封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1401895

到 2030 年高速曝光机的市场预测:按类型、应用和地区分類的全球分析

High Speed Exposure Machine Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Type (Fully Automatic and Semi-Automatic), By Application (3D Printing, Medical Imaging, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Manufacturing and Other Applications) and By Geography

出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

根据 Stratistics MRC 的数据,全球高速曝光机市场在预测期内将以 4.8% 的复合年增长率成长。

高速曝光机是专为快速高效的成像过程而设计的精密设备,通常用于半导体製造、印刷基板(PCB) 製造和图形艺术等行业。它采用数位微镜装置(DMD)和雷射直接成像等先进技术,快速且准确地对感光材料进行曝光。其高速性能能够快速且准确地再现复杂图案,提高需要快速、可靠曝光的製造流程(例如光刻、PCB影像处理和其他高精度影像处理任务)的吞吐量,有利于提高效率。

根据CTA预测,2022年美国智慧型手錶出货收益预计将达71亿美元,较2021年成长8%。同样,2022年真无线耳机的销售量预计将成长3%。

快速成长的半导体产业

由于对先进製造流程的需求不断增加,快速成长的半导体产业是高速光刻设备市场的驱动因素。半导体装置对于从家用电子电器到汽车系统的各种技术应用至关重要。随着产业朝向更小的节点和更高的整合度发展,高速曝光机将成为精密微影的关键,从而能够生产更小、更强大的半导体元件。对高性能和高效曝光製程的需求正在推动市场向前发展。

原物料价格波动

市场依赖先进技术和精密零件,因此对原材料成本的波动很敏感。不可预测的价格波动可能会扰乱生产计画,压缩报酬率,并影响高速曝光机製造的整体成本效益。此类案例阻碍了市场的成长。

更多采用自动化

随着业界越来越多地采用自动化流程,高速曝光机正在提高效率、精度和生产力。自动化简化了复杂的任务,减少了体力劳动,并加快了生产週期,满足了对更快、更可靠的製造流程的需求。此外,配备先进技术的高速曝光机正在响应这一趋势,提供快速、准确的成像解决方案,成为半导体製造、印刷基板製造和图形艺术等行业的必需品。

复杂的技术

高速曝光设备市场的技术复杂性构成了重大威胁,因为它影响了采用和操作熟练程度。数位微镜装置 (DMD) 和雷射直接成像等高阶功能需要专业知识才能有效利用。这些技术的复杂性可能导致学习曲线长、培训成本高以及对熟练技术人员的依赖增加。这种复杂性可能会阻止一些潜在用户,尤其是中小型企业采用高速曝光解决方案,从而阻碍普及并限制整体市场成长。

COVID-19 的影响:

COVID-19 的爆发扰乱了全球供应链、推迟了製造流程并造成了经济不确定性,对高速曝光设备市场产生了重大影响。封锁、旅行限制和劳动力挑战阻碍了生产和安装活动。企业面临财务困难,影响了投资高科技设备的决定。然而,疫情也加速了远端监控和自动化技术的采用,以缓解营运挑战。市场復苏将取决于这段时期的适应性策略、供应链弹性和持续的技术进步。

印刷基板(PCB)製造业预计在预测期内成为最大的製造业

由于对电子设备的需求不断增加,印刷基板(PCB)製造领域预计将成为高速曝光设备市场中最大的市场。随着电子产业的不断发展,特别是家电、汽车、通讯等领域,对高性能印刷基板的需求不断增加。高速曝光机在将复杂的电路图案精确地绘製到PCB上并确保先进电子元件的生产方面发挥着重要作用。此外,电子设备的普及和技术进步带动了对PCB的强劲需求,使PCB製造领域处于主导地位。

预计全自动细分市场在预测期内将出现最高的复合年增长率

在高速曝光机市场中,全自动部分预计将出现良好的成长。这种快速成长是由对简化和高效的製造流程不断增长的需求所推动的。全自动机器减少了对人工的依赖,提高了精度、速度和整体生产效率。半导体製造和 PCB 製造等行业尤其优先考虑自动化系统,以满足对高吞吐量工作日益增长的需求。智慧製造的持续推动,加上机器人和自动化技术的进步,正在推动该领域的成长。

占有率最大的地区

由于强劲的技术创新、强大的工业基础设施以及关键部门的持续需求,预计北美将保持其在高速曝光设备市场的主导地位。该地区在半导体製造、电子和汽车行业中发挥主导作用,促进了对高精度曝光设备的持续需求。此外,对研发和策略联盟的持续投资有助于技术进步。此外,主要市场参与者的存在和完善的法规环境正在进一步巩固北美的优势。

复合年增长率最高的地区:

亚太地区预计将出现显着成长,并保持其在高速曝光机市场的主导地位。这一趋势是由电子製造地的稳定扩张所推动的,特别是在中国、日本和韩国等国家。该地区的经济发展、技术进步以及消费性电子产品需求的快速增长推动了半导体和 PCB 製造对高速曝光设备的需求。此外,政府对工业化的积极支持以及主要市场参与者的存在促进了该地区的持续崛起,是市场成长的关键驱动力。

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订阅此报告的客户可以存取以下免费自订选项之一:

  • 公司简介
    • 其他市场参与者的综合分析(最多 3 家公司)
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  • 区域分割
    • 根据客户兴趣对主要国家的市场估计、预测和复合年增长率(註:基于可行性检查)
  • 竞争基准化分析
    • 根据产品系列、地理分布和策略联盟对主要企业基准化分析

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相关利益者
  • 调查范围
  • 调查方法
    • 资料探勘
    • 资料分析
    • 资料检验
    • 研究途径
  • 调查来源
    • 主要调查来源
    • 二次调查来源
    • 先决条件

第三章市场趋势分析

  • 促进因素
  • 抑制因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 应用分析
  • 新兴市场
  • 新型冠状病毒感染疾病(COVID-19)的影响

第4章波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买方议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争公司之间的敌对关係

第五章全球高速曝光设备市场:依类型

  • 全自动
    • 全自动平板曝光系统
    • 数位微镜装置 (DMD) 系统
    • 全自动多层曝光系统
    • 全自动PCB曝光系统
    • 全自动製版机
    • 全自动垂直曝光装置
    • 线上输送系统
    • 卷轴式曝光系统
    • 其他全自动类型
  • 半自动
    • 半自动平板曝光系统
    • 半自动多层曝光系统
    • 半自动PCB曝光系统
    • 半自动製版机
    • 半自动垂直曝光装置
    • 其他半自动类型

第六章 全球高速曝光设备市场:依应用分类

  • 3D列印
  • 医学影像处理
  • 印刷基板(PCB) 製造
  • 网版印刷
  • 半导体製造
  • 纺织印花
  • 其他用途

第七章 全球高速曝光设备市场:依地区划分

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲国家
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 纽西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 中东和非洲
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 卡达
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲

第八章 主要进展

  • 合约、伙伴关係、协作和合资企业
  • 收购和合併
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务扩展
  • 其他关键策略

第九章 公司简介

  • Altix SA
  • AP Systems
  • ASML Holding NV
  • Canon Inc.
  • DuPont de Nemours, Inc
  • Exmore BV
  • Heidelberg Engineering GmbH
  • Koenig & Bauer AG
  • Manz AG
  • Mikrotech SA
  • Omet Srl
  • Orbotech
  • SCREEN Holdings Co., Ltd.
  • TAMARACK Scientific Co., Inc.
Product Code: SMRC24415

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market is growing at a CAGR of 4.8% during the forecast period. A high-speed exposure machine is a precision device designed for rapid and efficient imaging processes, commonly utilized in industries like semiconductor manufacturing, printed circuit board (PCB) production, and graphic arts. Employing advanced technologies such as Digital Micro-Mirror Devices (DMD) or laser direct imaging, these machines offer swift and accurate exposure of photosensitive materials. Their high-speed capabilities enable quick and precise reproduction of intricate patterns, facilitating increased throughput and efficiency in manufacturing processes demanding fast and reliable exposure for applications such as photolithography, PCB imaging, and other high-precision imaging tasks.

According to the CTA, in 2022, smartwatches are projected to generate shipment revenues of USD 7.1 billion in the United States, an 8% increase over 2021. Similarly, the revenue from the sales of truly wireless earbuds is expected to rise by 3% in 2022.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Rapidly growing semiconductor industry

The rapidly growing semiconductor industry acts as a driver for the high-speed exposure machine market due to the industry's increasing demand for advanced manufacturing processes. Semiconductor devices are integral to various technological applications, from consumer electronics to automotive systems. As the industry evolves towards smaller nodes and greater integration, high-speed exposure machines become crucial for precision photolithography, enabling the production of smaller and more powerful semiconductor components. This demand for high-performance and efficient exposure processes propels the market forward.

Restraint:

Fluctuating raw material prices

The market relies on advanced technologies and precision components, making it sensitive to variations in the costs of raw materials. Unpredictable price fluctuations can disrupt production planning, strain profit margins, and impact the overall cost-effectiveness of manufacturing high-speed exposure machines. Such instances hinder the growth of the market.

Opportunity:

Growing adoption of automation

As industries increasingly embrace automated processes, high-speed exposure machines offer enhanced efficiency, precision, and productivity. Automation streamlines complex tasks, reduces manual intervention, and accelerates production cycles, aligning with the demand for faster and more reliable manufacturing processes. Moreover, high-speed exposure machines, equipped with advanced technologies, cater to this trend by delivering rapid and accurate imaging solutions, making them integral to industries such as semiconductor manufacturing, printed circuit board production, and graphic arts.

Threat:

Complexity of technology

The complexity of technology in the high-speed exposure machine market poses a significant threat due to its impact on adoption and operational proficiency. Advanced features, such as Digital Micro-Mirror Devices (DMD) and laser direct imaging, demand specialized expertise for effective utilization. The intricate nature of these technologies can lead to longer learning curves, higher training costs, and increased reliance on skilled technicians. This complexity may deter some potential users, especially smaller enterprises, from embracing high-speed exposure solutions, hindering widespread adoption and potentially limiting the market's overall growth.

COVID-19 Impact:

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the high-speed exposure machine market by disrupting global supply chains, delaying manufacturing processes, and causing economic uncertainties. Lockdowns, travel restrictions, and workforce challenges have hindered production and installation activities. Companies faced financial strains, impacting investment decisions in high-tech equipment. However, the pandemic has also accelerated the adoption of remote monitoring and automation technologies to mitigate operational challenges. The market's recovery hinges on adaptive strategies, resilience in supply chains, and ongoing technological advancements during this period.

The printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing segment is projected to be the largest within the high-speed exposure machine market due to the increasing demand for electronic devices. As the electronics industry continues to grow, particularly in sectors like consumer electronics, automotive, and telecommunications, the need for high-performance PCBs rises. High-speed exposure machines play a crucial role in precisely imaging complex circuit patterns onto PCBs, ensuring the production of advanced electronic components. Additionally, robust demand for PCBs, driven by the proliferation of electronic devices and technological advancements, positions the PCB manufacturing segment in a dominant position.

The fully automatic segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

The fully automatic segment is anticipated to experience lucrative growth in the high-speed exposure machine market. This surge is attributed to the escalating demand for streamlined and efficient manufacturing processes. Fully automatic machines reduce reliance on manual intervention, enhancing precision, speed, and overall production efficiency. Industries, particularly semiconductor manufacturing and PCB production, prioritize automated systems to meet the escalating demand for high-throughput operations. The continuous push for smart manufacturing, coupled with advancements in robotics and automation technologies, propels the segment growth.

Region with largest share:

North America is poised to maintain its dominant position in the high-speed exposure machine market due to robust technological innovation, strong industrial infrastructure, and sustained demand across key sectors. The region's leading role in semiconductor manufacturing, electronics, and automotive industries fosters a continuous need for high-precision exposure machines. Additionally, ongoing investments in research and development, coupled with strategic collaborations, contribute to technological advancements. Furthermore, the presence of major market players and a supportive regulatory environment further solidify North America's prominence.

Region with highest CAGR:

The Asia Pacific region is poised for substantial growth and is anticipated to maintain its dominant position in the high-speed exposure machine market. This trend is driven by the robust expansion of electronics manufacturing hubs, particularly in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. The region's economic development, technological advancements, and burgeoning demand for consumer electronics fuel the need for high-speed exposure machines in semiconductor fabrication and PCB manufacturing. Additionally, proactive government initiatives supporting industrialization and the presence of key market players contribute to the region's sustained prominence, making it a pivotal driver of market growth.

Key players in the market:

Some of the key players in High Speed Exposure Machine Market include Altix S.A., AP Systems, ASML Holding N.V, Canon Inc., DuPont de Nemours, Inc, Exmore B.V., Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Koenig & Bauer AG, Manz AG, Mikrotech S.A., Omet S.r.l., Orbotech, SCREEN Holdings Co., Ltd. and TAMARACK Scientific Co., Inc.

Key Developments:

In November, 2023, DuPont announced the official opening of its new DuPont™ Kalrez® manufacturing site in Newark, Delaware to meet growing global customer demand from the semiconductor and industrials sectors.

In September 2023, Independent visual content provider, EPA Images, today announces a five-year partnership with Canon Europe to renew and update its photography and videography equipment to confront the challenges in a changing world. Canon's advanced EOS R System full-frame mirrorless cameras will be used to capture coverage of breaking news and events from around the world, ranging from politics and business, to sports, arts, culture and entertainment.

In July 2023, APsystems, a global leader in Module Level Power Electronics solutions, is excited to announce the launch of the Lake 1000 Portable Power Station on the European market. Designed specifically to bring easy-to-use, fast-charging mobile energy solutions to households, the Lake 1000 redefines safety, reliability, and convenience, offering a breakthrough solution for users on the move.

Types Covered:

  • Fully Automatic
  • Semi-Automatic

Applications Covered:

  • 3D Printing
  • Medical Imaging
  • Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Manufacturing
  • Screen Printing
  • Semiconductor Manufacturing
  • Textile Printing
  • Other Applications

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2021, 2022, 2023, 2026, and 2030
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Application Analysis
  • 3.7 Emerging Markets
  • 3.8 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market, By Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Fully Automatic
    • 5.2.1 Fully Automatic Flatbed Exposure Systems
    • 5.2.2 Digital Micro-Mirror Device (DMD) Systems
    • 5.2.3 Fully Automatic Multi-Layer Exposure Systems
    • 5.2.4 Fully Automatic PCB Exposure Systems
    • 5.2.5 Fully Automatic Plate Setters
    • 5.2.6 Fully Automatic Vertical Exposure Systems
    • 5.2.7 In-line Conveyorized Systems
    • 5.2.8 Roll-to-Roll Exposure Systems
    • 5.2.9 Other Fully Automatic Types
  • 5.3 Semi-Automatic
    • 5.3.1 Semi-Automatic Flatbed Exposure Systems
    • 5.3.2 Semi-Automatic Multi-Layer Exposure Systems
    • 5.3.3 Semi-Automatic PCB Exposure Systems
    • 5.3.4 Semi-Automatic Plate Setters
    • 5.3.5 Semi-Automatic Vertical Exposure Systems
    • 5.3.6 Other Semi-Automatic Types

6 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market, By Application

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 3D Printing
  • 6.3 Medical Imaging
  • 6.4 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Manufacturing
  • 6.5 Screen Printing
  • 6.6 Semiconductor Manufacturing
  • 6.7 Textile Printing
  • 6.8 Other Applications

7 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market, By Geography

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 North America
    • 7.2.1 US
    • 7.2.2 Canada
    • 7.2.3 Mexico
  • 7.3 Europe
    • 7.3.1 Germany
    • 7.3.2 UK
    • 7.3.3 Italy
    • 7.3.4 France
    • 7.3.5 Spain
    • 7.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 7.4 Asia Pacific
    • 7.4.1 Japan
    • 7.4.2 China
    • 7.4.3 India
    • 7.4.4 Australia
    • 7.4.5 New Zealand
    • 7.4.6 South Korea
    • 7.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 7.5 South America
    • 7.5.1 Argentina
    • 7.5.2 Brazil
    • 7.5.3 Chile
    • 7.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 7.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 7.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 7.6.2 UAE
    • 7.6.3 Qatar
    • 7.6.4 South Africa
    • 7.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

8 Key Developments

  • 8.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 8.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 8.3 New Product Launch
  • 8.4 Expansions
  • 8.5 Other Key Strategies

9 Company Profiling

  • 9.1 Altix S.A.
  • 9.2 AP Systems
  • 9.3 ASML Holding N.V
  • 9.4 Canon Inc.
  • 9.5 DuPont de Nemours, Inc
  • 9.6 Exmore B.V.
  • 9.7 Heidelberg Engineering GmbH
  • 9.8 Koenig & Bauer AG
  • 9.9 Manz AG
  • 9.10 Mikrotech S.A.
  • 9.11 Omet S.r.l.
  • 9.12 Orbotech
  • 9.13 SCREEN Holdings Co., Ltd.
  • 9.14 TAMARACK Scientific Co., Inc.

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Region (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Fully Automatic (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Fully Automatic Flatbed Exposure Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Digital Micro-Mirror Device (DMD) Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Fully Automatic Multi-Layer Exposure Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Fully Automatic PCB Exposure Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Fully Automatic Plate Setters (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Fully Automatic Vertical Exposure Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By In-line Conveyorized Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Roll-to-Roll Exposure Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Other Fully Automatic Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Semi-Automatic (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Semi-Automatic Flatbed Exposure Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Semi-Automatic Multi-Layer Exposure Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Semi-Automatic PCB Exposure Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Semi-Automatic Plate Setters (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Semi-Automatic Vertical Exposure Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Other Semi-Automatic Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By 3D Printing (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Medical Imaging (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Manufacturing (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Screen Printing (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Semiconductor Manufacturing (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Textile Printing (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global High Speed Exposure Machine Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2021-2030) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.