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市场调查报告书
商品编码
1587608

2030 年椰奶市场预测：按产品、形式、包装、分销管道、应用、最终用户和地区进行的全球分析

Coconut Milk Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Product (Regular Coconut Milk, Low-Fat Coconut Milk, Flavoured Coconut Milk, Coconut Cream and Other Products), Form, Packaging, Distribution Channel, Application, End User and By Geography
出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

根据 Stratistics MRC 的数据，2024 年全球椰奶市场规模为 16.8 亿美元，预计在预测期内将以 10.5% 的复合年增长率增长，到 2030 年达到 35.3 亿美元。

椰奶是一种奶油状、不含乳製品的液体，从成熟椰子的磨碎果肉中提取。椰奶以其浓郁、温和的甜味而闻名，是通过将椰浆与水混合併过滤直至其具有光滑的稠度而製成的。这款多功能牛奶是东南亚、加勒比海和印度美食的主食，可增强咖哩、汤、甜点和饮料的风味。

根据植物性食品协会2022年发布的资料，2022年美国植物基乳销量与前一年同期比较去年同期成长9%，占牛奶零售销售的15%。

增加植物性饮食

椰奶具有奶油般的质感和浓郁的风味，使其成为烹饪、烘焙和饮料中传统乳製品的流行替代品。其不含乳糖的特性吸引了乳糖不耐症人士，而其中链甘油三酯 (MCT) 则吸引了注重健康的人士。向素食主义和素食主义的转变推动了对椰奶等多功能成分的需求，导致製造商创新并扩大其产品线，最终满足不断变化的消费者偏好。格局。

可能过敏或敏感

椰子被归类为水果，但其化学成分可能引发敏感族群的反应，引起荨麻疹、消化器官系统问题和过敏反应等症状。这种担忧将阻碍市场成长，因为过敏的消费者可能会避免喝椰奶，这限制了目标受众。此外，製造商面临对消费者进行潜在过敏教育的挑战，导致消费者不愿意尝试椰子产品，进而影响整体需求和市场成长。

消费者对永续和道德选择的兴趣日益浓厚

随着消费者的环保意识越来越强，他们将寻找优先考虑永续采购和生产实践的品牌，例如负责任地采摘椰子和最小化包装。这一趋势鼓励椰奶生产商采取环保做法，从而吸引越来越多具有环保意识的消费者。此外，公平贸易和有机标籤等认证进一步增强品牌信誉，培养消费者忠诚度，并在竞争日益激烈的环境中扩大市场覆盖范围。

供应链挑战

椰奶供应链面临的挑战源于季节性椰子收成、生产的地理限制以及对东南亚等特定地区的采购依赖等因素。自然灾害、流行病、运输问题等造成的中断可能会导致缺货和价格上涨。此外，品质不一致和加工方法的变化也会影响产品的可得性。这些挑战限制了椰奶的稳定供应，从而阻碍了市场的成长。

COVID-19 的影响

COVID-19 大流行对椰奶市场产生了重大影响，最初由于关闭和限製而扰乱了供应炼和生产。然而，随着消费者转向更健康的植物来源食品并更多地在家做饭，对椰奶的需求激增。电子商务已成为重要的销售管道，使品牌能够在零售面临挑战的情况下接触消费者。随着消费者在食品选择中优先考虑健康和便利，疫情疫情后的椰奶市场继续蓬勃发展。

低脂椰奶市场预计将在预测期内成为最大的市场

预计低脂椰奶细分市场将在整个预测期内获得最大的市场占有率。低脂椰奶是传统椰奶的轻盈版本，可减少脂肪含量并提供更柔滑的质地。低脂椰奶是透过用水稀释椰奶或使用特定的萃取方法来降低脂肪含量，同时保留其独特风味而製成的。对于那些想要享受椰奶的好处而又不想摄取额外热量和饱和脂肪的人来说，椰奶提供了一种无罪的选择。

乳製品替代品领域预计在预测期内复合年增长率最高

乳製品替代品产业预计在预测期内复合年增长率最高。椰奶是一种流行的乳製品替代品，特别是对于那些寻求无乳糖选择的人来说。其奶油质地和微妙的甜味使其非常适合多种用途，包括饮料、烹饪和烘焙。它也是纯素和素食食谱中最受欢迎的成分，可增强汤、咖哩和酱汁的味道。此外，对植物性饮食不断增长的需求正在推动椰奶的流行，使其成为乳製品替代市场的多功能选择。

占比最大的地区：

由于对植物性和无乳糖替代品的需求不断增长，预计亚太地区将在预测期内创下最大的市场占有率。椰奶传统上用于东南亚美食，由于其风味、营养价值以及与各种饮食（包括纯素和酮）的兼容性，椰奶变得越来越受欢迎。泰国、印尼和菲律宾等主要椰子生产国引领市场，对出口贡献大。食品和饮料、化妆品和健康领域的扩张进一步刺激了需求。

复合年增长率最高的地区：

在植物性饮食趋势不断增长和注重健康的消费者偏好的推动下，预计欧洲在预测期内的复合年增长率最高。在素食主义兴起以及将椰奶融入各种食谱和饮料的支持下，英国、德国和法国等国家的需求处于领先地位。其他福利包括创新产品和永续采购，吸引有环保意识的消费者。

免费客製化服务：

订阅此报告的客户可以存取以下免费自订选项之一：

  • 公司简介
    • 其他市场参与者的综合分析（最多 3 家公司）
    • 主要企业SWOT分析（最多3家企业）
  • 区域分割
    • 根据客户兴趣对主要国家的市场估计、预测和复合年增长率（註：基于可行性检查）
  • 竞争标基准化分析
    • 根据产品系列、地理分布和策略联盟对主要企业基准化分析

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相关利益者
  • 调查范围
  • 调查方法
    • 资料探勘
    • 资料分析
    • 资料检验
    • 研究途径
  • 研究资讯来源
    • 主要研究资讯来源
    • 二次研究资讯来源
    • 先决条件

第三章市场趋势分析

  • 促进因素
  • 抑制因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 产品分析
  • 应用分析
  • 最终用户分析
  • 新兴市场
  • COVID-19 的影响

第4章波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买方议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争公司之间的敌对关係

第五章全球椰奶市场：副产品

  • 一般椰奶
  • 低脂椰奶
  • 风味椰奶
  • 椰子奶油
  • 其他产品

第六章全球椰奶市场：依形式

  • 液体
  • 粉末

第七章全球椰奶市场：依包装分类

  • 利乐包
  • 能
  • 瓶子
  • 小袋
  • 其他包装

第八章全球椰奶市场：依通路划分

  • 超级市场/大卖场
  • 专卖店
  • 网路零售
  • 便利商店
  • 其他分销管道

第九章全球椰奶市场：依应用分类

  • 烹饪和烘焙
  • 乳製品替代品
  • 健康和保健产品
  • 小吃和甜点
  • 动物饲料
  • 其他用途

第十章全球椰奶市场：依最终用户分类

  • 家
  • 食品服务
  • 产业
  • 其他最终用户

第十一章全球椰奶市场：按地区

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲国家
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 纽西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 中东/非洲
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 卡达
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲

第十二章 主要进展

  • 合约、伙伴关係、协作和合资企业
  • 收购和合併
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务拓展
  • 其他关键策略

第十三章 公司概况

  • Nestle SA
  • Califia Farms
  • Dabur India Limited
  • Vita Coco
  • McCormick & Company
  • Sambu Group
  • Cocos Organic
  • The Hain Celestial Group
  • Pacific Foods of Oregon LLC
  • Chaokoh
  • Harmless Harvest
  • Aroy-D
  • Marks & Spencer
  • GraceKennedy Group
  • Goya Foods Inc.
Product Code: SMRC27593

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Coconut Milk Market is accounted for $1.68 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach $3.53 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 10.5% during the forecast period. Coconut milk is a creamy, dairy-free liquid extracted from the grated pulp of mature coconuts. Known for its rich, mildly sweet flavor, it's made by blending coconut flesh with water and straining to achieve a smooth consistency. This versatile milk is a staple in Southeast Asian, Caribbean, and Indian cuisines, enhancing curries, soups, desserts, and beverages.

According to the Plant-Based Foods Association data published in 2022, plant-based milk sales in the U.S. increased by 9% in 2022 compared to the previous year and accounted for 15% of the retail milk sales.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Rise in plant-based diets

Coconut milk offers a creamy texture and rich flavor, making it a popular substitute for traditional dairy products in cooking, baking, and beverages. Its lactose-free nature appeals to those with lactose intolerance, while its medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) attract health-conscious individuals. This shift towards veganism and vegetarianism drives demand for versatile ingredients like coconut milk, leading manufacturers to innovate and expand their product lines, ultimately fostering a vibrant market landscape that meets evolving consumer preferences.

Restraint:

Potential allergies and sensitivities

While coconut is classified as a fruit, its chemical composition may trigger reactions in sensitive individuals, leading to symptoms like hives, digestive issues, or anaphylaxis. This concern hampers market growth as allergic consumers may avoid coconut milk, limiting its target audience. Additionally, manufacturers face challenges in educating consumers about potential allergies, leading to hesitation in trying coconut-based products, thus affecting overall demand and market expansion.

Opportunity:

Increased consumer interest in sustainable and ethical choices

As consumers become more aware of environmental issues, they seek out brands that prioritize sustainable sourcing and production methods, such as responsibly harvested coconuts and minimal packaging. This trend encourages coconut milk producers to adopt environmentally friendly practices, thereby appealing to a growing segment of eco-conscious consumers. Additionally, certifications like Fair Trade and organic labeling further enhance brand credibility, fostering consumer loyalty and expanding market reach in an increasingly competitive landscape.

Threat:

Supply chain challenges

Supply chain challenges in the coconut milk arise from factors such as seasonal coconut harvests, geographic limitations in production, and reliance on specific regions, like Southeast Asia, for sourcing. Disruptions from natural disasters, pandemics, or transportation issues can lead to shortages and increased prices. Additionally, inconsistent quality and variations in processing methods can affect product availability. These challenges hamper market growth by limiting the steady supply of coconut milk.

Covid-19 Impact

The covid-19 pandemic significantly impacted the coconut milk market, initially disrupting supply chains and production due to lockdowns and restrictions. However, as consumers shifted towards healthier, plant-based alternatives and increased home cooking, demand for coconut milk surged. E-commerce emerged as a vital sales channel, allowing brands to reach consumers despite retail challenges. Post-pandemic, the coconut milk market continues to thrive as consumers prioritize wellness and convenience in their food choices.

The low-fat coconut milk segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The low-fat coconut milk segment is predicted to secure the largest market share throughout the forecast period. Low-fat coconut milk is a lighter version of traditional coconut milk, offering a creamy texture with reduced fat content. It is made by diluting coconut milk with water or using specific extraction methods to decrease fat levels while retaining the characteristic flavor. It provides a guilt-free option for those seeking to enjoy the benefits of coconut milk without the extra calories and saturated fat.

The dairy alternatives segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

The dairy alternatives segment is anticipated to witness the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Coconut milk serves as a popular dairy alternative, particularly for those seeking lactose-free options. Its creamy texture and subtle sweetness make it ideal for various applications, including beverages, cooking, and baking. It is also a favoured ingredient in vegan and vegetarian recipes, enhancing flavor in soups, curries, and sauces. Additionally, the rising demand for plant-based diets fuels its popularity, positioning coconut milk as a versatile choice in the dairy alternatives market.

Region with largest share:

Asia Pacific is expected to register the largest market share during the forecast period driven by rising demand for plant-based and lactose-free alternatives. Traditionally used in Southeast Asian cuisines, coconut milk is increasingly popular for its flavor, nutritional benefits, and compatibility with various diets, including vegan and keto. Countries like Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines, major coconut producers, lead the market, contributing significantly to exports. The expanding food and beverage, cosmetic, and health sectors further boost demand.

Region with highest CAGR:

Europe is projected to witness the highest CAGR over the forecast period fuelled by the growing trend towards plant-based diets and health-conscious consumer preferences. Countries like the UK, Germany, and France lead in demand, supported by the rise of veganism and the integration of coconut milk in various recipes and beverages. Additionally, the market benefits from innovative product offerings and sustainable sourcing practices, appealing to environmentally conscious consumers.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players profiled in the Coconut Milk Market include Nestle S.A., Califia Farms, Dabur India Limited, Vita Coco, McCormick & Company, Sambu Group, Cocos Organic, The Hain Celestial Group, Pacific Foods of Oregon LLC, Chaokoh, Harmless Harvest, Aroy-D, Marks & Spencer, GraceKennedy Group, and Goya Foods Inc.

Key Developments:

In October 2024, Califia Farms introduced a coconut and almond milk blend to the U.S. market. This new product aims to offer a creamy, dairy-free milk alternative suitable for coffee, smoothies, and cooking, designed for those seeking a versatile, plant-based option. This blend offers a versatile option for those who prioritize health-conscious and environmentally friendly choices without compromising on taste or functionality.

In October 2024, Danone North America expanded its So Delicious Dairy Free line with the launch of a French Vanilla Coconut Milk Creamer. This addition caters to the rising demand for dairy-free creamers, offering a rich and smooth flavor profile for those avoiding dairy. The product joins the market alongside the Silk Mocha Almond Creamer, creates a selection of plant-based creamers to meet diverse consumer tastes.

Products Covered:

  • Regular Coconut Milk
  • Low-Fat Coconut Milk
  • Flavoured Coconut Milk
  • Coconut Cream
  • Other Products

Forms Covered:

  • Liquid
  • Powder

Packagings Covered:

  • Tetra Packs
  • Cans
  • Bottles
  • Pouches
  • Other Packagings

Distribution Channels Covered:

  • Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
  • Specialty Stores
  • Online Retail
  • Convenience Stores
  • Other Distribution Channels

Applications Covered:

  • Cooking & Baking
  • Dairy Alternatives
  • Health & Wellness Products
  • Snacks & Desserts
  • Animal Feed
  • Other Applications

End Users Covered:

  • Households
  • Food Service Industry
  • Industrial
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026, and 2030
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Product Analysis
  • 3.7 Application Analysis
  • 3.8 End User Analysis
  • 3.9 Emerging Markets
  • 3.10 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Coconut Milk Market, By Product

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Regular Coconut Milk
  • 5.3 Low-Fat Coconut Milk
  • 5.4 Flavoured Coconut Milk
  • 5.5 Coconut Cream
  • 5.6 Other Products

6 Global Coconut Milk Market, By Form

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Liquid
  • 6.3 Powder

7 Global Coconut Milk Market, By Packaging

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Tetra Packs
  • 7.3 Cans
  • 7.4 Bottles
  • 7.5 Pouches
  • 7.6 Other Packagings

8 Global Coconut Milk Market, By Distribution Channel

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
  • 8.3 Specialty Stores
  • 8.4 Online Retail
  • 8.5 Convenience Stores
  • 8.6 Other Distribution Channels

9 Global Coconut Milk Market, By Application

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Cooking & Baking
  • 9.3 Dairy Alternatives
  • 9.4 Health & Wellness Products
  • 9.5 Snacks & Desserts
  • 9.6 Animal Feed
  • 9.7 Other Applications

10 Global Coconut Milk Market, By End User

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Households
  • 10.3 Food Service Industry
  • 10.4 Industrial
  • 10.5 Other End Users

11 Global Coconut Milk Market, By Geography

  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 North America
    • 11.2.1 US
    • 11.2.2 Canada
    • 11.2.3 Mexico
  • 11.3 Europe
    • 11.3.1 Germany
    • 11.3.2 UK
    • 11.3.3 Italy
    • 11.3.4 France
    • 11.3.5 Spain
    • 11.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 11.4 Asia Pacific
    • 11.4.1 Japan
    • 11.4.2 China
    • 11.4.3 India
    • 11.4.4 Australia
    • 11.4.5 New Zealand
    • 11.4.6 South Korea
    • 11.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 11.5 South America
    • 11.5.1 Argentina
    • 11.5.2 Brazil
    • 11.5.3 Chile
    • 11.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 11.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 11.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 11.6.2 UAE
    • 11.6.3 Qatar
    • 11.6.4 South Africa
    • 11.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

12 Key Developments

  • 12.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 12.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 12.3 New Product Launch
  • 12.4 Expansions
  • 12.5 Other Key Strategies

13 Company Profiling

  • 13.1 Nestle S.A.
  • 13.2 Califia Farms
  • 13.3 Dabur India Limited
  • 13.4 Vita Coco
  • 13.5 McCormick & Company
  • 13.6 Sambu Group
  • 13.7 Cocos Organic
  • 13.8 The Hain Celestial Group
  • 13.9 Pacific Foods of Oregon LLC
  • 13.10 Chaokoh
  • 13.11 Harmless Harvest
  • 13.12 Aroy-D
  • 13.13 Marks & Spencer
  • 13.14 GraceKennedy Group
  • 13.15 Goya Foods Inc.

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Region (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Product (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Regular Coconut Milk (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Low-Fat Coconut Milk (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Flavoured Coconut Milk (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Coconut Cream (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Other Products (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Form (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Liquid (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Powder (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Packaging (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Tetra Packs (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Cans (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Bottles (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Pouches (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Other Packagings (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Supermarkets/Hypermarkets (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Specialty Stores (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Online Retail (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Convenience Stores (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Other Distribution Channels (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Application (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Cooking & Baking (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Dairy Alternatives (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Health & Wellness Products (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Snacks & Desserts (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Animal Feed (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By End User (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Households (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 32 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Food Service Industry (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 33 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Industrial (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 34 Global Coconut Milk Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2022-2030) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.