封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1482389

人力资源分析市场:依地区:2024-2032 年全球产业分析、规模、占有率、成长、趋势、预测

HR Analytics Market by Geography (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa): Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2024-2032

出版日期: | 出版商: Persistence Market Research | 英文 341 Pages | 商品交期: 2-5个工作天内

价格
简介目录

Persistence Market Research 最近对人力资源分析市场进行了深入分析,并发布了一份综合报告,提供了对全球格局的广泛洞察。这份详细的出版物提供了有关市场动态、趋势、机会和课题的宝贵见解,并提供了对其结构的完整概述。在专有数据和统计数据的支持下,本研究预测了 2024 年至 2032 年人力资源分析市场的预期成长轨迹。

预计 2024 年至 2032 年,人力资源分析市场将以 12.4% 的复合年增长率稳定成长。2024年市场规模为25.3亿美元,预计2032年将达90亿美元。

重要见解

  • 人力资源分析市场复合年增长率(2024-2032):12.4%
  • 人力资源分析市场价值(2024 年):25.3 亿美元
  • 人力资源分析市场价值(2032 年):90 亿美元

人力资源分析市场调查范围

对人力资源分析解决方案需求的激增主要是由于人力资源流程与尖端技术的整合以及招募新员工的部门范围的扩大所推动的。这一趋势迫使公司采用现代人力资源实践、解决方案和工具。

当前人力资源分析市场的上升趋势反映出多个部门越来越多地参与人才获取、留任、招募和员工敬业度等关键流程。人力资源分析系统在各种人力资源分析工具的帮助下促进资料储存、细分和分析,在简化这些复杂流程方面发挥着至关重要的作用。

市场成长动力

对数据驱动决策的需求:组织越来越认识到数据在做出明智决策方面的价值。人力资源分析提供了有关员工趋势、员工绩效和人才管理的宝贵见解,使组织能够做出数据驱动的决策,以提高效率和生产力。

关注员工敬业度和留任率:随着人才争夺战的加剧,组织越来越关注员工敬业度和留任率。人力资源分析使组织能够分析员工情绪,识别影响敬业度的因素,制定提高留任率的策略,最终降低人员流动成本。

技术进步:人工智慧 (AI)、机器学习和预测分析等技术进步正在推动人力资源分析市场的成长。这些技术可以对人力资源数据进行更复杂的分析,包括劳动力规划的预测建模、识别高潜力员工以及预测未来的人才需求。

市场制约因素

资料隐私和安全问题:员工资料的收集和分析充满了隐私和安全问题。公司必须遵循 GDPR 和 CCPA 等复杂的监管框架,以确保合规性并保护员工资料免遭未经授权的存取和滥用。

实施课题:实施人力资源分析解决方案需要在技术、基础设施和员工培训方面进行大量投资。组织可能面临将人力资源分析系统与现有 HRIS(人力资源资讯系统)整合并确保不同平台之间的资料品质和一致性的课题。

机会

整合人工智慧和机器学习:人工智慧和机器学习的进步为增强人力资源分析解决方案的功能提供了机会。部署人工智慧驱动的演算法可以对劳动力规划、人才招募和员工留任进行预测分析,为公司主动决策提供宝贵的见解。

扩展基于云端的解决方案:向基于云端的人力资源分析解决方案的转变带来了巨大的成长机会。基于云端的平台提供可扩展性、灵活性和可访问性,使组织能够更轻鬆地部署和管理人力资源分析工具,而无需对基础设施进行大量前期投资。供应商可以利用这一趋势,提供高度可扩展和可自订的基于云端的解决方案,以满足不同行业和组织规模的需求。

报告回答的关键问题

  • 人力资源分析市场目前的规模和成长率是多少?
  • 推动人力资源分析市场成长的关键因素是什么?
  • 阻碍市场成长的主要课题和障碍是什么?
  • 人力资源分析市场的新兴趋势和机会是什么?
  • 人力资源分析解决方案的主要用途和用例有哪些?

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章市场概况

  • 市场范围和定义
  • 市场动态
    • 促进因素
    • 抑制因素
    • 机会
    • 任务
    • 主要趋势
  • 人力资源分析市场:价值链
  • 宏观经济因素
    • 世界产业展望
    • 世界GDP成长展望
  • 预测变量 - 相关性和影响
  • COVID-19 影响评估
  • PESTLE分析
  • 波特五力分析

第三章 ICT支出

第4章价格分析

  • 价格分析
    • 订阅模式
    • 永久许可证

第五章全球人力资源分析市场展望:过去(2019-2023)与预测(2024-2032)

  • 主要亮点
    • 市场规模及年成长率
    • 绝对的$机会
  • 市场规模(金额)分析与预测
    • 过去的市场规模分析,2019-2023
    • 目前市场规模预测,2024-2032
  • 全球人力资源分析市场展望:发展
    • 简介/主要发现
    • 过去的市场规模(金额)分析,2019-2023
    • 目前市场规模(金额)预测,2024-2032
      • 本地
      • 云端
  • 市场吸引力分析:发展
  • 全球人力资源分析市场展望:组成部分
    • 简介/主要发现
    • 过去的市场规模(金额)分析,2019-2023
    • 目前市场规模(金额)预测,2024-2032
      • 解析度
      • 服务
        • 实施和整合服务
        • 咨询服务
        • 支援和维护服务
  • 市场吸引力分析:组件
  • 全球人力资源分析市场展望:应用领域
    • 简介/主要发现
    • 过去的市场规模(金额)分析,2019-2023
    • 目前市场规模(金额)预测,2024-2032
      • 工资单
      • 保留
      • 招募
      • 人力资源管理
      • 员工敬业度
      • 员工发展
  • 市场吸引力分析:应用领域

第六章全球人力资源分析市场展望:地区

  • 主要亮点
  • 过去的市场规模(金额)分析,2019-2023
  • 目前市场规模(金额)预测,2024-2032
    • 北美
    • 欧洲
    • 东亚
    • 南亚和大洋洲
    • 拉丁美洲
    • 中东/非洲
  • 市场吸引力分析:区域

第七章北美人力资源分析市场展望

第八章欧洲人力资源分析市场展望

第九章东亚人力资源分析市场展望

第10章南亚与大洋洲人力资源分析市场展望

第十一章拉丁美洲人力资源分析市场展望

第十二章中东与非洲人力资源分析市场展望

第十三章竞争格局

  • 2024 年市场占有率分析
  • 市场结构
    • 依市场划分的竞争加剧地图
    • 比赛仪表板
  • 公司简介(详细资讯 - 概述、财务、策略、近期发展)
    • SAP
    • Oracle
    • Infor
    • Kronos
    • Workday
    • Talentsoft
    • Sisense Inc
    • Sage Group plc
    • Kronos Incorporated
    • Legartise
    • Crunchr
    • Microstrategy Incorporated
    • INFOR INC
    • zoho corporation
    • Zoios

第十四章附录

  • 调查方法
  • 调查先决条件
  • 缩写
简介目录
Product Code: PMRREP33024

Persistence Market Research recently conducted an in-depth analysis of the HR Analytics Market, resulting in a comprehensive report that delves extensively into its global landscape. This detailed publication provides valuable insights into the market's dynamics, trends, opportunities, and challenges, offering a thorough overview of its structure. With the support of exclusive data and statistics, the research predicts the anticipated growth trajectory of the HR Analytics Market spanning from 2024 to 2032.

The HR analytics market is projected to grow steadily at a promising CAGR of 12.4% from 2024 to 2032. With a value of US$ 2.53 billion in 2024, it is expected to reach US$ 9 billion by 2032.

Key Insights:

  • HR Analytics Market CAGR (2024-2032): 12.4%
  • HR Analytics Market Value (2024): US$ 2.53 Bn
  • HR Analytics Market Value (2032): US$ 9 Bn

HR Analytics Market - Report Scope

The surge in demand for HR analytics solutions is primarily driven by the integration of HR processes with cutting-edge technology and the expansion of sectors engaging new employees globally. This trend is compelling organizations to adopt the latest HR practices, solutions, and tools.

The current upward trajectory of the HR analytics market is indicative of the increasing involvement of multiple sectors in critical processes like talent acquisition, retention, recruitment, and employee engagement. HR analytics systems play a pivotal role in streamlining these intricate processes, facilitating data storage, segmentation, and analysis with the aid of various HR analytics tools.

Market Growth Drivers

Demand for Data-Driven Decision Making: Organizations are increasingly recognizing the value of data in making informed decisions. HR analytics provides valuable insights into workforce trends, employee performance, and talent management, empowering organizations to make data-driven decisions to improve efficiency and productivity.

Focus on Employee Engagement and Retention: With the war for talent intensifying, organizations are placing greater emphasis on employee engagement and retention. HR analytics enables organizations to analyze employee sentiment, identify factors influencing engagement, and develop strategies to enhance retention rates, ultimately reducing turnover costs.

Advancements in Technology: Technological advancements, particularly in artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and predictive analytics, are fueling the growth of the HR analytics market. These technologies enable more sophisticated analysis of HR data, including predictive modeling for workforce planning, identifying high-potential employees, and predicting future talent needs.

Market Restraints

Data Privacy and Security Concerns: The collection and analysis of employee data raise concerns about privacy and security. Organizations must navigate complex regulatory frameworks such as GDPR and CCPA to ensure compliance and protect employee data from unauthorized access or misuse.

Implementation Challenges: Implementing HR analytics solutions requires substantial investment in technology, infrastructure, and employee training. Organizations may face challenges in integrating HR analytics systems with existing HRIS (Human Resource Information Systems) and ensuring data quality and consistency across different platforms.

Opportunities

Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Advancements in AI and machine learning offer opportunities to enhance the capabilities of HR analytics solutions. Implementing AI-powered algorithms can enable predictive analytics for workforce planning, talent acquisition, and employee retention, providing organizations with valuable insights to make proactive decisions.

Expansion of Cloud-Based Solutions: The shift towards cloud-based HR analytics solutions presents significant growth opportunities. Cloud-based platforms offer scalability, flexibility, and accessibility, making it easier for organizations to deploy and manage HR analytics tools without significant upfront investments in infrastructure. Vendors can capitalize on this trend by offering scalable and customizable cloud-based solutions tailored to the needs of different industries and organizational sizes.

Key Questions Answered in Report::

  • What is the current size and growth rate of the HR analytics market?
  • What are the main drivers driving the growth of the HR analytics market?
  • What are the major challenges and barriers hindering market growth?
  • What are the emerging trends and opportunities in the HR analytics market?
  • What are the main applications and use cases of HR analytics solutions?

Key Companies Profiled

  • SAP
  • Oracle
  • Infor
  • Kronos
  • Workday
  • IBM
  • Sage Software
  • Microstrategy
  • Tableau
  • Zoho

HR Analytics Market Segmentation:

By Components

  • Solution
  • Service

Implementation and Integration Services

Advisory Services

Support and Maintenance Service

By Application Area

  • Payroll
  • Retention
  • Recruitment
  • Workforce Management
  • Employee Engagement
  • Employee Development

By Deployment

  • On-premise
  • Cloud

By Region

  • North America
  • Latin America
  • Europe
  • APAC
  • Middle East & Africa"

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global HR Analytics Market Snapshot, 2024-2032
  • 1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2024-2032, US$ Mn
  • 1.3. Key Market Trends
  • 1.4. Future Market Projections
  • 1.5. Premium Market Insights
  • 1.6. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
  • 1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Scope and Definition
  • 2.2. Market Dynamics
    • 2.2.1. Drivers
    • 2.2.2. Restraints
    • 2.2.3. Opportunity
    • 2.2.4. Challenges
    • 2.2.5. Key Trends
  • 2.3. HR Analytics Market: Value Chain
  • 2.4. Macro-Economic Factors
    • 2.4.1. Global Sectorial Outlook
    • 2.4.2. Global GDP Growth Outlook
  • 2.5. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact
  • 2.6. Covid-19 Impact Assessment
  • 2.7. PESTLE Analysis
  • 2.8. Porter Five Force's Analysis

3. ICT Spending

4. Pricing Analysis

  • 4.1. Pricing Analysis
    • 4.1.1. Subscription Model
    • 4.1.2. Perpetual License

5. Global HR Analytics Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2032)

  • 5.1. Key Highlights
    • 5.1.1. Market Size and Y-o-Y Growth
    • 5.1.2. Absolute $ Opportunity
  • 5.2. Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast
    • 5.2.1. Historical Market Size Analysis, 2019-2023
    • 5.2.2. Current Market Size Forecast, 2024-2032
  • 5.3. Global HR Analytics Market Outlook: Deployment
    • 5.3.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 5.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Deployment, 2019-2023
    • 5.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Deployment, 2024-2032
      • 5.3.3.1. On-premises
      • 5.3.3.2. Cloud
  • 5.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Deployment
  • 5.5. Global HR Analytics Market Outlook: Component
    • 5.5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 5.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Component, 2019-2023
    • 5.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Component, 2024-2032
      • 5.5.3.1. Solution
      • 5.5.3.2. Services
        • 5.5.3.2.1. Implementation and Integration Services
        • 5.5.3.2.2. Advisory Services
        • 5.5.3.2.3. Support and Maintenance Service
  • 5.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Component
  • 5.7. Global HR Analytics Market Outlook: Application Area
    • 5.7.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 5.7.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Application Area, 2019-2023
    • 5.7.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Application Area, 2024-2032
      • 5.7.3.1. Payroll
      • 5.7.3.2. Retention
      • 5.7.3.3. Recruitment
      • 5.7.3.4. Workforce Management
      • 5.7.3.5. Employee Engagement
      • 5.7.3.6. Employee Development
  • 5.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Application Area

6. Global HR Analytics Market Outlook: Region

  • 6.1. Key Highlights
  • 6.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Region, 2019-2023
  • 6.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Region, 2024-2032
    • 6.3.1. North America
    • 6.3.2. Europe
    • 6.3.3. East Asia
    • 6.3.4. South Asia and Oceania
    • 6.3.5. Latin America
    • 6.3.6. Middle East & Africa
  • 6.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region

7. North America HR Analytics Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2032)

  • 7.1. Key Highlights
  • 7.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Market, 2019-2023
    • 7.2.1. by Country
    • 7.2.2. by Deployment
    • 7.2.3. by Component
    • 7.2.4. by Application Area
  • 7.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Country, 2024-2032
    • 7.3.1. U.S.
    • 7.3.2. Canada
  • 7.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Deployment, 2024-2032
    • 7.4.1. On-premises
    • 7.4.2. Cloud
  • 7.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Component, 2024-2032
    • 7.5.1. Solution
    • 7.5.2. Service
      • 7.5.2.1. Implementation and Integration Services
      • 7.5.2.2. Advisory Services
      • 7.5.2.3. Support and Maintenance Services
  • 7.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Application Area, 2024-2032
    • 7.6.1. Payroll
    • 7.6.2. Retention
    • 7.6.3. Recruitment
    • 7.6.4. Workforce Management
    • 7.6.5. Employee Engagement
    • 7.6.6. Employee Development
  • 7.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. Europe HR Analytics Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2032)

  • 8.1. Key Highlights
  • 8.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Market, 2019-2023
    • 8.2.1. by Country
    • 8.2.2. by Deployment
    • 8.2.3. by Component
    • 8.2.4. by Application Area
  • 8.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Country, 2024-2032
    • 8.3.1. Germany
    • 8.3.2. France
    • 8.3.3. U.K.
    • 8.3.4. Italy
    • 8.3.5. Spain
    • 8.3.6. Russia
    • 8.3.7. Turkiye
    • 8.3.8. Rest of Europe
  • 8.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Deployment, 2024-2032
    • 8.4.1. On-premises
    • 8.4.2. Cloud
  • 8.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Component, 2024-2032
    • 8.5.1. Solution
    • 8.5.2. Service
      • 8.5.2.1. Implementation and Integration Services
      • 8.5.2.2. Advisory Services
      • 8.5.2.3. Support and Maintenance Services
  • 8.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Application Area, 2024-2032
    • 8.6.1. Payroll
    • 8.6.2. Retention
    • 8.6.3. Recruitment
    • 8.6.4. Workforce Management
    • 8.6.5. Employee Engagement
    • 8.6.6. Employee Development
  • 8.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. East Asia HR Analytics Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2032)

  • 9.1. Key Highlights
  • 9.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Market, 2019-2023
    • 9.2.1. by Country
    • 9.2.2. by Deployment
    • 9.2.3. by Component
    • 9.2.4. by Application Area
  • 9.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Country, 2024-2032
    • 9.3.1. China
    • 9.3.2. Japan
    • 9.3.3. South Korea
  • 9.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Deployment, 2024-2032
    • 9.4.1. On-premises
    • 9.4.2. Cloud
  • 9.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Component, 2024-2032
    • 9.5.1. Solution
    • 9.5.2. Service
      • 9.5.2.1. Implementation and Integration Services
      • 9.5.2.2. Advisory Services
      • 9.5.2.3. Support and Maintenance Services
  • 9.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Application Area, 2024-2032
    • 9.6.1. Payroll
    • 9.6.2. Retention
    • 9.6.3. Recruitment
    • 9.6.4. Workforce Management
    • 9.6.5. Employee Engagement
    • 9.6.6. Employee Development
  • 9.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. South Asia & Oceania HR Analytics Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2032)

  • 10.1. Key Highlights
  • 10.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Market, 2019-2023
    • 10.2.1. by Country
    • 10.2.2. by Deployment
    • 10.2.3. by Component
    • 10.2.4. by Application Area
  • 10.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Country, 2024-2032
    • 10.3.1. India
    • 10.3.2. Southeast Asia
    • 10.3.3. ANZ
    • 10.3.4. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
  • 10.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Deployment, 2024-2032
    • 10.4.1. On-premises
    • 10.4.2. Cloud
  • 10.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Component, 2024-2032
    • 10.5.1. Solution
    • 10.5.2. Service
      • 10.5.2.1. Implementation and Integration Services
      • 10.5.2.2. Advisory Services
      • 10.5.2.3. Support and Maintenance Services
  • 10.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Application Area, 2024-2032
    • 10.6.1. Payroll
    • 10.6.2. Retention
    • 10.6.3. Recruitment
    • 10.6.4. Workforce Management
    • 10.6.5. Employee Engagement
    • 10.6.6. Employee Development
  • 10.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

11. Latin America HR Analytics Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2032)

  • 11.1. Key Highlights
  • 11.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Market, 2019-2023
    • 11.2.1. by Country
    • 11.2.2. by Deployment
    • 11.2.3. by Component
    • 11.2.4. by Application Area
  • 11.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Country, 2024-2032
    • 11.3.1. Brazil
    • 11.3.2. Mexico
    • 11.3.3. Rest of Latin America
  • 11.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Deployment, 2024-2032
    • 11.4.1. On-premises
    • 11.4.2. Cloud
  • 11.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Component, 2024-2032
    • 11.5.1. Solution
    • 11.5.2. Service
      • 11.5.2.1. Implementation and Integration Services
      • 11.5.2.2. Advisory Services
      • 11.5.2.3. Support and Maintenance Services
  • 11.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Application Area, 2024-2032
    • 11.6.1. Payroll
    • 11.6.2. Retention
    • 11.6.3. Recruitment
    • 11.6.4. Workforce Management
    • 11.6.5. Employee Engagement
    • 11.6.6. Employee Development
  • 11.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

12. Middle East & Africa HR Analytics Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2032)

  • 12.1. Key Highlights
  • 12.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Market, 2019-2023
    • 12.2.1. by Country
    • 12.2.2. by Deployment
    • 12.2.3. by Component
    • 12.2.4. by Application Area
  • 12.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Country, 2024-2032
    • 12.3.1. GCC
    • 12.3.2. Egypt
    • 12.3.3. South Africa
    • 12.3.4. Northern Africa
    • 12.3.5. Rest of Middle East & Africa
  • 12.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Deployment, 2024-2032
    • 12.4.1. On-premises
    • 12.4.2. Cloud
  • 12.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Component, 2024-2032
    • 12.5.1. Solution
    • 12.5.2. Service
      • 12.5.2.1. Implementation and Integration Services
      • 12.5.2.2. Advisory Services
      • 12.5.2.3. Support and Maintenance Services
  • 12.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast by Application Area, 2024-2032
    • 12.6.1. Payroll
    • 12.6.2. Retention
    • 12.6.3. Recruitment
    • 12.6.4. Workforce Management
    • 12.6.5. Employee Engagement
    • 12.6.6. Employee Development
  • 12.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

13. Competition Landscape

  • 13.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
  • 13.2. Market Structure
    • 13.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping by Market
    • 13.2.2. Competition Dashboard
  • 13.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
    • 13.3.1. SAP
      • 13.3.1.1. Overview
      • 13.3.1.2. Segments and Deployments
      • 13.3.1.3. Key Financials
      • 13.3.1.4. Market Developments
      • 13.3.1.5. Market Strategy
    • 13.3.2. Oracle
    • 13.3.3. Infor
    • 13.3.4. Kronos
    • 13.3.5. Workday
    • 13.3.6. Talentsoft
    • 13.3.7. Sisense Inc
    • 13.3.8. Sage Group plc
    • 13.3.9. Kronos Incorporated
    • 13.3.10. Legartise
    • 13.3.11. Crunchr
    • 13.3.12. Microstrategy Incorporated
    • 13.3.13. INFOR INC
    • 13.3.14. zoho corporation
    • 13.3.15. Zoios

14. Appendix

  • 14.1. Research Methodology
  • 14.2. Research Assumptions
  • 14.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations