2024-2028年全球晶体振盪器市场
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1446227

2024-2028年全球晶体振盪器市场

Global Crystal Oscillator Market 2024-2028

出版日期: | 出版商: TechNavio | 英文 163 Pages | 订单完成后即时交付

价格

预计2023-2028年晶体振盪器市场将成长9.5333亿美元,预测期内复合年增长率为5.14%。

该报告包括对晶体振盪器市场的整体分析、市场规模和预测、趋势、成长驱动因素、挑战以及涵盖约 25 家供应商的供应商分析。

它提供了对当前市场状况、最新趋势和驱动因素以及整体市场环境的最新分析。晶体振盪器与系统晶片(SoC) 解决方案的日益整合、5G 和 6G 网路部署的增加以及工业 4.0 和工业自动化的兴起正在推动市场发展。

市场范围
基准年 2024年
结束年份 2028年
预测期 2024-2028
成长动力 加速度
2024年与前一年同期比较 4.48%
复合年增长率 5.14%
增量 95333万美元

该研究将高频晶体振盪器的市场开拓确定为未来几年推动晶体振盪器市场成长的关键因素之一。此外,医疗设备对定时晶振的需求增加以及小型晶振的采用增加也将带来较大的市场需求。

目录

第一章执行摘要

  • 市场概况

第二章 市场形势

  • 市场生态系统

第三章 市场规模

  • 市场定义
  • 细分市场分析
  • 2023 年市场规模
  • 2023-2028年市场展望

第四章 市场规模表现

  • 2018-2022年世界晶体振盪器市场
  • 2018-2022年类型細項分析
  • 2018-2022 年按应用分類的细分市场分析
  • 2018-2022 年区域細項分析
  • 2018-2022 年国家細項分析

第五章五五力分析

  • 五力摘要
  • 买方议价能力
  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 竞争威胁
  • 市场状况

第六章市场区隔:按类型

  • 细分市场
  • 比较:按类型
  • 表面黏着技术:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 通孔:2023-2028 年市场规模及预测
  • 市场机会:按类型

第七章市场区隔:按应用

  • 细分市场
  • 比较:按应用
  • 家电:2023-2028年市场规模及预测
  • 电信与网路:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 汽车:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 军事与国防:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 其他:2023-2028年市场规模与预测
  • 市场机会:依应用分类

第八章 客户形势

  • 客户形势概览

第九章 地区形势

  • 区域细分
  • 区域比较
  • 亚太地区:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 北美:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 欧洲:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 中东和非洲:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 南美洲:2023-2028年市场规模与预测
  • 美国:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 中国:2023-2028年市场规模及预测
  • 台湾:市场规模及预测2023-2028
  • 韩国:2023-2028年市场规模及预测
  • 日本:2023-2028年市场规模与预测
  • 市场机会:依地区形势

第 10 章 驱动因素、挑战与趋势

  • 市场驱动因素
  • 市场挑战
  • 驱动因素和挑战的影响
  • 市场趋势

第十一章 供应商形势

  • 概述
  • 供应商形势
  • 混乱的情况
  • 产业风险

第十二章供应商分析

  • 交易厂商
  • 供应商市场定位
  • Abracon LLC
  • Daishinku Corp.
  • Diodes Inc.
  • ECS Inc.
  • Greenray Industries Inc.
  • KYOCERA Corp.
  • MegaChips Corp.
  • Microchip Technology Inc.
  • Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
  • Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co. Ltd.
  • Rakon Ltd.
  • Seiko Epson Corp.
  • Texas Instruments Inc.
  • The Swatch Group Ltd.
  • TXC Corp.

第十三章附录

Product Code: IRTNTR77556

The crystal oscillator market is forecasted to grow by USD 953.33 mn during 2023-2028, accelerating at a CAGR of 5.14% during the forecast period. The report on the crystal oscillator market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by growing integration of crystal oscillators with system-on-chip (soc) solutions, growing deployment of 5g and 6g networks, and rise of industry 4.0 and industrial automation.

Technavio's crystal oscillator market is segmented as below:

Market Scope
Base Year2024
End Year2028
Series Year2024-2028
Growth MomentumAccelerate
YOY 20244.48%
CAGR5.14%
Incremental Value$953.33mn

By Type

  • Surface mount
  • Thru hole

By Application

  • Consumer electronics
  • Telecom and networking
  • Military and defense
  • Automotive
  • Others

By Geographical Landscape

  • APAC
  • North America
  • Europe
  • Middle East and Africa
  • South America

This study identifies the development of high-frequency crystal oscillators as one of the prime reasons driving the crystal oscillator market growth during the next few years. Also, increasing demand for timing crystal oscillators in medical devices and growing adoption of miniature crystal oscillators will lead to sizable demand in the market.

The report on the crystal oscillator market covers the following areas:

  • Crystal oscillator market sizing
  • Crystal oscillator market forecast
  • Crystal oscillator market industry analysis

The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading crystal oscillator market vendors that include Abracon LLC, CTS Corp., Daishinku Corp., Diodes Inc., ECS Inc., Greenray Industries Inc., HOSONIC TECHNOLOGY GROUP CO. LTD., KYOCERA Corp., MegaChips Corp., Microchip Technology Inc., Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co. Ltd., Q Tech Corp., Rakon Ltd., River Eletec Corp., Seiko Epson Corp., SIWARD Crystal Technology Co. Ltd., Texas Instruments Inc., The Swatch Group Ltd., and TXC Corp.. Also, the crystal oscillator market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.

The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive research - both primary and secondary. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast the accurate market growth.

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

  • 1.1 Market overview

2 Market Landscape

  • 2.1 Market ecosystem

3 Market Sizing

  • 3.1 Market definition
  • 3.2 Market segment analysis
  • 3.3 Market size 2023
  • 3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2023-2028

4 Historic Market Size

  • 4.1 Global crystal oscillator market 2018 - 2022
  • 4.2 Type Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
  • 4.3 Application Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
  • 4.4 Geography Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
  • 4.5 Country Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022

5 Five Forces Analysis

  • 5.1 Five forces summary
  • 5.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 5.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 5.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 5.5 Threat of substitutes
  • 5.6 Threat of rivalry
  • 5.7 Market condition

6 Market Segmentation by Type

  • 6.1 Market segments
  • 6.2 Comparison by Type
  • 6.3 Surface mount - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 6.4 Thru hole - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 6.5 Market opportunity by Type

7 Market Segmentation by Application

  • 7.1 Market segments
  • 7.2 Comparison by Application
  • 7.3 Consumer electronics - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 7.4 Telecom and networking - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 7.5 Automotive - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 7.6 Military and defense - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 7.7 Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 7.8 Market opportunity by Application

8 Customer Landscape

  • 8.1 Customer landscape overview

9 Geographic Landscape

  • 9.1 Geographic segmentation
  • 9.2 Geographic comparison
  • 9.3 APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.4 North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.5 Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.6 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.7 South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.8 US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.9 China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.10 Taiwan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.11 South Korea - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.12 Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.13 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape

10 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

  • 10.1 Market drivers
  • 10.2 Market challenges
  • 10.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
  • 10.4 Market trends

11 Vendor Landscape

  • 11.1 Overview
  • 11.2 Vendor landscape
  • 11.3 Landscape disruption
  • 11.4 Industry risks

12 Vendor Analysis

  • 12.1 Vendors covered
  • 12.2 Market positioning of vendors
  • 12.3 Abracon LLC
  • 12.4 Daishinku Corp.
  • 12.5 Diodes Inc.
  • 12.6 ECS Inc.
  • 12.7 Greenray Industries Inc.
  • 12.8 KYOCERA Corp.
  • 12.9 MegaChips Corp.
  • 12.10 Microchip Technology Inc.
  • 12.11 Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
  • 12.12 Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co. Ltd.
  • 12.13 Rakon Ltd.
  • 12.14 Seiko Epson Corp.
  • 12.15 Texas Instruments Inc.
  • 12.16 The Swatch Group Ltd.
  • 12.17 TXC Corp.

13 Appendix

  • 13.1 Scope of the report
  • 13.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
  • 13.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
  • 13.4 Research methodology
  • 13.5 List of abbreviations

Exhibits:

  • Exhibits1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
  • Exhibits2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
  • Exhibits3: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
  • Exhibits4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
  • Exhibits5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Type
  • Exhibits6: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
  • Exhibits7: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
  • Exhibits8: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
  • Exhibits9: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
  • Exhibits10: Parent market
  • Exhibits11: Market Characteristics
  • Exhibits12: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
  • Exhibits13: Market segments
  • Exhibits14: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits15: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits16: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits17: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits18: Historic Market Size - Data Table on global crystal oscillator market 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
  • Exhibits19: Historic Market Size - Type Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
  • Exhibits20: Historic Market Size - Application Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
  • Exhibits21: Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
  • Exhibits22: Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
  • Exhibits23: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits24: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits25: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits26: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits27: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits28: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits29: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits30: Chart on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits31: Data Table on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits32: Chart on Comparison by Type
  • Exhibits33: Data Table on Comparison by Type
  • Exhibits34: Chart on Surface mount - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits35: Data Table on Surface mount - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits36: Chart on Surface mount - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits37: Data Table on Surface mount - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits38: Chart on Thru hole - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits39: Data Table on Thru hole - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits40: Chart on Thru hole - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits41: Data Table on Thru hole - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits42: Market opportunity by Type ($ million)
  • Exhibits43: Data Table on Market opportunity by Type ($ million)
  • Exhibits44: Chart on Application - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits45: Data Table on Application - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits46: Chart on Comparison by Application
  • Exhibits47: Data Table on Comparison by Application
  • Exhibits48: Chart on Consumer electronics - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits49: Data Table on Consumer electronics - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits50: Chart on Consumer electronics - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits51: Data Table on Consumer electronics - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits52: Chart on Telecom and networking - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits53: Data Table on Telecom and networking - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits54: Chart on Telecom and networking - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits55: Data Table on Telecom and networking - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits56: Chart on Automotive - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits57: Data Table on Automotive - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits58: Chart on Automotive - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits59: Data Table on Automotive - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits60: Chart on Military and defense - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits61: Data Table on Military and defense - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits62: Chart on Military and defense - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits63: Data Table on Military and defense - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits64: Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits65: Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits66: Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits67: Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits68: Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
  • Exhibits69: Data Table on Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
  • Exhibits70: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
  • Exhibits71: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits72: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits73: Chart on Geographic comparison
  • Exhibits74: Data Table on Geographic comparison
  • Exhibits75: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits76: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits77: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits78: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits79: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits80: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits81: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits82: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits83: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits84: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits85: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits86: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits87: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits88: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits89: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits90: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits91: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits92: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits93: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits94: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits95: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits96: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits97: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits98: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits99: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits100: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits101: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits102: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits103: Chart on Taiwan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits104: Data Table on Taiwan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits105: Chart on Taiwan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits106: Data Table on Taiwan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits107: Chart on South Korea - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits108: Data Table on South Korea - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits109: Chart on South Korea - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits110: Data Table on South Korea - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits111: Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits112: Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
  • Exhibits113: Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits114: Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits115: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
  • Exhibits116: Data Tables on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
  • Exhibits117: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits118: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
  • Exhibits119: Overview on factors of disruption
  • Exhibits120: Impact of key risks on business
  • Exhibits121: Vendors covered
  • Exhibits122: Matrix on vendor position and classification
  • Exhibits123: Abracon LLC - Overview
  • Exhibits124: Abracon LLC - Product / Service
  • Exhibits125: Abracon LLC - Key offerings
  • Exhibits126: Daishinku Corp. - Overview
  • Exhibits127: Daishinku Corp. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits128: Daishinku Corp. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits129: Diodes Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits130: Diodes Inc. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits131: Diodes Inc. - Key news
  • Exhibits132: Diodes Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits133: ECS Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits134: ECS Inc. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits135: ECS Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits136: Greenray Industries Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits137: Greenray Industries Inc. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits138: Greenray Industries Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits139: KYOCERA Corp. - Overview
  • Exhibits140: KYOCERA Corp. - Business segments
  • Exhibits141: KYOCERA Corp. - Key news
  • Exhibits142: KYOCERA Corp. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits143: KYOCERA Corp. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits144: MegaChips Corp. - Overview
  • Exhibits145: MegaChips Corp. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits146: MegaChips Corp. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits147: Microchip Technology Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits148: Microchip Technology Inc. - Business segments
  • Exhibits149: Microchip Technology Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits150: Microchip Technology Inc. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits151: Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd. - Overview
  • Exhibits152: Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd. - Business segments
  • Exhibits153: Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd. - Key news
  • Exhibits154: Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits155: Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits156: Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co. Ltd. - Overview
  • Exhibits157: Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits158: Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits159: Rakon Ltd. - Overview
  • Exhibits160: Rakon Ltd. - Business segments
  • Exhibits161: Rakon Ltd. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits162: Rakon Ltd. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits163: Seiko Epson Corp. - Overview
  • Exhibits164: Seiko Epson Corp. - Business segments
  • Exhibits165: Seiko Epson Corp. - Key news
  • Exhibits166: Seiko Epson Corp. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits167: Seiko Epson Corp. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits168: Texas Instruments Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits169: Texas Instruments Inc. - Business segments
  • Exhibits170: Texas Instruments Inc. - Key news
  • Exhibits171: Texas Instruments Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits172: Texas Instruments Inc. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits173: The Swatch Group Ltd. - Overview
  • Exhibits174: The Swatch Group Ltd. - Business segments
  • Exhibits175: The Swatch Group Ltd. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits176: The Swatch Group Ltd. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits177: TXC Corp. - Overview
  • Exhibits178: TXC Corp. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits179: TXC Corp. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits180: Inclusions checklist
  • Exhibits181: Exclusions checklist
  • Exhibits182: Currency conversion rates for US$
  • Exhibits183: Research methodology
  • Exhibits184: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
  • Exhibits185: Information sources
  • Exhibits186: List of abbreviations