Excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global biosurfactants market report would provide approximately 54 tables, 46 figures and 208 pages.

Target Audience 2024

Manufacturers/ Buyers

Industry Investors/Investment Bankers

Research Professionals

Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Snippet by Type
  • 3.2. Snippet by Application
  • 3.3. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

  • 4.1. Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1. Drivers
      • 4.1.1.1. Rising Environmental Concerns
    • 4.1.2. Restraints
      • 4.1.2.1. Lack Of Production Technology
    • 4.1.3. Opportunity
    • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

  • 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. Regulatory Analysis
  • 5.5. Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis
  • 5.6. DMI Opinion

6. By Type

  • 6.1. Introduction
    • 6.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 6.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Type
  • 6.2. Glycolipids*
    • 6.2.1. Introduction
    • 6.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
    • 6.2.3. Sophorolipids
    • 6.2.4. Trehalolipids
    • 6.2.5. Rhamnolipids
  • 6.3. Lipopeptides Enzymes
    • 6.3.1. Surfactin
    • 6.3.2. Lechenysin
  • 6.4. Phospholipids
  • 6.5. Polymeric
  • 6.6. Others

7. By Application

  • 7.1. Introduction
    • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Application
  • 7.2. Detergents*
    • 7.2.1. Introduction
    • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 7.3. Personal Care
  • 7.4. Food Processing
  • 7.5. Agriculture Chemicals
  • 7.6. Others

8. By Region

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 8.2. North America
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 8.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 8.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 8.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 8.2.5.1. US
      • 8.2.5.2. Canada
      • 8.2.5.3. Mexico
  • 8.3. Europe
    • 8.3.1. Introduction
    • 8.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 8.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 8.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 8.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 8.3.5.1. Germany
      • 8.3.5.2. UK
      • 8.3.5.3. France
      • 8.3.5.4. Italy
      • 8.3.5.5. Spain
      • 8.3.5.6. Rest of Europe
  • 8.4. South America
    • 8.4.1. Introduction
    • 8.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 8.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 8.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 8.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 8.4.5.1. Brazil
      • 8.4.5.2. Argentina
      • 8.4.5.3. Rest of South America
  • 8.5. Asia-Pacific
    • 8.5.1. Introduction
    • 8.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 8.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 8.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 8.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 8.5.5.1. China
      • 8.5.5.2. India
      • 8.5.5.3. Japan
      • 8.5.5.4. Australia
      • 8.5.5.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 8.6. Middle East and Africa
    • 8.6.1. Introduction
    • 8.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 8.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 8.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application

9. Competitive Landscape

  • 9.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 9.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 9.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

10. Company Profiles

  • 10.1. Evonik Industries AG*
    • 10.1.1. Company Overview
    • 10.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
    • 10.1.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.1.4. Key Developments
  • 10.2. Deugan Biosurfactant Supplier
  • 10.3. Biotensidon GmbH
  • 10.4. Saraya Co. Ltd
  • 10.5. Allied Carbon Solutions Co. Ltd.
  • 10.6. Daqing VICTEX Industries Co. Ltd.
  • 10.7. Jeneil Biotech, Inc.
  • 10.8. BASF SE
  • 10.9. Holiferm Limited
  • 10.10. Solvay S.A. (*LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE)

11. Appendix

  • 11.1. About Us and Services
  • 11.2. Contact Us