2024-2028年全球企业行动服务市场
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1459554

2024-2028年全球企业行动服务市场

Global Enterprise Mobility Services Market 2024-2028

出版日期: | 出版商: TechNavio | 英文 179 Pages | 订单完成后即时交付

价格

企业行动服务市场预计在 2023 年至 2028 年期间成长 145 亿美元,预测期内复合年增长率为 23.88%。

该报告包括对企业行动服务市场的总体分析、市场规模和预测、趋势、成长动力、挑战以及涵盖约 25 家供应商的供应商分析。

它提供了对当前市场状况、最新趋势和驱动因素以及整体市场环境的最新分析。该市场是由企业中行动装置的日益使用、即时资料存取的需求不断增长以及远端工作模式的日益采用所推动的。

市场范围
基准年 2024年
结束年份 2028年
预测期 2024-2028
成长动力 加速度
2024年与前一年同期比较 22.9%
复合年增长率 23.88%
增量 145亿美元

研究指出,企业对劳动生产力和效率不断增长的需求是未来几年推动企业行动服务市场成长的关键因素之一。此外,人工智慧和机器学习技术在企业行动服务中的日益使用以及云端基础的企业行动服务的日益使用也将带来巨大的市场需求。

目录

第一章执行摘要

  • 市场概况

第二章 市场状况

  • 市场生态系统

第三章 市场规模评估

  • 市场定义
  • 细分市场分析
  • 2023 年市场规模
  • 2023-2028年市场展望

第四章 市场规模表现

  • 2018-2022年全球企业行动服务市场
  • 2018-2022 年按应用分類的细分市场分析
  • 2018-2022 年最终用户細項分析
  • 2018-2022 年区域細項分析
  • 2018-2022 年国家細項分析

第五章五力分析

  • 五力摘要
  • 买方议价能力
  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 竞争威胁
  • 市场状况

第六章市场区隔:按应用

  • 细分市场
  • 比较:按应用
  • 大公司:2023-2028年市场规模与预测
  • 中小企业:市场规模及预测 2023-2028
  • 市场机会:依应用分类

第七章市场区隔:依最终用户

  • 细分市场
  • 比较:按最终用户
  • 英国:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 零售与电子商务:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • IT 与通讯:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 医疗保健与生命科学:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 政府与其他:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 市场机会:依最终用户划分

第八章 客户状况

  • 客户状况概览

第九章 地区情势

  • 区域细分
  • 区域比较
  • 北美:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 欧洲:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 亚太地区:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 南美洲:2023-2028年市场规模与预测
  • 中东和非洲:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 美国:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 中国:2023-2028年市场规模及预测
  • 英国:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 德国:2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
  • 日本:2023-2028年市场规模与预测
  • 市场机会:按地区

第 10 章 驱动因素、挑战与趋势

  • 市场驱动因素
  • 市场挑战
  • 驱动因素和挑战的影响
  • 市场趋势

第十一章 供应商情况

  • 概述
  • 供应商情况
  • 混乱的情况
  • 产业风险

第十二章供应商分析

  • 交易厂商
  • 供应商市场定位
  • BlackBerry Ltd.
  • Cisco Systems Inc.
  • Citrix Systems Inc.
  • GoTo
  • Infosys Ltd.
  • International Business Machines Corp.
  • Ivanti Software Inc.
  • Matrix42 GmbH
  • Microsoft Corp.
  • Mitsogo Inc.
  • SAP SE
  • Sophos Ltd.
  • SOTI Inc.
  • Ventraq Corp.
  • Zoho Corp. Pvt. Ltd.

第十三章附录

Product Code: IRTNTR77828

The enterprise mobility services market is forecasted to grow by USD 14.50 bn during 2023-2028, accelerating at a CAGR of 23.88% during the forecast period. The report on the enterprise mobility services market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by the increasing use of mobile devices in enterprises, the rising need for real-time data access, and the rising adoption of remote working models.

Technavio's enterprise mobility services market is segmented as below:

Market Scope
Base Year2024
End Year2028
Series Year2024-2028
Growth MomentumAccelerate
YOY 202422.9%
CAGR23.88%
Incremental Value$14.50bn

By Application

  • Large enterprises
  • Small and medium sized enterprises

By End-user

  • BFSI
  • Retail and e-commerce
  • IT and telecom
  • Healthcare and life sciences
  • Government and others

By Geography

  • North America
  • Europe
  • APAC
  • South America
  • Middle East and Africa

This study identifies the rising demand for workforce productivity and efficiency among enterprises as one of the prime reasons driving the enterprise mobility services market growth during the next few years. Also, the growing use of AI and ML technologies in enterprise mobility services and the growing use of cloud-based enterprise mobility services will lead to sizable demand in the market.

The report on the enterprise mobility services market covers the following areas:

  • Enterprise mobility services market sizing
  • Enterprise mobility services market forecast
  • Enterprise mobility services market industry analysis

The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading enterprise mobility services market vendors that include 42Gears Mobility Systems Pvt. Ltd., AppTec GmbH, Cisco Systems Inc., Citrix Systems Inc., Codeproof Technologies Inc., GoTo, Infosys Ltd., International Business Machines Corp., Ivanti Software Inc., JAMF HOLDING CORP., Matrix42 GmbH, Microsoft Corp., Mitsogo Inc., Quest Software Inc., SAP SE, Social Mobile, Sophos Ltd., SOTI Inc., Ventraq Corp., Zoho Corp. Pvt. Ltd., and BlackBerry Ltd. Also, the enterprise mobility services market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.

The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources through an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive research - both primary and secondary. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth.

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

  • 1.1 Market overview

2 Market Landscape

  • 2.1 Market ecosystem

3 Market Sizing

  • 3.1 Market definition
  • 3.2 Market segment analysis
  • 3.3 Market size 2023
  • 3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2023-2028

4 Historic Market Size

  • 4.1 Global enterprise mobility services market 2018 - 2022
  • 4.2 Application Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
  • 4.3 End-user Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
  • 4.4 Geography Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
  • 4.5 Country Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022

5 Five Forces Analysis

  • 5.1 Five forces summary
  • 5.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 5.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 5.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 5.5 Threat of substitutes
  • 5.6 Threat of rivalry
  • 5.7 Market condition

6 Market Segmentation by Application

  • 6.1 Market segments
  • 6.2 Comparison by Application
  • 6.3 Large enterprises - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 6.4 Small and medium sized enterprises - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 6.5 Market opportunity by Application

7 Market Segmentation by End-user

  • 7.1 Market segments
  • 7.2 Comparison by End-user
  • 7.3 BFSI - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 7.4 Retail and e-commerce - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 7.5 IT and telecom - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 7.6 Healthcare and life sciences - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 7.7 Government and others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 7.8 Market opportunity by End-user

8 Customer Landscape

  • 8.1 Customer landscape overview

9 Geographic Landscape

  • 9.1 Geographic segmentation
  • 9.2 Geographic comparison
  • 9.3 North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.4 Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.5 APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.6 South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.7 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.8 US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.9 China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.10 UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.11 Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.12 Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.13 Market opportunity by geography

10 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

  • 10.1 Market drivers
  • 10.2 Market challenges
  • 10.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
  • 10.4 Market trends

11 Vendor Landscape

  • 11.1 Overview
  • 11.2 Vendor landscape
  • 11.3 Landscape disruption
  • 11.4 Industry risks

12 Vendor Analysis

  • 12.1 Vendors covered
  • 12.2 Market positioning of vendors
  • 12.3 BlackBerry Ltd.
  • 12.4 Cisco Systems Inc.
  • 12.5 Citrix Systems Inc.
  • 12.6 GoTo
  • 12.7 Infosys Ltd.
  • 12.8 International Business Machines Corp.
  • 12.9 Ivanti Software Inc.
  • 12.10 Matrix42 GmbH
  • 12.11 Microsoft Corp.
  • 12.12 Mitsogo Inc.
  • 12.13 SAP SE
  • 12.14 Sophos Ltd.
  • 12.15 SOTI Inc.
  • 12.16 Ventraq Corp.
  • 12.17 Zoho Corp. Pvt. Ltd.

13 Appendix

  • 13.1 Scope of the report
  • 13.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
  • 13.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
  • 13.4 Research methodology
  • 13.5 List of abbreviations

Exhibits:

  • Exhibits1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
  • Exhibits2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
  • Exhibits3: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
  • Exhibits4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market by Geography
  • Exhibits5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
  • Exhibits6: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by End-user
  • Exhibits7: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
  • Exhibits8: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
  • Exhibits9: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
  • Exhibits10: Parent market
  • Exhibits11: Market Characteristics
  • Exhibits12: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
  • Exhibits13: Market segments
  • Exhibits14: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits15: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits16: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits17: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits18: Historic Market Size - Data Table on global enterprise mobility services market 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits19: Historic Market Size - Application Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits20: Historic Market Size - End-user Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits21: Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits22: Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits23: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits24: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits25: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits26: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits27: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits28: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits29: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits30: Chart on Application - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits31: Data Table on Application - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits32: Chart on Comparison by Application
  • Exhibits33: Data Table on Comparison by Application
  • Exhibits34: Chart on Large enterprises - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits35: Data Table on Large enterprises - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits36: Chart on Large enterprises - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits37: Data Table on Large enterprises - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits38: Chart on Small and medium sized enterprises - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits39: Data Table on Small and medium sized enterprises - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits40: Chart on Small and medium sized enterprises - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits41: Data Table on Small and medium sized enterprises - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits42: Market opportunity by Application ($ billion)
  • Exhibits43: Data Table on Market opportunity by Application ($ billion)
  • Exhibits44: Chart on End-user - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits45: Data Table on End-user - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits46: Chart on Comparison by End-user
  • Exhibits47: Data Table on Comparison by End-user
  • Exhibits48: Chart on BFSI - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits49: Data Table on BFSI - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits50: Chart on BFSI - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits51: Data Table on BFSI - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits52: Chart on Retail and e-commerce - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits53: Data Table on Retail and e-commerce - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits54: Chart on Retail and e-commerce - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits55: Data Table on Retail and e-commerce - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits56: Chart on IT and telecom - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits57: Data Table on IT and telecom - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits58: Chart on IT and telecom - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits59: Data Table on IT and telecom - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits60: Chart on Healthcare and life sciences - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits61: Data Table on Healthcare and life sciences - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits62: Chart on Healthcare and life sciences - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits63: Data Table on Healthcare and life sciences - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits64: Chart on Government and others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits65: Data Table on Government and others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits66: Chart on Government and others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits67: Data Table on Government and others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits68: Market opportunity by End-user ($ billion)
  • Exhibits69: Data Table on Market opportunity by End-user ($ billion)
  • Exhibits70: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
  • Exhibits71: Chart on Market share by geography 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits72: Data Table on Market share by geography 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits73: Chart on Geographic comparison
  • Exhibits74: Data Table on Geographic comparison
  • Exhibits75: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits76: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits77: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits78: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits79: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits80: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits81: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits82: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits83: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits84: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits85: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits86: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits87: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits88: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits89: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits90: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits91: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits92: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits93: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits94: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits95: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits96: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits97: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits98: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits99: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits100: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits101: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits102: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits103: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits104: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits105: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits106: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits107: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits108: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits109: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits110: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits111: Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits112: Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits113: Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits114: Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits115: Market opportunity by geography ($ billion)
  • Exhibits116: Data Tables on Market opportunity by geography ($ billion)
  • Exhibits117: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits118: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
  • Exhibits119: Overview on factors of disruption
  • Exhibits120: Impact of key risks on business
  • Exhibits121: Vendors covered
  • Exhibits122: Matrix on vendor position and classification
  • Exhibits123: BlackBerry Ltd. - Overview
  • Exhibits124: BlackBerry Ltd. - Business segments
  • Exhibits125: BlackBerry Ltd. - Key news
  • Exhibits126: BlackBerry Ltd. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits127: BlackBerry Ltd. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits128: Cisco Systems Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits129: Cisco Systems Inc. - Business segments
  • Exhibits130: Cisco Systems Inc. - Key news
  • Exhibits131: Cisco Systems Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits132: Cisco Systems Inc. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits133: Citrix Systems Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits134: Citrix Systems Inc. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits135: Citrix Systems Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits136: GoTo - Overview
  • Exhibits137: GoTo - Product / Service
  • Exhibits138: GoTo - Key offerings
  • Exhibits139: Infosys Ltd. - Overview
  • Exhibits140: Infosys Ltd. - Business segments
  • Exhibits141: Infosys Ltd. - Key news
  • Exhibits142: Infosys Ltd. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits143: Infosys Ltd. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits144: International Business Machines Corp. - Overview
  • Exhibits145: International Business Machines Corp. - Business segments
  • Exhibits146: International Business Machines Corp. - Key news
  • Exhibits147: International Business Machines Corp. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits148: International Business Machines Corp. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits149: Ivanti Software Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits150: Ivanti Software Inc. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits151: Ivanti Software Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits152: Matrix42 GmbH - Overview
  • Exhibits153: Matrix42 GmbH - Product / Service
  • Exhibits154: Matrix42 GmbH - Key offerings
  • Exhibits155: Microsoft Corp. - Overview
  • Exhibits156: Microsoft Corp. - Business segments
  • Exhibits157: Microsoft Corp. - Key news
  • Exhibits158: Microsoft Corp. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits159: Microsoft Corp. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits160: Mitsogo Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits161: Mitsogo Inc. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits162: Mitsogo Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits163: SAP SE - Overview
  • Exhibits164: SAP SE - Business segments
  • Exhibits165: SAP SE - Key news
  • Exhibits166: SAP SE - Key offerings
  • Exhibits167: SAP SE - Segment focus
  • Exhibits168: Sophos Ltd. - Overview
  • Exhibits169: Sophos Ltd. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits170: Sophos Ltd. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits171: SOTI Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits172: SOTI Inc. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits173: SOTI Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits174: Ventraq Corp. - Overview
  • Exhibits175: Ventraq Corp. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits176: Ventraq Corp. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits177: Zoho Corp. Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
  • Exhibits178: Zoho Corp. Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits179: Zoho Corp. Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits180: Inclusions checklist
  • Exhibits181: Exclusions checklist
  • Exhibits182: Currency conversion rates for US$
  • Exhibits183: Research methodology
  • Exhibits184: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
  • Exhibits185: Information sources
  • Exhibits186: List of abbreviations