化学产业的脱碳化 - 趋势，技术评估，课题，案例研究

化学工业占全球二氧化碳排放量的 14%。根据国际能源总署（IEA）的数据，化学工业也是石油和天然气产品的最大消费者。化学工业传统上依赖低成本、容易取得的化石燃料作为原料和製程能源。儘管某些过程可以通电，但许多反应需要非常高的温度。这使得彻底摆脱传统燃料以及更广泛行业的脱碳变得尤其具有挑战性。捕获的二氧化碳、绿色氢以及生物质和废物等替代原料是替代石油和天然气的碳和氢的主要来源。同时，透过回收工业热量和使用废化学品来提高製程效率将有助于减少整个产业的能源需求，使脱碳挑战更容易应对。

化学工业占2021年工业排放量的14%，是实现净零目标的关键干预点，但也是最难减排的产业之一。化学工业透过农业、建筑和消费产业的成品来支持现代生活中的许多有形物品。化学工业的碳排放可分为直接能源需求和製程排放，两者都对脱碳提出挑战。由于这两个来源，需要结合能源转型技术和措施来抑制该产业的排放。其中包括氢气、CCUS、製程效率改进以及生物质和废物原料利用。

本报告调查分析了化学工业的脱碳情况，揭示了实现排放目标所需行业趋势的现状和潜力，并介绍了最佳能源转换技术。

主要亮点

• 化学工业近三分之二的排放来自能源使用。
• 为了实现净零排放，氨必须大幅减少对石油的依赖。氨生产脱碳需要加速扩大绿氢的规模。
• 2018年甲醇约占初级化学品产量的一半，由于发展中国家汽车和建筑业的需求增加，预计2023年至2030年甲醇需求将成长17.56%。
• 虽然 ICCA 声称支持《巴黎协定》，但 IEA 认为化学工业 "不符合" 2030 年检查点。
• 从 2020 年到 2030 年，全球化学产业的碳捕集能力预计将以 14.2% 的复合年增长率增长，未来几年将推出突破性项目，提高捕集能力。Masu。

目录

• 执行摘要
• 化学碳排放
• 化学工业对气候变迁的贡献
• 氨对碳排放的贡献
• 甲醇对碳排放的贡献
• 化学工业在净零排放方面取得进展
• 脱碳技术简介
• 四种主要化学品脱碳技术
• 技术：分阶段脱碳的可能性
• 宏观经济问题是脱碳的障碍
• 碳捕获、利用与封存 (CCUS)
• 预测化学工业中的 CCUS 能力
• 使用回收的碳作为原料
• 碳负化学品
• 氢气
• 世界氢气产能
• 化工产业案例研究
• 流程效率
• 化学工业的能源使用
• 流程效率案例研究
• 以生物质和废弃物为原料
• 生物质
• 将废弃物回收成化学产品
• 重要讯息
• 联络资讯

Abstract

This report identifies the current and potential sector trends necessary to meet emissions targets and introduces the energy transition technologies most suited to decarbonizing the chemicals industry. The technologies discussed include hydrogen, alternative fuel sources, CCUS, as well as energy efficiency and optimization measures. The chemicals industry is responsible for 14% of global CO2 emissions. According to the International Energy Agency, the sector is also the largest industrial consumer of oil and gas products. The chemicals industry has traditionally depended on low cost and readily available fossil fuels for feedstock and as a source of process energy. Although some processes can be electrified, very high temperatures are required for many reactions to take place. This makes a complete departure from conventional fuels and the wider sector's decarbonization especially challenging. Captured CO2, green hydrogen and other alternative feedstocks such as biomass and waste can serve to replace oil and gas as the main sources of carbon and hydrogen, while electrification and the use of alternative fuels will aid in the replacement of fossil fuels for process energy. Meanwhile, increasing process efficiency through recycling of industrial heat or utilizing waste chemicals can help to reduce the overall energy demand of the sector, making the decarbonization challenge more manageable.

Accounting for 14% of industrial emissions in 2021, the chemicals industry represents a key point of intervention for achieving net-zero targets but remains a sector whose emissions are among the hardest to abate. The chemical industry underpins much of the materiality of modern life, with its end-products spanning agricultural, construction, and consumer industries. Carbon emissions from the chemical industry can be broken down into direct energy demand and process emissions, both of which represent a challenge to decarbonization. As a result of these two emission sources, a combination of energy transition technologies and measures will need to be required to curb emissions from the sector. These include, hydrogen, CCUS, increasing process efficiency, and the use of biomass and waste as feedstock.

Key Highlights

• Almost two thirds of emissions from the chemicals industry come from energy use. Energy is used to heat and cool reactions, grind and mix compounds, and transport around the plants.
• In order to get on track with net zero emissions, ammonia needs to drastically reduce its petroleum dependency, going beyond the current policies set out. Upscaling of green hydrogen needs to be accelerated to decarbonize ammonia production.
• Methanol made up around half the primary chemical production in 2018 and is expected to see a demand increase of 17.56% from 2023-2030 due to rising demand from automotive and construction industries in developing economies
• Despite the ICCA claiming to support the Paris Climate agreement, the IEA considers the chemicals industry to be 'not on track' for its 2030 checkpoint
• Global carbon capture capacity within the chemicals sector is forecast to see a 14.2% CAGR from 2020-2030, with groundbreaking projects becoming operational in the next few years increasing capacity.

Scope

• The chemical industry's current contribution to carbon emissions
• Key chemicals for decarbonization
• Focus technologies for decarbonizing the chemical sector
• Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)
• Hydrogen
• Process efficiency
• Biomass and waste as feedstocks

Reasons to Buy

• Obtain the most up to date information on recent developments and policies effecting the chemical industry's energy transition.
• Identify key energy transition technologies for the decarbonization of the chemical industry
• Obtain market insight into current rates of technology adoption and the factors that will shape the sector's decarbonization.
• Identify the companies most active companies across CCUS, hydrogen, process efficiency, and feedstocks derived from biomass and waste within the chemicals sector.

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

• Executive Summary
• Chemicals' carbon emissions
• Chemicals industry's contribution to climate change
• Ammonia's contribution to carbon emissions
• Methanol's contribution to carbon emissions
• Chemicals industry's progress towards net-zero
• Introduction to decarbonization technologies
• Four key decarbonisation technologies for chemicals
• Technologies by decarbonization potential and stage
• Macroeconomic challenges that will pose a barrier to decarbonization
• Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS)
• Forecast CCUS capacity in the chemicals industry
• Using captured carbon as feedstock
• Carbon negative chemicals
• Hydrogen
• Global hydrogen capacity
• Case studies from the chemicals industry
• Process Efficiency
• Energy use in the chemicals industry
• Process efficiency case studies
• Biomass and Waste as Feedstocks
• Biomass
• Recycling waste to chemical products
• Key takeaways
• Contact Us

List of Tables

List of Tables

• Assessing decarbonization technologies: advantages and disadvantages
• Key takeaways

List of Figures

List of Figures

• Direction emissions from Industry, 2021
• Supply and demand of base chemicals, 2000-2030
• Petrochemical capacity of top 10 commodities, 2022
• Emissions from ammonia under different climate projection scenarios, 2020 - 2050
• Petrochemical capacity of top 10 commodities, 2022
• Comparison of CO2 emissions intensity from primary chemical production in 2022 and 2030 in a net zero scenario
• Direct emissions intensity of the chemical industry in the net zero scenario
• The top four energy transition technologies for the chemicals industry
• Chemicals sector decarbonization challenges
• Carbon capture capacity from chemicals manufacturing, 2020 - 2030
• Chemical industry hydrogen pipeline estimated capacity share before 2030
• Global hydrogen capacity, 2021 - 2030
• Energy consumption in chemicals under NZE scenario
• Total renewable fuel production capacity, 2023 - 2030