用于长期储能的氧化还原液流电池 (RFB)：电网、微电网、市场和技术（2025-2045）

氧化还原液流电池 (RFB) 正日益成为电网和微电网的长期储能 (LDES)。预计 2025 年至 2045 年期间，该业务的累计规模将超过 1,700 亿美元，全球需求将呈现多元化和分散化趋势。

2024 年，RFB 的销售额约 10 亿美元，主要用于短期应用。到 2045 年，该销售额可能达到约 220 亿美元，其中大部分用于 LDES（长期储能）。这是由于市场需求和 RFB 技术的发展。由于微电网的 RFB 应用与即将推出的 RFB 技术的特性高度契合，因此在 2045 年左右，RFB 的销售也可能成为主流。

由于本报告提供RFB (氧化还原液流电池) 的LDES (长时间能源储存) 的市场调查，彙整RFB技术的概要与蓝图，市场规模的预测，RFB製造商的简介等资讯。

目录

第1章 摘要整理·总论

• 目标、LDES、RFB、混合RFB
• 研究方法
• 定义、延迟电源需求、替代技术
• 8个关键结论：RFB市场和产业，包含10个资讯图
• 资讯图表：RFB按公司和技术划分的业绩和展望
• 资讯图表：LDES技术持续时间和2025年的电力供应
• RFB 2025-2045目标：併网LDES与需求截然不同的离网LDES
• 资讯图表：RFB未来超网应用范例：6G基地台
• RFB的成功与市场空白
• RFB背景：併网和离网应用的完整LDES工具包资讯图
• LDES RFB技术2025-2045 年领导企业
• 关于再生能源流出物 (RFB) 技术的 19 个关键结论
• RFB 路线图：依市场和技术分类
• 长时储能 (LDES) 路线图
• 市场预测：2025-2045

第2章 到LDES的需求，设计原则，2025年状况

• 能源基础
• 再生能源进入成本快速下降：2025 年统计与趋势
• 太阳能的胜利与间歇性课题
• LDES 的替代路线
• LDES 的定义及方案比较
• 併网与离网 LDES 的主要需求
• 2025 年主要项目
• LDES 的障碍、替代方案与投资环境
• LDES 工具包
• 最新的独立绩效评估：技术
• LDES的RFB参数对照表

第3章 从RFB (氧化还原液流电池) LDES的转变:需求，成本，化学，薄膜

• 概要
  • 概述：用于电网和微电网的RFB
  • 针对2030年6G通讯等微电网优化的RFB
  • 阳极电解液和阴极电解液化学性质
  • 寻求更低的LCOS、不可燃性、混合泡棉和更佳膜（资讯图）
  • 有机和水基RFB设计
  • 大规模RFB变得可行
  • 充满活力的创新管道
• 资讯图表：RFB商业化成果与展望
• RFB研究转向LDES
• LDES 区域燃料流出物 (RFB) 的 SWOT 评估

第4章 RFB技术和趋势

• RFB 技术
• 常规和混合方案的 SWOT 评估
• 依材料划分的具体设计：钒、铁及其变体、卤素基、有机、锰、盐水

第5章 RFB製造商的简介·分析

• 按化学成分划分的製造商数量和市场规模
• 45 家 RFB 公司在 8 个类别中的比较：名称、品牌、技术、技术就绪程度、离网重点、LDES 重点、评论
• RFB 製造商概况

Summary

Redox Flow Batteries RFB increasingly supply Long Duration Energy Storage LDES for grids and microgrids. From 2025-2045, that may total over $170 billion dollars of business cumulatively but fragmenting to serve increasingly varied needs and locations worldwide. It is time for an independent report on that large business opportunity, so we now have the Zhar Research 252-page report, "Long Duration Energy Storage with Redox Flow Batteries: Grid, microgrid, markets, technologies 2025-2045" . This is your detailed guidebook, whether you offer added value materials or complete devices.

Advances in 2025 are very important

Importantly, this new report includes PhD level analysis of the remarkable research and company advances in 2025. See 23 forecast lines 2025-2045, new roadmaps 2025-2045, SWOT reports, comparison tables, infograms and 45 manufacturer profiles with appraisals. Learn how the number of RFB manufacturers will grow up-to and after a future shakeout. Which formats, chemistries, materials and membranes win? What are your potential acquisitions, partners, competitors? What optimum strategies assist you to attain up to $5 billion in yearly RFB LDES sales?

Chapters and their findings

The "Executive summary and conclusions" (50 pages) is sufficient if your time is limited, for here are the basics, eight key conclusions on markets and companies and 19 on technologies. 45 RFB companies are compared in eight columns for each. Many pie charts, three SWOT appraisals and those 23 forecast lines and graphs with explanations make sense of it all. For example, RFB sales were around $1 billion in 2024, mainly for short duration, but sales could be around $22 billion in 2045, mostly as LDES, due to the needs and RFB technologies changing as explained here. RFB LDES value sales for microgrids could dominate by then, because these different requirements are an even better match for emerging RFB capabilities.

Chapter 2. "LDES needs, design principles, situation through 2025" takes 30 pages giving a balanced, independent view embracing the microgrid opportunity as well. You do not suffer figures from manufacturers and trade associations exaggerating the opportunity and concentrating only on grid applications. See why RFB has less competition for microgrid LDES and RFB may even lead that storage market. See escape routes from LDES such as grids widening over time and weather zones and new green generation modes each giving less intermittency. That reduces the need for grid LDES though it will still be substantial.

Chapter 3. "Redox flow batteries RFB pivoting to LDES: needs, costs, chemistries and membranes" (20 pages) gives the big picture on the costs, formats, liquid chemistries and membrane science involved. 2025 advances and potential for improvement are prioritised. The different grid and microgrid solutions are examined.

Chapter 4. "RFB technologies and trends" (37 pages) examines those all-important electrolytes and their matched formats in detail. It compares and interprets the flood of advances, particularly in 2025. The general picture is of most effort, and progress, being with vanadium, iron and zinc-based anolytes and catholytes, variants including combinations with several other metals but there is more. Eliminating flammability is now a given with the aqueous electrolytes and some organic ones. Progress is patchy in eliminating toxigens and toxigen intermediaries and zinc chemistries have considerable research but struggle with commercialisation. Such problems may be your opportunities.

The report closes with the longest chapter. Chapter 5. "RFB manufacturer profiles and analysis" (106 pages) appraises manufacturers and putative manufacturers of RFB including their profiles, technology focus and readiness, strategies, successes and failures. Conclusions are presented in tables, pie charts and forecasts.

Expert opinion

Primary author Dr Peter Harrop, CEO of Zhar Research, says, "As LDES becomes a very large market, pumped hydro and its variants and compressed air underground may serve most grid needs but special situations will favour RFB creating a lesser - but still large - grid opportunity. Green generation off-grid and capable-of-being-off-grid is an even bigger opportunity for RFB because it reads more strongly onto its strengths such as no major earthworks, small footprint when stacked and fast permitting and installation, even safely in cities. Overall, RFB can follow the demand as it moves to longer time of storage and longer duration of subsequent power delivery. It will provide ever larger capacity still with minimal fade and self-leakage, even offering repair and upgrading after deployment. Most alternatives cannot keep up with this, so we strongly urge you to assess these opportunities for both your added-value materials and your capability with structures and product integration".

CAPTION: Current installations and potential of LDES technologies showing strong position of RFB. Source, Zhar Research report, "Long Duration Energy Storage with Redox Flow Batteries: Grid, microgrid, markets, technologies 2025-2045".

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions

• 1.1. Purpose of this report, LDES, RFB and hybrid RFB
• 1.2. Methodology of this analysis
• 1.3. Definitions, need for delayed electricity, escape routes
• 1.4. Eight primary conclusions: RFB markets and industry with ten infograms
• 1.5. Infogram: RFB achievements and aspirations by company and technology 2025-2045
• 1.6. Infogram: Duration hours vs power delivered for LDES technologies in 2025
• 1.7. The very different needs for grid vs beyond-grid LDES targetted by RFB 2025-2045
• 1.8. Infogram: Example of future beyond-grid application of RFB: 6G base stations
• 1.9. RFB success and gaps in its markets
• 1.10. RFB in context: Infogram of complete LDES toolkit for grid and beyond-grid applications
• 1.11. RFB technology leaders for LDES 2025-2045
  • 1.11.1. Vanadium RFB gets busy - examples
  • 1.11.2. RFB projects without vanadium coming up fast - examples
  • 1.11.3. Analysis of number of manufacturers by chemistry: vanadium lead reducing
  • 1.11.4. Research pipeline analysis: 61 papers from 2024-2025: primary emphasis strongly beyond vanadium
• 1.12. 19 primary conclusions concerning RFB technologies
  • 1.12.1. The 19 conclusions
  • 1.12.2. Seven RFB key parameters driving volume sales, vanadium vs other 2025-2045
  • 1.12.3. 45 RFB companies compared in 8 columns: name, brand, technology, tech. readiness, beyond grid focus, LDES focus, comment
  • 1.12.4. SWOT appraisal of regular RFB
  • 1.12.5. SWOT appraisal of hybrid RFB
  • 1.12.6. SWOT appraisals of vanadium and all-iron RFB against alternatives
• 1.13. RFB roadmap by market and by technology 2025-2045
• 1.14. Long Duration Energy Storage LDES roadmap 2025-2045
• 1.15. Market forecasts 2025-2045 in 23 lines
  • 1.15.1. RFB global value market grid vs beyond-grid 2025-2045 table, graph, explanation
  • 1.15.2. RFB global value market short term and LDES $ billion 2025-2045 table, graph, explanation
  • 1.15.3. Vanadium vs iron vs other RFB value market % 2025-2045 table, graph, explanation
  • 1.15.4. Regional share of RFB value market % in four regions and manufacturer numbers 2025-2045
  • 1.15.5. LDES total value market showing beyond-grid gaining share 2025-2045
  • 1.15.6. LDES value market $ billion in 9 technology categories with explanation 2025-2045

2. LDES needs, design principles, situation through 2025

• 2.1. Energy fundamentals
• 2.2. Racing into renewables with rapid cost reduction: 2025 statistics and trends
• 2.3. Solar winning and the intermittency challenge
• 2.4. Escape routes from LDES
  • 2.4.1. General situation
  • 2.4.2. Reduction of LDES need by unrelated actions
  • 2.4.3. Many options to deliberately reduce the need for LDES
• 2.5. LDES definitions and choices compared
• 2.6. The very different needs for grid vs beyond-grid LDES 2025-2045
• 2.7. Leading projects in 2025 showing leading technology subsets
  • 2.7.1. Current LDES situation and trend in need: simplified version
  • 2.7.2. Leading projects in 2025 showing detail and leading technology subsets, trend
• 2.8. LDES impediments, alternatives, and investment climate
• 2.9. LDES toolkit
  • 2.9.1. Overview
  • 2.9.2. LDES choices compared
  • 2.9.3. Electrochemical LDES options explained
• 2.10. Latest independent assessments of performance by technology
• 2.11. Parameter comparison table of RFB for LDES

3. Redox flow batteries RFB pivoting to LDES: needs, costs, chemistries, and membranes

• 3.1. Overview
  • 3.1.1. General: RFB for grids and microgrids
  • 3.1.2. RFB optimised for microgrids including 6G Communications in 2030
  • 3.1.3. Chemistries of anolyte and catholyte
  • 3.1.4. Quest for lower LCOS, non-flammable, hybrid forms and better membranes (with infogram)
  • 3.1.5. Organic and aqueous RFB design
  • 3.1.6. Large RFB becoming viable
  • 3.1.7. Vibrant pipeline of innovation
• 3.2. Infogram: RFB commercial achievements and aspirations 2025-2045
• 3.3. RFB research pivoting to LDES
  • 3.3.1. Overview of RFB and its potential for LDES
  • 3.3.2. Lessons from review papers
• 3.3. SWOT appraisal of RFB for LDES

4. RFB technologies and trends

• 4.1. RFB technologies
  • 4.1.1. Regular or hybrid, their chemistries and the main ones being commercialised
  • 4.1.2. Types of RFB and their design
  • 4.1.3. Leading alternative chemistries compared for redox flow batteries RFB including hybrids
• 4.2. SWOT appraisals of regular vs hybrid options
  • 4.2.1. SWOT appraisal of regular RFB geometry
  • 4.2.2. SWOT appraisal of hybrid RFB
• 4.3. Specific designs by material: vanadium, iron and variants, halogen-based, organic, manganese, salt water 2025, research, 3 SWOT
  • 4.3.1. Metal ligand RFB
  • 4.3.2. Vanadium RFB design with 15 research advances in 2025 and SWOT
  • 4.3.3. All-iron RFB design with research advances in 2025
  • 4.3.4. Iron combinations for RFB with research advances in 2025
  • 4.3.6. Salt-water to acid-plus-base and back

5. RFB manufacturer profiles and analysis

• 5.1. Number of manufacturers and value market by chemistry 2025-2045
• 5.2. 45 RFB companies compared in 8 columns: name, brand, technology, tech. readiness, beyond-grid focus, LDES focus, comment
• 5.3. Profiles of RFB manufacturers and putative manufacturers in 97 pages