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市场调查报告书
商品编码
1729526

日本手錶市场报告，按类型（石英、机械）、价格范围（低端、中端、豪华）、配销通路（线上零售店、线下零售店）、最终用户（男士、女士、中性）和地区划分，2025 年至 2033 年

Japan Watch Market Report by Type (Quartz, Mechanical), Price Range (Low-Range, Mid-Range, Luxury), Distribution Channel (Online Retail Stores, Offline Retail Stores), End User (Men, Women, Unisex), and Region 2025-2033
出版日期: | 出版商: IMARC | 英文 118 Pages | 商品交期: 5-7个工作天内

价格
简介目录

2024年日本手錶市场规模达66亿美元。展望未来， IMARC Group预计到2033年市场规模将达到98亿美元，2025-2033年期间的成长率（CAGR）为4.6%。推动市场成长的一些因素包括：传统手錶和智慧手錶的关注度不断提高、用户偏好的变化、石英錶因其价格实惠而需求不断增加以及实体店的兴起。

日本手錶市场分析：

  • 主要市场驱动力：随着日本製程和尖端製錶技术日益知名，市场正在稳步成长。此外，人们对优质、耐用、新颖的手錶的需求也推动了市场的成长。
  • 主要市场趋势：智慧技术融入传统钟錶以及对环保材料日益增长的需求正在塑造该行业。精緻和独特的趋势体现在对高端和限量版钟錶的渴望上。
  • 竞争格局：市场上有几个知名品牌与新兴的本地设计师竞争。该行业的特点是竞争激烈、不断创新，企业同时重视高端和廉价领域。由于行业的动态特性，品牌必须不断改进其产品以维持市场份额。
  • 挑战与机会：国际贸易政策与经济变迁带来了障碍。儘管如此，透过开发数位销售管道和利用全球环保和智慧手錶技术的趋势，仍然有很多机会接触到更广泛的受众。

日本手錶市场趋势：

创新与工艺

手錶製造商越来越注重创新和卓越工艺，这对支持日本手錶市场的成长发挥了重要作用。日本製錶商以其精准度和持续创新而闻名，将最先进的特性和增强的功能融入他们的手錶中。这些进步满足了各种用户的喜好，例如太阳能机制、动能係统和先进的智慧手錶功能。将传统製錶方法与现代科技结合，打造出一流、可靠且时尚的钟錶。例如，2022 年 7 月，卡西欧发布了一款新的 G-Shock 手錶，其灵感源自美国太空总署的橙色太空服，突出了强韧太阳能技术和多波段 6 原子计时等创意设计元素。该设计透过加入类似太空服的特征（例如黑色錶盘和蓝色装饰）来展示了卡西欧的技巧。

人工智慧（AI）增强製造流程

人工智慧 (AI) 融入製造营运对于改善生产流程发挥重要作用。采用人工智慧技术来提高製造的准确性和效率，确保一流的结果和更低的错误率。卡西欧于 2023 年 12 月推出了 G-Shock G-D001，这是一款由人工智慧设计的金錶，它采用精緻的有机设计，减轻了重量并提高了抗震性。最终产品是由人类设计师和工匠创造的，他们改进了人工智慧生成的模型。机器学习 (ML) 演算法透过预测问题和建议改进来增强生产的不同阶段，例如材料选择和组装。人工智慧技术可以自动执行任务，提高营运效率，最终减少生产时间和成本。这项技术进步使生产商能够满足日益增长的对奢华和实惠手錶的需求，同时又不损害品质和创造力，从而巩固了日本在国际手錶市场的地位。

行销和促销策略

主要参与者越来越重视有效的行销和促销策略，这为日本手錶市场带来了良好的前景。公司花费大量资金在不同平台上投放广告，以与广泛的人群建立联繫。与有影响力的人合作和赞助热门活动有助于提高品牌的知名度和吸引力。 2022 年 8 月，卡西欧为街头服饰品牌 Places+Faces 和深受喜爱的动漫《海盗王》的粉丝推出了独家 G-Shock 手錶，展现了致力于将耐用性与现代文化影响相融合的决心。这些型号秉承了 G-Shock 力量和坚固构造的设计美学，吸引了广泛的粉丝。此外，忠诚度计划和个人化行销活动有助于维持现有买家，向他们表明他们受到重视。此外，节日或假日期间的促销和折扣可以增加销售额并吸引新客户。透过利用创意的行销策略并持续与用户互动，公司可以有效地在市场上保持领先地位。

日本手錶市场区隔：

按类型分列：

  • 石英
  • 机械的

石英占据大部分市场份额

石英因其价格低廉、精度高、维护要求低而占据市场主导地位。人们非常喜欢石英錶，因为它们以精确的计时而闻名，这是透过电子电路控製石英晶体的振盪实现的。该行业受益于日本製造商的技术知识，他们改进了製造方法，以提供不同价格范围的可靠且时尚的手錶。石英錶的广泛吸引力涵盖了不同的用户群体，从注重预算的买家到寻求功能性和时尚配件的买家，确保了其在日本手錶需求中持续占据突出地位。 2023年，全球石英市场规模达76亿美元。 IMARC Group预计，到 2032 年，市场规模将达到 122 亿美元。

按价格范围细分：

  • 低范围
  • 中檔
  • 奢华

低端市场代表了领先的细分市场

由于对经济实惠且可靠的手錶的需求强烈，低端手錶占据了最大的市场份额。这部分吸引了广泛的买家，例如学生、年轻的专业人士和注重预算的购物者，他们更重视实用性和持久的品质，而不是奢华的功能。日本公司在製造价格实惠、品质优良的手錶方面做得非常出色，提供了多种款式和特色来吸引不同的喜好。 2024 年 4 月，精工推出了全新的 5 Sports SNXS 系列，灵感来自 1970 年代的设计和 EDC 生活方式，提供製作精良、灵活且价格合理的钟錶。

依配销通路分类：

  • 网上零售商店
  • 线下零售店

线下零售店占日本手錶市场最大份额

线下零售店是最主要的配销通路，受其为买家提供的传统购物选择所驱动。实体店为买家提供亲身购物体验，他们可以在购买手錶之前检查、测试和比较手錶。此部分包括一系列零售商店，如百货公司、专门的手錶店和授权品牌精品店，它们提供个人化的客户支援并与买家建立信任。此外，知名品牌出现在着名的购物区不仅可以提高品牌知名度，还可以吸引更多的顾客。例如，2023 年 9 月，卡西欧在孟买库尔拉开设了首家 G-SHOCK 专卖店，加强了其线下零售网络，从而完善了其成功的分销策略。

按最终用户分类：

  • 男士
  • 女性
  • 男女通用的

男性在市场上占据明显主导地位

根据日本手錶市场的资料，男性占据了最大的市场份额，对融合了功能性和风格且符合男性喜好的钟錶的需求很高。男士们往往希望手錶既能作为功能性配件，又能像征他们的社会地位，因此对款式复杂、功能先进、耐用性强的手錶的需求不断增加。此部分包括多种风格，从休閒和运动到奢华和精緻，以适应不同的活动和个人喜好。这个新鲜的系列将快节奏的刺激与优雅的精緻结合在一起。工艺、技术创新和品牌声望在男士手錶中发挥重要作用，从而在这一市场领域持续占据主导地位。

日本钟錶市场新闻：

  • 2023 年 12 月：Grand Seiko 和瑞士手錶公司推​​出了三款独家 62GS 时计，其灵感来自净土之滨的星空，具有独特的錶盘颜色和高频机芯。
  • 2023 年 8 月：卡西欧 (Casio) 和 Stasto Sand Stones 推出了一系列具有各种復古设计的微型非功能性錶圈，可从日本扭蛋机购买。
  • 2023 年 10 月：Minase 和 Fratello 推出了 M-3“Nori”，这是一款精緻的手錶，采用 39 毫米不銹钢錶壳，仅在 Fratello 的网上商店有售。这款非限量版腕錶采用改良的 Sellita SW200-1 机芯和卡其绿色磨砂皮錶带。

本报告回答的关键问题：

  • 日本手錶市场迄今表现如何？未来几年又将如何表现？
  • 新冠疫情对日本手錶市场有何影响？
  • 市场按类型划分是怎样的？
  • 根据价格范围，市场是如何分類的？
  • 依照配销通路，市场是如何分類的？
  • 根据最终用户，市场是如何分類的？
  • 日本手錶市场的价值链分为哪些阶段？
  • 日本手錶市场的主要驱动因素和挑战是什么？
  • 日本手錶市场的结构是怎么样的？主要参与者是谁？
  • 市场竞争程度如何？

本报告回答的关键问题：

  • 日本手錶市场迄今表现如何？未来几年又将如何表现？
  • 新冠疫情对日本手錶市场有何影响？
  • 市场按类型划分是怎样的？
  • 根据价格范围，市场是如何分類的？
  • 依照配销通路，市场是如何分類的？
  • 根据最终用户，市场是如何分類的？
  • 日本手錶市场的价值链分为哪些阶段？
  • 日本手錶市场的主要驱动因素和挑战是什么？
  • 日本手錶市场的结构是怎么样的？主要参与者是谁？
  • 市场竞争程度如何？

目录

第一章：前言

第二章：范围与方法

  • 研究目标
  • 利害关係人
  • 资料来源
    • 主要来源
    • 次要来源
  • 市场评估
    • 自下而上的方法
    • 自上而下的方法
  • 预测方法

第三章：执行摘要

第四章：日本钟錶市场 - 简介

  • 概述
  • 市场动态
  • 产业趋势
  • 竞争情报

第五章：日本钟錶市场概况

  • 历史与当前市场趋势（2019-2024）
  • 市场预测（2025-2033）

第六章：日本手錶市场-分类：依类型

  • 石英
    • 概述
  • 机械的
    • 概述

第七章：日本手錶市场-细分：依价格范围

  • 低范围
    • 概述
  • 中檔
    • 概述
  • 奢华
    • 概述

第 8 章：日本手錶市场 - 细分：按配销通路

  • 网上零售商店
    • 概述
  • 线下零售店
    • 概述

第九章：日本手錶市场-细分：按最终用户

  • 男士
    • 概述
  • 女性
    • 概述
  • 男女通用的
    • 概述

第十章：日本手錶市场-竞争格局

  • 概述
  • 市场结构
  • 市场参与者定位
  • 最佳获胜策略
  • 竞争仪錶板
  • 公司评估象限

第 11 章：关键参与者简介

  • Company A
    • Business Overview
    • Services Offered
    • Business Strategies
    • SWOT Analysis
    • Major News and Events
  • Company B
    • Business Overview
    • Services Offered
    • Business Strategies
    • SWOT Analysis
    • Major News and Events
  • Company C
    • Business Overview
    • Services Offered
    • Business Strategies
    • SWOT Analysis
    • Major News and Events
  • Company D
    • Business Overview
    • Services Offered
    • Business Strategies
    • SWOT Analysis
    • Major News and Events
  • Company E
    • Business Overview
    • Services Offered
    • Business Strategies
    • SWOT Analysis
    • Major News and Events

第 12 章：日本手錶市场 - 产业分析

  • 驱动因素、限制因素和机会
    • 概述
    • 驱动程式
    • 限制
    • 机会
  • 波特五力分析
    • 概述
    • 买家的议价能力
    • 供应商的议价能力
    • 竞争程度
    • 新进入者的威胁
    • 替代品的威胁
  • 价值链分析

第 13 章：附录

简介目录
Product Code: SR112025A8593

The Japan watch market size reached USD 6.6 Billion in 2024. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach USD 9.8 Billion by 2033, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 4.6% during 2025-2033. The growing focus on both traditional and smartwatch, change in user preferences, increasing demand for quartz timepieces due to their affordable pricing, and rise in brick-and-mortar stores are some of the factors impelling the market growth.

Japan Watch Market Analysis:

  • Major Market Drivers: The market is experiencing steady growth as Japanese craftsmanship and cutting-edge watchmaking technology are becoming well-known. Furthermore, the need for premium, long-lasting, and inventive watches among people is bolstering the market growth.
  • Key Market Trends: The industry is being shaped by the incorporation of smart technologies into conventional timepieces and the growing demand for environment-friendly materials. The trend of refinement and exclusivity is reflected in the desire for premium and limited-edition timepieces.
  • Competitive Landscape: There are several well-known brands in the market that compete with up-and-coming local designers. The sector is characterized by intense competition, constant innovation, and an emphasis on both high-end and inexpensive segments by corporations. Brands must always improve their offers to sustain market share due to the dynamic nature of the industry.
  • Challenges and Opportunities: International trade policies and economic changes provide obstacles. Nonetheless, there are plenty of chances to reach a wider audience by developing digital sales channels and taking advantage of the worldwide trend of eco-friendly and smartwatch technology.

Japan Watch Market Trends:

Innovation and Craftsmanship

The increasing focus on innovation and exceptional craftsmanship by watch manufacturers play a major role in supporting the Japan watch market growth. Japanese watchmakers are well-known for their accuracy and ongoing innovations, integrating state-of-the-art characteristics and enhanced functionalities into their watches. These advancements cater to a diverse range of user preferences, like solar-powered mechanisms, kinetic energy systems, and advanced smartwatch capabilities. Blending old-fashioned watchmaking methods with contemporary technology produces top-notch, dependable, and fashionable timepieces. For instance, in July 2022, Casio released a new G-Shock watch that took cues from NASA's orange spacesuits, highlighting creative design elements such as Tough Solar Technology and Multi-Band 6 Atomic Timekeeping. This design showcased Casio's skill by including features that resemble a spacesuit like the black dial and blue accents.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enhanced Manufacturing Processes

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into manufacturing operations plays a significant role in improving production processes. AI technology is employed to improve accuracy and effectiveness in manufacturing, guaranteeing top-notch results with lower rates of mistakes. The G-Shock G-D001, an AI-designed gold watch with a sophisticated, organic design that decreased weight and improved shock resistance, was introduced by Casio in December 2023. The final product was created by human designers and artisans, refining the AI-generated model. Machine learning (ML) algorithms enhance different phases of production, such as material selection and assembly, by anticipating problems and recommending enhancements. AI-powered technology automates tasks to make operations more efficient, ultimately cutting down on production time and costs. This technological progress allows producers to fulfill the increasing need for luxury and affordable watches without compromising on quality and creativity, reinforcing Japan's standing in the international watch market.

Marketing and Promotional Strategies

The growing emphasis on effective marketing and promotional tactics by key players are offering a favorable Japan watch market outlook. Companies spend large amounts of money on advertising across different platforms to connect with a wide range of people. Working with influencers and sponsorship of popular event helps to increase the visibility and attractiveness of a brand. In August 2022, Casio introduced exclusive G-Shock watches for streetwear label Places+Faces and fans of beloved anime One Piece, showcasing a dedication to merging durability with modern cultural influences. These models adhered to G-Shock's design aesthetic of strength and robust build, attracting a broad range of fans. Moreover, loyalty programs and personalized marketing campaigns aid in maintaining current buyers by showing them that they are appreciated. Additionally, promotions and discounts during festive seasons or holidays increase sales and draw in new clientele. Through utilizing creative marketing strategies and consistently interacting with users, companies can effectively remain prominent in the market.

Japan Watch Market Segmentation:

Breakup by Type:

  • Quartz
  • Mechanical

Quartz accounts for the majority of the market share

Quartz dominates the market due to its affordability, precision, and low maintenance requirements. People highly prefer quartz watches because they are known for their precise timekeeping, which is achieved by the oscillation of quartz crystals controlled by electronic circuits. This industry profits from the technical knowledge of Japanese makers, who have refined the manufacturing method to provide dependable and fashionable watches at different price ranges. The broad appeal of quartz watches spans across different user demographics, ranging from budget-conscious buyers to those seeking functional and fashionable accessories, ensuring its continued prominence in the watch demand in Japan. In 2023, the size of the world market for quartz reached US$ 7.6 billion. IMARC Group projects that the market will reach US$ 12.2 billion in 2032.

Breakup by Price Range:

  • Low-Range
  • Mid-Range
  • Luxury

Low-range represent the leading market segment

Low-range holds the biggest market share due to a strong need for cost-effective yet dependable watches. This section appeals to a wide range of buyers, such as students, young professionals, and budget-conscious shoppers who value practicality and long-lasting quality more than extravagant features. Japanese companies have done a great job in creating affordable watches that are of high quality, providing a range of styles and characteristics to attract different preferences. In April 2024, Seiko introduced the new 5 Sports SNXS collection, inspired by their designs from the 1970s and EDC lifestyle, providing well-made, flexible, and reasonably priced timepieces.

Breakup by Distribution Channel:

  • Online Retail Stores
  • Offline Retail Stores

Offline retail stores hold the biggest Japan watch market share

Offline retail stores are the most dominant distribution channel, driven by the conventional shopping choices it offers buyers. Brick-and-mortar stores provide buyers with a hands-on shopping experience where they can examine, test out, and compare watches prior to buying them. This section features a range of retail stores like department stores, specialized watch shops, and authorized brand boutiques, which offer individualized customer support and establish confidence with buyers. Furthermore, the presence of popular brands in prominent shopping areas not only increases brand awareness but also attracts more customers. For instance, in September 2023, Casio strengthened its offline retail network by launching its inaugural G-SHOCK store in Kurla, Mumbai, thus improving its successful distribution strategy.

Breakup by End User:

  • Men
  • Women
  • Unisex

Men exhibit a clear dominance in the market

Men represent the largest segment as per the Japan watch market data, showing a high demand for timepieces that blend functionality and style to male preferences. Men frequently look for watches that can be both functional add-ons and symbols of their social status, resulting in an increased demand for watches with intricate styles, cutting-edge capabilities, and strong endurance. This section includes a variety of styles, ranging from casual and athletic to luxurious and sophisticated, to suit different events and individual preferences. This fresh series combines fast-paced thrills with elegant sophistication. Craftsmanship, technological innovation, and brand prestige play a major role in men's watches, leading to ongoing dominance in this market segment.

Competitive Landscape:

  • The market research report has also provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape in the market.
  • Major players in the watch market in Japan are using their technological knowledge and strong history to stay ahead in the market. Prominent companies are prioritizing innovation by combining traditional skills with modern technology to cater to a variety of user needs. Increasing focus on sustainability and energy-efficient designs is accompanied by improvements in smartwatch features to meet the demands of technology-savvy individuals. For instance, in May 2024, Casio unveiled the eco-friendly G-SHOCK G-5600SRF, featuring a recycled resin bezel and band, solar charging, and Surfrider Foundation branding, to promote ocean protection. The watch is water-resistant to 200 meters and includes various functionalities like a stopwatch and alarm. These businesses are also improving their online visibility to access a wider range of buyers, all while reinforcing their traditional retail strategies to offer customized user interactions. This strategy helps them stay up-to-date and competitive in a rapidly changing market.

Japan Watch Market News:

  • December 2023: Grand Seiko and Watches of Switzerland unveiled three exclusive 62GS timepieces inspired by Jodogahama Beach's starry skies and featuring distinct dial colors and hi-beat movements.
  • August 2023: Casio and Stasto Sand Stones introduced a collection of miniature, non-functional watch rings in various retro designs, available from Japanese gashapon machines.
  • October 2023: Minase and Fratello launched the M-3 "Nori," a sophisticated watch a 39mm stainless steel case, available exclusively on Fratello's online shop. This non-limited edition features a modified Sellita SW200-1 movement and a khaki green nubuck strap.

Key Questions Answered in This Report:

  • How has the Japan watch market performed so far, and how will it perform in the coming years?
  • What has been the impact of COVID-19 on the Japan watch market?
  • What is the breakup of the market on the basis of type?
  • What is the breakup of the market on the basis of price range?
  • What is the breakup of the market on the basis of distribution channel?
  • What is the breakup of the market on the basis of end user?
  • What are the various stages in the value chain of the Japan watch market?
  • What are the key driving factors and challenges in the Japan watch market?
  • What is the structure of the Japan watch market, and who are the key players?
  • What is the degree of competition in the market?

Table of Contents

1 Preface

2 Scope and Methodology

  • 2.1 Objectives of the Study
  • 2.2 Stakeholders
  • 2.3 Data Sources
    • 2.3.1 Primary Sources
    • 2.3.2 Secondary Sources
  • 2.4 Market Estimation
    • 2.4.1 Bottom-Up Approach
    • 2.4.2 Top-Down Approach
  • 2.5 Forecasting Methodology

3 Executive Summary

4 Japan Watch Market - Introduction

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 Market Dynamics
  • 4.3 Industry Trends
  • 4.4 Competitive Intelligence

5 Japan Watch Market Landscape

  • 5.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2019-2024)
  • 5.2 Market Forecast (2025-2033)

6 Japan Watch Market - Breakup by Type

  • 6.1 Quartz
    • 6.1.1 Overview
    • 6.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2019-2024)
    • 6.1.3 Market Forecast (2025-2033)
  • 6.2 Mechanical
    • 6.2.1 Overview
    • 6.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2019-2024)
    • 6.2.3 Market Forecast (2025-2033)

7 Japan Watch Market - Breakup by Price Range

  • 7.1 Low-Range
    • 7.1.1 Overview
    • 7.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2019-2024)
    • 7.1.3 Market Forecast (2025-2033)
  • 7.2 Mid-Range
    • 7.2.1 Overview
    • 7.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2019-2024)
    • 7.2.3 Market Forecast (2025-2033)
  • 7.3 Luxury
    • 7.3.1 Overview
    • 7.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2019-2024)
    • 7.3.3 Market Forecast (2025-2033)

8 Japan Watch Market - Breakup by Distribution Channel

  • 8.1 Online Retail Stores
    • 8.1.1 Overview
    • 8.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2019-2024)
    • 8.1.3 Market Forecast (2025-2033)
  • 8.2 Offline Retail Stores
    • 8.2.1 Overview
    • 8.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2019-2024)
    • 8.2.3 Market Forecast (2025-2033)

9 Japan Watch Market - Breakup by End User

  • 9.1 Men
    • 9.1.1 Overview
    • 9.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2019-2024)
    • 9.1.3 Market Forecast (2025-2033)
  • 9.2 Women
    • 9.2.1 Overview
    • 9.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2019-2024)
    • 9.2.3 Market Forecast (2025-2033)
  • 9.3 Unisex
    • 9.3.1 Overview
    • 9.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2019-2024)
    • 9.3.3 Market Forecast (2025-2033)

10 Japan Watch Market - Competitive Landscape

  • 10.1 Overview
  • 10.2 Market Structure
  • 10.3 Market Player Positioning
  • 10.4 Top Winning Strategies
  • 10.5 Competitive Dashboard
  • 10.6 Company Evaluation Quadrant

11 Profiles of Key Players

  • 11.1 Company A
    • 11.1.1 Business Overview
    • 11.1.2 Services Offered
    • 11.1.3 Business Strategies
    • 11.1.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 11.1.5 Major News and Events
  • 11.2 Company B
    • 11.2.1 Business Overview
    • 11.2.2 Services Offered
    • 11.2.3 Business Strategies
    • 11.2.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 11.2.5 Major News and Events
  • 11.3 Company C
    • 11.3.1 Business Overview
    • 11.3.2 Services Offered
    • 11.3.3 Business Strategies
    • 11.3.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 11.3.5 Major News and Events
  • 11.4 Company D
    • 11.4.1 Business Overview
    • 11.4.2 Services Offered
    • 11.4.3 Business Strategies
    • 11.4.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 11.4.5 Major News and Events
  • 11.5 Company E
    • 11.5.1 Business Overview
    • 11.5.2 Services Offered
    • 11.5.3 Business Strategies
    • 11.5.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 11.5.5 Major News and Events

12 Japan Watch Market - Industry Analysis

  • 12.1 Drivers, Restraints and Opportunities
    • 12.1.1 Overview
    • 12.1.2 Drivers
    • 12.1.3 Restraints
    • 12.1.4 Opportunities
  • 12.2 Porters Five Forces Analysis
    • 12.2.1 Overview
    • 12.2.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
    • 12.2.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
    • 12.2.4 Degree of Competition
    • 12.2.5 Threat of New Entrants
    • 12.2.6 Threat of Substitutes
  • 12.3 Value Chain Analysis

13 Appendix