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6G通讯:RIS (可重构智慧表面) 材料及硬体设备的市场与技术 (2026～2046年)
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1808961

6G通讯:RIS (可重构智慧表面) 材料及硬体设备的市场与技术 (2026～2046年)

6G Communications: Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface RIS Materials and Hardware Markets, Technology 2026-2046
出版日期: | 出版商: Zhar Research | 英文 591 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2个工作天内

价格
简介目录

摘要

6G通讯中的RIS（可重构智慧表面）有望成为最大的超表面市场，创造数十亿美元的商机。然而，生产增值材料和硬体的公司在理解RIS的机会时面临困境。研究人员往往沉浸在晦涩难懂的理论研究中，使用各种互相混淆的术语，而开发RIS系统的公司也往往讳莫如深。因此，传统的市场调查在这样一个快速发展的领域中显得苍白无力。

深入了解最新动态

本报告旨在改变这一现状。这份591页的综合报告主要关注预计在2025年出现的大量新研究和企业近期活动。报告着重于商业​​视角，包含10项SWOT分析、11个章节、25条涵盖2026年至2046年的预测线、30条关键结论、41张新资讯图表以及106家公司的报告。此外，报告还重点介绍了随着2030年6G的推出，5G频段内或附近的RIS的优先事项，以及非对角、变形、透明和全向RIS、有源RIS、航空航天RIS和大面积RIS等新兴领域的最新突破。

目录

第1章 摘要整理·总论·蓝图·预测

  • 本书的目标
  • 研究方法
  • RIS 背景
  • 6G 所需的各种 RIS 类型
  • 关于 6G 通讯的 10 个关键结论
  • 资讯图表：6G 系统的关键目标
  • 关于 6G RIS 材料和组件机会的 7 个关键结论
  • 关于 6G RIS 成本问题的 7 个关键结论
  • 关于 6G RIS 和反射阵列製造技术的 6 个关键结论
  • SWOT 评估
  • 5G 和 6G RIS 路线图（4 行）
  • 6G RIS 和反射阵列市场预测
    • 6G RIS 市场规模
    • 6G RIS 销售区域
    • 6G RIS 平均价格（工厂出口基准，含电子元件）
    • 6G RIS 市场价值：主动 RIS 与四种半无源 RIS，按频率划分
    • 6G RIS 销售区域 vs. 平均面板面积、面板销售量和总部署面板
    • 6G RIS 市场价值：基地台 vs. 传播路径
    • 全球 RIS 硬体市场价值（按地区划分）
    • 半无源 RIS 与主动 RIS 市场（0.1-1 THz vs. 非 6G THz 电子设备）
    • 6G 全被动超材料反射阵列市场
  • 补充讯息

第二章：引言

  • 概述
  • RIS 的功能与优势—详细考量
  • 6G RIS 相关标准组织及其影响者活动
  • 6G 及 6G RIS 目标的扩展与缩减，智慧无线环境
  • 术语氾滥
  • 不断变化的产业和研究趋势
  • 提升高频频段覆盖范围：轨迹工程
  • 其他 18 篇研究进展分析
  • 6G 全球架构方案及补充系统

第三章：终极 6G RIS 硬体工具包：隐形、广域、自供电、自学习、自适应、自修復、自清洁、无处不在、自主、长寿命、支援 AI、动态频谱共享，以及更多

  • 概述
  • 隐形 RIS－透明或隐形形态
  • 大规模智慧表面 (LIS) 和超大规模天线阵列 (ELAA)，包括广域 RIS
  • RIS 正在实现自供电，并支援零能耗客户端设备。
  • 长寿命：自修復材料无需安装后维护
  • RIS 的人工智慧和机器学习：优化、自学习、自适应和自主性
  • 多模/多频、动态频谱共享 (DSS)、6G 及其 RIS

第四章：超越对角 (BD) RIS 架构解决 6G RIS 限制：到 2025 年将取得快速进展

  • 定义、材料挑战与适用性
  • BD-RIS 的潜在优势
  • BD-RIS 硬体挑战
  • 实务与改进的需求

第五章：多功能与多模 RIS，包括 STAR RIS、ISAC 和 SWIPT

  • 概述与研究、产业回顾2025 年的趋势与机会
  • STAR：同时传输与反射 RIS
  • 其他多功能/多模 RIS

第六章：基地台、UM-MIMO、天空塔 (HAPS) 和其他无人机 RIS

  • 概述
  • UM-MIMO 的进展
  • 支援 RIS 的自主式超大规模 6G UM-MIMO 基地台设计
  • 大规模 MIMO 基地台的 RIS：清华大学、艾默生
  • 作为小型蜂巢式基地台的 RIS
  • 2025 年支援 RIS 的 MIMO 和基地台的其他关键进展
  • 卫星和无人机如何支援 6G RIS 并从中受益：2025 年的进展
  • 关键进展2024
  • 平流层大规模HAPS RIS

第七章 RIS 调谐硬体目标及至2025年的研究进展

  • 总结
  • RIS 调谐研究的经验教训：2025年以前
  • 单一调谐组件进展的详细分析
  • 优先考虑调谐材料，以取代6G RIS中0.1-1 THz和近红外线（Near-IR）波段的分立元件
  • 大规模RIS及其他市场空白

第八章 6G光无线通讯 (ORIS)：至2025年的关键发展

  • 为什么RIS频段的OWC对6G来说是个有吸引力的补充
  • 光RIS (ORIS)机会与挑战－SWOT分析
  • ORIS实施步骤
  • 长距离、地下、水下和空间光无线通讯 (OWC) 及RIS：2025年前的研究进展
  • 短距离和室内光无线通讯 (OWC) 及其RIS：2025年前的研究进展
  • 6G光学材料潜力
  • 6G超透镜（包括2025年前的研究进展）
  • 镜阵列ORIS设计

第九章：6G变形柔性智慧超表面 (FIM)、6G超表面与超材料基础

  • 总结
  • 2025年前6G相关超材料研究关键进展评估
  • 基础超材料
  • 超表面基础知识
  • 超材料整体的长期展望
  • GHz、THz、红外线和光学超材料的新应用
  • 热超材料
  • 超材料和超表面整体的SWOT评估
  • 变形FIM的基础知识以及2025年的研究进展

第10章 RIS和反射阵列的製造、检测、测试和成本细分

  • 薄膜和透明电子领域的尖端技术
  • 从分立基板和层压薄膜到全智慧材料整合的趋势
  • 柔性、分层与二维能量收集与感测的重要性
  • 6G RIS在光学、低THz和高THz领域製造技术的差异频段
  • 6G RIS 检测与测试：2025 年的新进展
  • RIS 成本分析

第11章 6G RIS企业:产品，计划，专利，由于Zhar的评估 (2025～2026年)

  • 概要与专利取得
  • AGC Japan
  • Alcan Systems Germany
  • Alibaba China
  • Alphacore USA
  • China Telecom China Mobile, China Unicom, Huawei, ZTE, Lenovo, CICT China collaboration
  • Ericsson Sweden
  • Fractal Antenna Systems USA
  • Greenerwave France
  • Huawei China
  • ITOCHU Japan
  • Kymeta Corp. USA
  • Kyocera Japan
  • Metacept Systems USA
  • Metawave USA
  • NEC Japan
  • Nokia Finland with LG Uplus South Korea
  • NTT DoCoMo and NTTJapan
  • Orange France
  • Panasonic Japan
  • Pivotal Commware USA
  • Qualcomm USA
  • Samsung Electronic South Korea
  • Sekisui Japan
  • SensorMetrix USA
  • SK Telecom South Korea
  • Sony Japan
  • Teraview USA
  • Vivo Mobile Communications China
  • VTT Finland
  • ZTE China
简介目录

Summary

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces RIS for 6G Communications may become the largest market for metasurfaces. Billion-dollar businesses will be created providing them. However, companies making added-value materials and hardware face a dilemma when seeking to understand their RIS opportunities. Researchers largely indulge in obscure theoretical studies using many terms to mean the same thing. Companies developing RIS systems are understandably secretive and old market research is useless in such a fast-moving subject.

Deep understanding of latest realities

To the rescue comes the new, readable Zhar Research report, "6G Communications: Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface RIS Materials and Hardware Markets, Technology 2026-2046". It concentrates mostly on the flood of new research through 2025 and latest company activity, with 591 pages to cover all aspects. Commercially oriented, it has 10 SWOT appraisals, 11 chapters, 25 forecast lines 2026-2046, 30 key conclusions, 41 new infograms and it covers 106 companies. There is much on the current priority of RIS at or near 5G frequencies for 6G launch in 2030 and recent breakthroughs in exciting emerging sectors such as beyond-diagonal, morphing, transparent all-round RIS, active RIS, aerospace RIS and large area RIS.

Quick read

The Executive Summary and Conclusions takes 73 pages to clearly present the 30 conclusions, the main SWOT reports, analysis of which materials and technologies will matter, roadmaps and forecasts as tables and graphs with explanation. Learn how RIS will be essential, later vanishing into the fabric of society yet assisting in the provision of stellar, ubiquitous performance involving multiple additional user benefits. All subsequent chapters are boosted by detail on the many research advances and initiatives through 2025. Miss those and you are misled.

Main report

Chapter 2. Introduction (100 pages) gives RIS definitions, clarifying the terminology thicket, design basics and future evolution to become smart materials, smart windows and more. Understand the disruptive, very-challenging 6G Phase Two essential for most of the promised 6G paybacks and benefits to society. RIS aspects introduced here include improved spatial coverage, macro-diversity, capacity enhancement, green communications, enabling large scale Internet of Things, reliability enhancement, sensing and localization. Grasp RIS from the systems and security viewpoint and the activities of standards bodies and influencers related to 6G RIS.

Chapter 3 takes 51 pages to cover the "Ultimate 6G RIS hardware toolkit: invisible, wide area, self-powered, self-learning, self-adaptive, self-healing, self-cleaning, ubiquitous, autonomous, everlasting, AI enabled, dynamic spectrum sharing, other". Importantly, it clarifies most of what can and should be achieved before looking at progress towards it in the rest of the report. Many new infograms and SWOT appraisals make it easy to grasp. Examples include routes to self-powered infrastructure, unpowered client devices, artificial intelligence for both RIS design and operation, spectrum sharing.

Chapter 4 covers the new realisation that RIS has only been designed to operate in a small subset of what is possible. This chapter is called "Beyond diagonal RIS architecture tackles 6G RIS limitations: Surge in advances through 2025" (26 pages). These more advanced options can provide more range, reach around obstructions and other benefits.

Chapter 5. "Multifunctional and multi-mode RIS including STAR-RIS, ISAC, SWIPT" covers these other emerging priorities, most of which can work with BD-RIS where appropriate. Learn how RIS will often be multi-mode such as with both active and semi-passive tiles, simultaneous transmission and reflection, multiple frequencies. Transparent STAR-RIS will give all-round coverage and there is now huge interest in integrating sensing and communication ISAC with RIS. Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer SWIPT is rather like Radio Frequency identification RFID backscatter on steroids, leading to similarly unpowered and sometimes battery-free devices.

We next move beyond RIS enhancing the propagation path to it enhancing transmission and the allied topic of assisting and using drones. Chapter 6. "Base station, UM-MIMO, Tower in the Sky HAPS and other UAV RIS" (36 pages) includes the RIS prospects with High Altitude Pseudo Satellites HAPS that have cost and other advantages over satellites. These solar drones can be repaired, repositioned, hold position, give faster response by being nearer and maybe eventually stay aloft for almost as long as a LEO satellite.

Chapter 7. "RIS tuning hardware objectives and progress with research through 2025" (71 pages) goes much deeper into this vital aspect, importantly with many new research advances assessed through 2025. What materials opportunities? Progress from discrete components to tuning materials in the metamaterial pattern? Problems that are your gaps in the market?

Chapter 8. Optical Wireless Communications ORIS for 6G: major progress through 2025 (65 pages) covers a RIS aspect often ignored in market surveys but increasingly in focus for later 6G. Learn why infrared and visible light are best optical options on current evidence and how they are complementary. See ORIS theory and practice.

Chapter 9. "6G Morphing Flexible Intelligent Metasurfaces FIM, 6G hypersurfaces, metamaterial basics" (49 pages) explains these, mostly new options that enjoyed a great surge of research advances through 2025. They are another way of providing much superior performance even at GHz and mmWave frequencies. They may be a route to reversing the reduced enthusiasm for THz frequency in 6G by making it viable outdoors when combined with other new approaches covered earlier.

Chapter 10. "RIS and reflect-array manufacture, inspection, testing, cost breakdown" (14 pages) covers these aspects, including recent changes of direction. Chapter 11. "6G RIS companies : products, plans, patents, Zhar appraisals: 2025-6" then closes the report with RIS-related work of 30 companies being separately assessed.

Essential source

The Zhar Research report, "6G Communications: Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface RIS Materials and Hardware Markets, Technology 2026-2046" is your essential reference as you address this emerging market of billions of dollars. It is constantly updated so you always get the latest information.

Caption: Some trending RIS topics shown by number of 2025 research papers. Source: Zhar Research report, "6G Communications: Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface RIS Materials and Hardware Markets, Technology 2026-2046".

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions with roadmap and forecast lines 2026-2046

  • 1.1. Purpose of this report
  • 1.2. Methodology of this analysis
  • 1.3. Background to RIS
    • 1.3.1. Useful for 5G but essential for 6G
    • 1.3.2. RIS Google and research paper trends, trending RIS topics through 2025
    • 1.3.3. Dreams of RIS everywhere: infograms
  • 1.4. Many types of RIS needed for 6G
  • 1.5. Ten key conclusions concerning 6G Communications generally
  • 1.6. Infogram: Primary 6G systems objectives with major hardware opportunities starred
  • 1.7. Seven key conclusions concerning 6G RIS materials and component opportunities
  • 1.8. Seven key conclusions concerning 6G RIS cost issues
  • 1.9. Six key conclusions concerning 6G RIS and reflect-array manufacturing technology
  • 1.10. Eight SWOT appraisals
    • 1.10.1. 6G RIS SWOT appraisal
    • 1.10.2. SWOT appraisal of 6G adding sub-THz, THz, near infrared and visible frequencies
    • 1.10.3. SWOT appraisal of BD-RIS for 6G
    • 1.10.4. STAR-RIS SWOT appraisal
    • 1.10.5. SWOT appraisal of 6G RIS for OWC
    • 1.10.6. SWOT appraisal of visible light communication VLC
    • 1.10.7. SWOT appraisal for metamaterials and metasurfaces generally
    • 1.10.8. SWOT appraisal of morphing Flexible Intelligent Metasurfaces FIM
  • 1.11. 5G and 6G RIS roadmaps in four lines 2026-2046
  • 1.12. 6G RIS and reflect-array market forecasts 2026-2046
    • 1.12.1. 6G RIS value market 2027-2046 $ billion with explanation
    • 1.12.2. 6G RIS area sales yearly billion square meters 2027-2046 with explanation
    • 1.12.3. Average 6G RIS price $/ square m. ex-factory including electronics 2028-2046 with explanation
    • 1.12.4. 6G RIS value market $ billion: active vs four semi-passive categories by frequency 2026-2046 with explanation
    • 1.12.5. 6G RIS area sales vs average panel area, panels sales number and total panels deployed cumulatively 2027-2046 with explanation
    • 1.12.6. 6G RIS value market, base station vs propagation path $ billion 2027-2046
    • 1.12.7. Percentage share of global RIS hardware value market by four regions 2029-2046
    • 1.12.8. Market for semi-passive vs active RIS 0.1-1THz vs non-6G THz electronics 2027-2046
    • 1.12.9. 6G fully passive metamaterial reflect-array market $ billion 2029-2046
  • 1.13. Supporting information
    • 1.13.1. Smartphone billion units sold globally 2024-2046 if 6G is successful
    • 1.13.2. Market for 6G vs 5G base stations units millions yearly 2025-2046
    • 1.13.3. Market for 6G base stations market value $bn if 6G successful 2029-2046
    • 1.13.4. Location of primary 6G material and component activity worldwide 2026-2046

2. Introduction

  • 2.1. Overview
    • 2.1.1. Definitions and context
    • 2.1.2. RIS operation modes, some key issues in providing planned 6G benefits
    • 2.1.3. Important trend from moving parts to smart materials
    • 2.1.4. Diverse functionalities and applications of RIS and allied intelligent metasurfaces
    • 2.1.5. Examples of current approaches to RIS design and capability
    • 2.1.6. Unique features of RIS vs traditional approaches and combinations through 2025
    • 2.1.7. Transitional product towards RIS is liquid crystal phased array
    • 2.1.8. RIS competing with traditional approaches
    • 2.1.9. How 6G systems will mix and match many technologies in the propagation path
    • 2.1.10. Active RIS becomes important: different envisaged potential and advances through 2025
  • 2.2. RIS functionality and usefulness - a closer look
    • 2.2.1. Improved spatial coverage and macro-diversity
    • 2.2.2. Capacity enhancement, green communications and Internet of Things
    • 2.2.3. Physical layer security, anti-jamming, and reliability enhancement
    • 2.2.4. Enabling Large-Scale IoT Network Deployment
    • 2.2.5. Wireless Sensing and Localization, HRIS, ISAC
    • 2.2.6. RIS from the systems and security viewpoint with 2025 advances
  • 2.3. Activities of standards bodies and influencers related to 6G RIS
  • 2.4. Broadening vs retrenching 6G and 6G RIS objectives, smart radio environments
  • 2.5. Terminology thicket
  • 2.6. Changing industrial and research trends through 2025
    • 2.6.1. Broadening theoretical studies useful but relative neglect of hardware is not
    • 2.6.2. Backtracking on frequencies compromises capability at launch
    • 2.6.3. 2025 research focussed on broadly 5G frequencies: GHz and mmWave for 6G through 2025
    • 2.6.4. 0.1THz to 3THz 6G RIS research through 2025
  • 2.7. Improving reach at the higher frequencies: trajectory engineering
  • 2.8. Analysis of 18 other research advances through 2025
  • 2.9. 6G global architecture proposals, complementary systems

3. Ultimate 6G RIS hardware toolkit: invisible, wide area, self-powered, self-learning, self-adaptive, self-healing, self-cleaning, ubiquitous, autonomous, everlasting, AI enabled, dynamic spectrum sharing, other

  • 3.1. Overview
    • 3.1.1. Some options to make RIS more acceptable, deployable and useful
    • 3.1.2. Synergistic combination of advanced physical and RIS properties
  • 3.2. Invisible RIS - transparent or out of sight
    • 3.2.1. Potential transparent RIS capabilities
    • 3.2.2. Transparent 6G RIS in 2025-6: companies, universities, ambitions
    • 3.2.3. Transparent reflect arrays: Sekisui and others
  • 3.3. Large Intelligent Surfaces LIS and Extremely Large-scale Antenna Array ELAA 2025 research including wide area RIS
    • 3.3.1. Definitions and benefits
    • 3.3.2. Large Intelligent Surfaces LIS RIS enhancing security, range, error reduction
    • 3.3.3. Advances in protective coatings for wide area energy harvesting and RIS in 2025
  • 3.4. RIS will become self-powered and enable zero energy client devices
    • 3.4.1. Overview
    • 3.4.2. Maturity of primary ZED enabling technologies in 2025
    • 3.4.3. Ranking of most popular 6G ZED compounds and carbon allotropes in research
    • 3.4.4. Context of ZED: overlapping and adjacent technologies and examples of long-life energy independence
    • 3.4.5. SWIPT, STIIPT, AmBC and CD-ZED objectives and latest progress
    • 3.4.6. 13 harvesting technologies for 6G ZED infrastructure and client devices 2026-2046
    • 3.4.7. 6G active RIS and UM MIMO base station power demands matched to energy harvesting options
    • 3.4.8. SWOT appraisal of batteryless storage technologies for ZED RIS and more
    • 3.4.9. SWOT appraisal of circuits and infrastructure that eliminate storage
  • 3.5. Long life: self-healing materials for fit-and-forget
  • 3.6. Artificial intelligence and machine learning for optimising, self-learning, self-adaptive , autonomous RIS: Progress through 2025
  • 3.7. Multimode and multifrequency, dynamic spectrum sharing DSS 6G and its RIS

4. Beyond diagonal RIS architecture tackles 6G RIS limitations: Surge in advances through 2025

  • 4.1. Definitions, material challenges, applicability
    • 4.1.1. Significance
    • 4.1.2. The simple description
    • 4.1.3. SWOT appraisal of BD-RIS for 6G
    • 4.1.4. Coverage in this chapter and your opportunities
  • 4.2. Potential benefits of BD-RIS
  • 4.3. BD-RIS hardware challenges
  • 4.4. Practical implementations and requirement for improvement
    • 4.4.1. The challenge
    • 4.4.2. First practical demonstrations of BD-RIS claimed in 2025
    • 4.4.3. Terrestrial BD-RIS progress through 2025: many other advances and appraisals
    • 4.4.4. Improving RIS in non terrestrial networks NTN

5. Multifunctional and multi-mode RIS including STAR RIS, ISAC, SWIPT

  • 5.1. Overview with review of 2025 research, industrial trends and possibilities
  • 5.2. Simultaneous transmissive and reflective STAR RIS
    • 5.2.1. Overview
    • 5.2.2. STAR-RIS optimisation
    • 5.2.3. STAR-RIS-ISAC integrated sensing and communication system
    • 5.2.4. TAIS Transparent Amplifying Intelligent Surface and SWIPT active STAR-RIS
    • 5.2.5. STAR-RIS with energy harvesting and adaptive power
    • 5.2.6. STAR RIS SWOT appraisal
  • 5.3. Other multifunctional and multi-mode RIS
    • 5.3.1. Overview
    • 5.3.2. Multifunctional RIS: solid-state cooling functionality
    • 5.3.3. Integrated sensing and communication ISAC
    • 5.3.4. Multimode RIS ensuring system security: combined semi-passive and active RIS

6. Base station, UM-MIMO, Tower in the Sky HAPS and other UAV RIS

  • 6.1. Overview
  • 6.2. Progress to UM-MIMO
  • 6.3. RIS-enabled, self-powered ultra-massive 6G UM-MIMO base station design
  • 6.4. RIS for massive MIMO base station: Tsinghua University, Emerson
  • 6.5. RIS as small cell base station
  • 6.6. Other important advances in RIS-enabled MIMO and base stations in 2025
  • 6.7. How satellites and UAVs will aid and sometimes benefit from 6G RIS: advances through 2025
  • 6.8. Important advances in 2024
  • 6.9. Large stratospheric HAPS RIS
  • 6.1. Overview
  • 6.2. Progress to UM-MIMO
  • 6.3. RIS-enabled, self-powered ultra-massive 6G UM-MIMO base station design
  • 6.4. RIS for massive MIMO base station: Tsinghua University, Emerson
  • 6.5. RIS as small cell base station
  • 6.6. Other important advances in RIS-enabled MIMO and base stations in 2025
  • 6.7. How satellites and UAVs will aid and sometimes benefit from 6G RIS: advances through 2025
  • 6.8. Important advances in 2024
  • 6.9. Large stratospheric HAPS RIS

7. RIS tuning hardware objectives and progress with research through 2025

  • 7.1. Overview
    • 7.1.1. Primitive to advanced tuning
    • 7.1.2. Tuning mechanisms in context
    • 7.1.3. Examples of RIS external control stimuli used in research and trials
    • 7.1.4. RIS tuning hardware options compared
    • 7.1.5. Infogram: The Terahertz Gap demands different tuning materials and devices
  • 7.2. Lessons from research carried out on RIS tuning: 2025 and earlier
    • 7.2.1. Changing focus
    • 7.2.2. Electrical and optical tuning and higher frequencies favoured
  • 7.3. Detailed analysis of progress with discrete tuning components
    • 7.3.1. General
    • 7.3.2. Schottky diode RIS tuning vs other diodes
    • 7.3.3. High-Electron Mobility Transistor HEMT RIS tuning
    • 7.3.4. Less successful other options with reasons
  • 7.4. Prioritisation of tuning materials replacing discretes for 6G RIS 0.1-1THz and NearIR
    • 7.4.1. Winners on current evidence
    • 7.4.2. Options for integrated tuning materials for higher frequency 6G
    • 7.4.3. Vanadium dioxide: rationale and major progress through 2025, 2024
    • 7.4.4. Chalcogenide phase change materials notably GST and GeTe
    • 7.4.5. Graphene: rationale and major progress through 2025, 2024
    • 7.4.6. Liquid crystal rationale and progress through 2025, 2024
  • 7.5. Large RIS and other gaps in the market

8. Optical Wireless Communications ORIS for 6G: major progress through 2025

  • 8.1. Why OWC including RIS at its frequencies is an attractive addition for 6G
    • 8.1.1. Optical Wireless Communications OWC and subset Visible Light Communications VLC
    • 8.1.2. The case for multi-frequency 6G Phase Two including optical "so one gets through"
    • 8.1.3. Parameter comparison of Free Space Optical FSO with 3-300GHz communication
  • 8.2. The potential and the challenges of Optical RIS ORIS with SWOT appraisals
    • 8.2.1. Overview
    • 8.2.2. ORIS benefits and the Distributed RIS DRIS option
    • 8.2.3. ORIS challenges
    • 8.2.4. SWOT appraisal of 6G RIS for OWC
    • 8.2.5. SWOT appraisal of visible light communication
  • 8.3. ORIS implementation procedures
  • 8.4. Long range, underground, underwater and space OWC: RIS: research advances 2025 and earlier
    • 8.4.1. General
    • 8.4.2. RIS enhanced OWC vehicular networks and mobile environments
    • 8.4.3. Hybrid RF-FSO RIS
    • 8.4.4. Underwater UOWC systems
    • 8.4.5. Underground OWC needing RIS
    • 8.4.6. Laser stratospheric and space communications with RIS technology
  • 8.5. Short range and indoor OWC and its RIS: research advances through 2025 and earlier
    • 8.5.1. Indoors and short range in air
    • 8.5.2. Leveraging other indoor and short-range outdoor systems such as LiFi with RIS
  • 8.6. Potentially 6G optical materials
  • 8.7. Metalenses for 6G including advances through 2025
  • 8.8. Mirror array ORIS design

9. 6G Morphing Flexible Intelligent Metasurfaces FIM, 6G hypersurfaces, metamaterial basics

  • 9.1. Overview
  • 9.2. Appraisal of 6G-related metamaterial research major advances through 2025
    • 9.2.1. New advances in metamaterial design
    • 9.2.2. Hypersurfaces, stacked intelligent metasurfaces, swarms, bifunctional metasurfaces
    • 9.2.3. Optimal metamaterial substrates and low loss, 6G glass TIRS
    • 9.2.4. Optimal metamaterial substrates including transparent 6G glass
  • 9.3. Metamaterial basics
    • 9.3.1. The meta-atom and patterning options
    • 9.3.2. Material and functional families
    • 9.3.3. Metamaterial reflect-arrays for 5G and 6G Communications
    • 9.3.4. Metamaterial patterns and materials
    • 9.3.5. Six formats of communications metamaterial with examples
  • 9.4. Metasurface basics
    • 9.4.1. Metasurface design, operation and RIS
    • 9.4.2. How metamaterial RIS hardware operates
    • 9.4.3. RIS and reflect-array construction and potential capability
    • 9.4.4. All dielectric and non-linear dielectric metasurfaces
  • 9.5. The long-term picture of metamaterials overall
  • 9.6. Emerging applications of GHz, THz, infrared and optical metamaterials
  • 9.7. Thermal metamaterials
  • 9.8. SWOT appraisal for metamaterials and metasurfaces generally
  • 9.9. Morphing Flexible Intelligent Metasurfaces FIM basics and their research through 2025
    • 9.9.1. Basics
    • 9.9.2. FIM network topology and potential applications targetted
    • 9.9.3. Many FIM research advances through 2025 assessed
    • 9.9.4. SWOT appraisal of 6G FIM

10. RIS and reflect-array manufacture, inspection, testing, cost breakdown

  • 10.1. Thin film and transparent electronics state-of-the-art
  • 10.2. Trend from discrete boards, stacked films to full smart material integration
  • 10.3. Importance of flexible, laminar and 2D energy harvesting and sensing
  • 10.4. How manufacturing technologies differ for 6G RIS optical, low or high THz
    • 10.4.1. Candidates: nano-imprinting, nano-lithography, lithography, gravure, inkjet, screen, flexo, spray, other
    • 10.4.2. Special case: 3D printing with electron beam evaporation
    • 10.4.3. Ultra-fast laser system
  • 10.5. 6G RIS inspection and testing: new advances in 2025
    • 10.5.1. Testing challenges
    • 10.5.2. Progress in RIS inspection in 2025
  • 10.6. RIS cost analysis
    • 10.6.1. General assessment
    • 10.6.2. NEC and other costed case studies
    • 10.6.3. Outdoor semi-passive and active RIS cost analysis at high areas of deployment
    • 10.6.4. Indoor semi-passive RIS cost analysis at volume

11. 6G RIS companies : products, plans, patents, Zhar appraisals: 2025-6

  • 11.1. Overview and patenting
    • 11.1.1. Rapidly changing situation 2025-6
    • 11.1.2. RIS patenting and literature trends
  • 11.2. AGC Japan
  • 11.3. Alcan Systems Germany
  • 11.4. Alibaba China
  • 11.5. Alphacore USA
  • 11.6. China Telecom China Mobile, China Unicom, Huawei, ZTE, Lenovo, CICT China collaboration
  • 11.7. Ericsson Sweden
  • 11.8. Fractal Antenna Systems USA
  • 11.9. Greenerwave France
  • 11.10. Huawei China
  • 11.11. ITOCHU Japan
  • 11.12. Kymeta Corp. USA
  • 11.13. Kyocera Japan
  • 11.14. Metacept Systems USA
  • 11.15. Metawave USA
  • 11.16. NEC Japan
  • 11.17. Nokia Finland with LG Uplus South Korea
  • 11.18. NTT DoCoMo and NTTJapan
  • 11.19. Orange France
  • 11.20. Panasonic Japan
  • 11.21. Pivotal Commware USA
  • 11.22. Qualcomm USA
  • 11.23. Samsung Electronic South Korea
  • 11.24. Sekisui Japan
  • 11.25. SensorMetrix USA
  • 11.26. SK Telecom South Korea
  • 11.27. Sony Japan
  • 11.28. Teraview USA
  • 11.29. Vivo Mobile Communications China
  • 11.30. VTT Finland
  • 11.31. ZTE China