2024-2028年全球寡核苷酸合成市场

预计2023-2028年寡核苷酸合成市场将成长33.7404亿美元，预测期内复合年增长率为13.54%。

该报告包括对寡核苷酸合成市场的总体分析、市场规模和预测、趋势、成长驱动因素、挑战以及涵盖约 25 家供应商的供应商分析。

它提供了对当前市场状况、最新趋势和驱动因素以及整体市场环境的最新分析。该市场的驱动因素包括越来越多地转向基于 RNA 的疗法、越来越多地使用寡核苷酸作为治疗和诊断工具以及寡核苷酸合成的技术创新。

研究指出，人工智慧和自动化在寡核苷酸合成中的整合是推动未来几年寡核苷酸合成市场成长的关键原因之一。此外，寡核苷酸合成研究和资金筹措的增加，对低成本和高通量寡核苷酸合成的需求不断增加，将导致巨大的市场需求。

目录

第一章执行摘要

• 市场概况

第二章 市场状况

• 市场生态系统

第三章 市场规模评估

• 市场定义
• 细分市场分析
• 2023 年市场规模
• 2023-2028年市场展望

第四章 市场规模表现

• 2018-2022年全球寡核苷酸合成市场
• 2018-2022 年按应用分類的细分市场分析
• 2018-2022 年最终用户細項分析
• 2018-2022 年区域細項分析
• 2018-2022 年国家細項分析

第五章五力分析

• 五力摘要
• 买方议价能力
• 供应商的议价能力
• 新进入者的威胁
• 替代品的威胁
• 竞争威胁
• 市场状况

第六章市场细分：按应用

• 细分市场
• 比较：按应用
• PCR引子：2023-2028年市场规模与预测
• PCR 检测和麵板：2023-2028 年市场规模和预测
• DNA 微阵列：2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
• 萤光原位杂合反应：2023-2028年市场规模与预测
• 定序等：2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
• 市场机会：依应用分类

第七章 市场区隔：依最终用户

• 细分市场
• 比较：按最终用户
• 製药和生物技术公司：2023-2028 年市场规模和预测
• 研究/学术机构：2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
• 诊断实验室：2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
• 医院：2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
• 市场机会：依最终用户划分

第八章 客户状况

• 客户状况概览

第九章 地区情势

• 区域细分
• 区域比较
• 北美：2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
• 欧洲：2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
• 亚洲：2023-2028年市场规模与预测
• 世界其他地区：2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
• 美国：2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
• 中国：2023-2028年市场规模及预测
• 德国：2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
• 加拿大：2023-2028 年市场规模与预测
• 日本：2023-2028年市场规模与预测
• 市场机会：依地区状况

第 10 章 驱动因素、挑战与趋势

• 市场驱动因素
• 市场挑战
• 驱动因素和挑战的影响
• 市场趋势

第十一章 供应商情况

• 概述
• 供应商情况
• 混乱的情况
• 产业风险

第十二章供应商分析

• 交易厂商
• 供应商市场定位
• Agilent Technologies Inc.
• Ansa Biotechnologies
• Biogen Inc.
• Biotage AB
• Danaher Corp.
• General Electric Co.
• Kaneka Corp.
• LGC Science Group Holdings Ltd.
• Merck KGaA
• Mettler Toledo International Inc.
• QIAGEN NV
• Sarepta Therapeutics Inc.
• Synbio Technologies
• Syngene International Ltd.
• Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.

第十三章附录

The oligonucleotide synthesis market is forecasted to grow by USD 3374.04 mn during 2023-2028, accelerating at a CAGR of 13.54% during the forecast period. The report on the oligonucleotide synthesis market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by growing shift toward RNA-based therapeutics, increasing use of oligonucleotides as therapeutic and diagnostic tools, and technological innovations in oligonucleotide synthesis.

Technavio's oligonucleotide synthesis market is segmented as below:

By Application

• PCR primers
• PCR assays and panels
• DNA microarrays
• Fluorescence in situ hybridization
• Sequencing and others

By End-user

• Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies
• Research and academic institutes
• Diagnostic laboratories
• Hospitals

By Geographical Landscape

• North America
• Europe
• Asia
• Rest of World (ROW)

This study identifies the integration of ai and automation in oligonucleotide synthesis as one of the prime reasons driving the oligonucleotide synthesis market growth during the next few years. Also, increasing research and funding for oligonucleotide synthesis and rise in demand for low-cost and high-throughput oligonucleotide synthesis will lead to sizable demand in the market.

The report on the oligonucleotide synthesis market covers the following areas:

• Oligonucleotide synthesis market sizing
• Oligonucleotide synthesis market forecast
• Oligonucleotide synthesis market industry analysis

The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading oligonucleotide synthesis market vendors that include Agilent Technologies Inc., Ajinomoto Bio Pharma. , Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Amgen Inc., Ansa Biotechnologies, Bio Synthesis Inc, Biogen Inc., Biotage AB, Danaher Corp., Eurofins Scientific SE, General Electric Co., Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Kaneka Corp., LGC Science Group Holdings Ltd., Merck KGaA, Mettler Toledo International Inc., QIAGEN NV, Sarepta Therapeutics Inc., Synbio Technologies, Syngene International Ltd., and Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.. Also, the oligonucleotide synthesis market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.

The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive research - both primary and secondary. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast the accurate market growth.

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

• 1.1 Market overview

2 Market Landscape

• 2.1 Market ecosystem

3 Market Sizing

• 3.1 Market definition
• 3.2 Market segment analysis
• 3.3 Market size 2023
• 3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2023-2028

4 Historic Market Size

• 4.1 Global oligonucleotide synthesis market 2018 - 2022
• 4.2 Application Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• 4.3 End-user Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• 4.4 Geography Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
• 4.5 Country Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022

5 Five Forces Analysis

• 5.1 Five forces summary
• 5.2 Bargaining power of buyers
• 5.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
• 5.4 Threat of new entrants
• 5.5 Threat of substitutes
• 5.6 Threat of rivalry
• 5.7 Market condition

6 Market Segmentation by Application

• 6.1 Market segments
• 6.2 Comparison by Application
• 6.3 PCR primers - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 6.4 PCR assays and panels - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 6.5 DNA microarrays - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 6.6 Fluorescence in situ hybridization - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 6.7 Sequencing and others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 6.8 Market opportunity by Application

7 Market Segmentation by End-user

• 7.1 Market segments
• 7.2 Comparison by End-user
• 7.3 Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 7.4 Research and academic institutes - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 7.5 Diagnostic laboratories - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 7.6 Hospitals - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 7.7 Market opportunity by End-user

8 Customer Landscape

• 8.1 Customer landscape overview

9 Geographic Landscape

• 9.1 Geographic segmentation
• 9.2 Geographic comparison
• 9.3 North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 9.4 Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 9.5 Asia - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 9.6 Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 9.7 US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 9.8 China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 9.9 Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 9.10 Canada - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 9.11 Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
• 9.12 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape

10 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

• 10.1 Market drivers
• 10.2 Market challenges
• 10.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
• 10.4 Market trends

11 Vendor Landscape

• 11.1 Overview
• 11.2 Vendor landscape
• 11.3 Landscape disruption
• 11.4 Industry risks

12 Vendor Analysis

• 12.1 Vendors covered
• 12.2 Market positioning of vendors
• 12.3 Agilent Technologies Inc.
• 12.4 Ansa Biotechnologies
• 12.5 Biogen Inc.
• 12.6 Biotage AB
• 12.7 Danaher Corp.
• 12.8 General Electric Co.
• 12.9 Kaneka Corp.
• 12.10 LGC Science Group Holdings Ltd.
• 12.11 Merck KGaA
• 12.12 Mettler Toledo International Inc.
• 12.13 QIAGEN NV
• 12.14 Sarepta Therapeutics Inc.
• 12.15 Synbio Technologies
• 12.16 Syngene International Ltd.
• 12.17 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.

13 Appendix

• 13.1 Scope of the report
• 13.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
• 13.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
• 13.4 Research methodology
• 13.5 List of abbreviations

Exhibits:

• Exhibits1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
• Exhibits2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
• Exhibits3: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
• Exhibits4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
• Exhibits5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
• Exhibits6: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by End-user
• Exhibits7: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
• Exhibits8: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
• Exhibits9: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
• Exhibits10: Parent market
• Exhibits11: Market Characteristics
• Exhibits12: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
• Exhibits13: Market segments
• Exhibits14: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits15: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits16: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits17: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits18: Historic Market Size - Data Table on global oligonucleotide synthesis market 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
• Exhibits19: Historic Market Size - Application Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
• Exhibits20: Historic Market Size - End-user Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
• Exhibits21: Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
• Exhibits22: Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ million)
• Exhibits23: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2023 and 2028
• Exhibits24: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2023 and 2028
• Exhibits25: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• Exhibits26: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• Exhibits27: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• Exhibits28: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
• Exhibits29: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2023 and 2028
• Exhibits30: Chart on Application - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits31: Data Table on Application - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits32: Chart on Comparison by Application
• Exhibits33: Data Table on Comparison by Application
• Exhibits34: Chart on PCR primers - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits35: Data Table on PCR primers - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits36: Chart on PCR primers - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits37: Data Table on PCR primers - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits38: Chart on PCR assays and panels - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits39: Data Table on PCR assays and panels - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits40: Chart on PCR assays and panels - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits41: Data Table on PCR assays and panels - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits42: Chart on DNA microarrays - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits43: Data Table on DNA microarrays - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits44: Chart on DNA microarrays - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits45: Data Table on DNA microarrays - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits46: Chart on Fluorescence in situ hybridization - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits47: Data Table on Fluorescence in situ hybridization - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits48: Chart on Fluorescence in situ hybridization - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits49: Data Table on Fluorescence in situ hybridization - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits50: Chart on Sequencing and others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits51: Data Table on Sequencing and others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits52: Chart on Sequencing and others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits53: Data Table on Sequencing and others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits54: Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
• Exhibits55: Data Table on Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
• Exhibits56: Chart on End-user - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits57: Data Table on End-user - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits58: Chart on Comparison by End-user
• Exhibits59: Data Table on Comparison by End-user
• Exhibits60: Chart on Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits61: Data Table on Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits62: Chart on Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits63: Data Table on Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits64: Chart on Research and academic institutes - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits65: Data Table on Research and academic institutes - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits66: Chart on Research and academic institutes - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits67: Data Table on Research and academic institutes - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits68: Chart on Diagnostic laboratories - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits69: Data Table on Diagnostic laboratories - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits70: Chart on Diagnostic laboratories - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits71: Data Table on Diagnostic laboratories - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits72: Chart on Hospitals - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits73: Data Table on Hospitals - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits74: Chart on Hospitals - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits75: Data Table on Hospitals - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits76: Market opportunity by End-user ($ million)
• Exhibits77: Data Table on Market opportunity by End-user ($ million)
• Exhibits78: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
• Exhibits79: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits80: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits81: Chart on Geographic comparison
• Exhibits82: Data Table on Geographic comparison
• Exhibits83: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits84: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits85: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits86: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits87: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits88: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits89: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits90: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits91: Chart on Asia - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits92: Data Table on Asia - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits93: Chart on Asia - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits94: Data Table on Asia - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits95: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits96: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits97: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits98: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits99: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits100: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits101: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits102: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits103: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits104: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits105: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits106: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits107: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits108: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits109: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits110: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits111: Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits112: Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits113: Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits114: Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits115: Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits116: Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ million)
• Exhibits117: Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits118: Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Exhibits119: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
• Exhibits120: Data Tables on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
• Exhibits121: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2023 and 2028
• Exhibits122: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
• Exhibits123: Overview on factors of disruption
• Exhibits124: Impact of key risks on business
• Exhibits125: Vendors covered
• Exhibits126: Matrix on vendor position and classification
• Exhibits127: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Overview
• Exhibits128: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Business segments
• Exhibits129: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Key news
• Exhibits130: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Key offerings
• Exhibits131: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Segment focus
• Exhibits132: Ansa Biotechnologies - Overview
• Exhibits133: Ansa Biotechnologies - Product / Service
• Exhibits134: Ansa Biotechnologies - Key news
• Exhibits135: Ansa Biotechnologies - Key offerings
• Exhibits136: Biogen Inc. - Overview
• Exhibits137: Biogen Inc. - Product / Service
• Exhibits138: Biogen Inc. - Key news
• Exhibits139: Biogen Inc. - Key offerings
• Exhibits140: Biotage AB - Overview
• Exhibits141: Biotage AB - Product / Service
• Exhibits142: Biotage AB - Key news
• Exhibits143: Biotage AB - Key offerings
• Exhibits144: Danaher Corp. - Overview
• Exhibits145: Danaher Corp. - Business segments
• Exhibits146: Danaher Corp. - Key news
• Exhibits147: Danaher Corp. - Key offerings
• Exhibits148: Danaher Corp. - Segment focus
• Exhibits149: General Electric Co. - Overview
• Exhibits150: General Electric Co. - Business segments
• Exhibits151: General Electric Co. - Key news
• Exhibits152: General Electric Co. - Key offerings
• Exhibits153: General Electric Co. - Segment focus
• Exhibits154: Kaneka Corp. - Overview
• Exhibits155: Kaneka Corp. - Business segments
• Exhibits156: Kaneka Corp. - Key offerings
• Exhibits157: Kaneka Corp. - Segment focus
• Exhibits158: LGC Science Group Holdings Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibits159: LGC Science Group Holdings Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibits160: LGC Science Group Holdings Ltd. - Key offerings
• Exhibits161: Merck KGaA - Overview
• Exhibits162: Merck KGaA - Business segments
• Exhibits163: Merck KGaA - Key news
• Exhibits164: Merck KGaA - Key offerings
• Exhibits165: Merck KGaA - Segment focus
• Exhibits166: Mettler Toledo International Inc. - Overview
• Exhibits167: Mettler Toledo International Inc. - Business segments
• Exhibits168: Mettler Toledo International Inc. - Key offerings
• Exhibits169: Mettler Toledo International Inc. - Segment focus
• Exhibits170: QIAGEN NV - Overview
• Exhibits171: QIAGEN NV - Product / Service
• Exhibits172: QIAGEN NV - Key offerings
• Exhibits173: Sarepta Therapeutics Inc. - Overview
• Exhibits174: Sarepta Therapeutics Inc. - Product / Service
• Exhibits175: Sarepta Therapeutics Inc. - Key offerings
• Exhibits176: Synbio Technologies - Overview
• Exhibits177: Synbio Technologies - Product / Service
• Exhibits178: Synbio Technologies - Key offerings
• Exhibits179: Syngene International Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibits180: Syngene International Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibits181: Syngene International Ltd. - Key offerings
• Exhibits182: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Overview
• Exhibits183: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Business segments
• Exhibits184: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Key news
• Exhibits185: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Key offerings
• Exhibits186: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Segment focus
• Exhibits187: Inclusions checklist
• Exhibits188: Exclusions checklist
• Exhibits189: Currency conversion rates for US$
• Exhibits190: Research methodology
• Exhibits191: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
• Exhibits192: Information sources
• Exhibits193: List of abbreviations