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市场调查报告书
商品编码
1700166

2032 年机上销售与广告市场预测：按产品类型、广告类型、航空公司类型、客舱等级、最终用户和地区进行的全球分析

Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Forecasts to 2032 - Global Analysis By Product Type (In-Flight Retail, In-Flight Advertising and Other Product Types), Advertising Type, Airline Type, Cabin Class, End User and By Geography
出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

根据 Stratistics MRC 的数据，全球机上销售和广告市场预计在 2025 年达到 38 亿美元，到 2032 年将达到 73 亿美元，预测期内的复合年增长率为 9.8%。

机上销售和广告包括在航空旅行期间向乘客销售产品或推广品牌。它将透过机上目录、数位平台和乘务员直销提供免税和高檔商品，包括电子产品、化妆品、食品和饮料。广告将透过椅背萤幕、机上杂誌、公告和数位入口网站进行发布，使品牌能够在整个飞行过程中接触到大量受众。这种模式可以帮助航空公司赚取额外收入，同时为品牌提供独特的行销机会。

根据世界旅游组织（WTO）的数据，2023年第一季的国际入境人数预计将比疫情前增加80%以上。

增强数位参与度和定向广告

透过为乘客提供个人化、互动式的体验，增强的数位参与度和有针对性的广告正在重塑机上销售和广告市场。数位平台使航空公司能够分析乘客的个人资料和偏好，并在飞行期间提供客製化的广告和产品推荐。即时产品库存更新和无缝支付选项增加了便利性和参与度。有针对性的广告可以提高转换率，而互动式座椅靠背萤幕和机上应用程式则可以鼓励乘客更深入地参与。

消费者转向网路购物

人们越来越偏好在网路购物，这限制了传统机上销售的需求。乘客选择预订服务，可以在登机前购买免税商品，从而减少机上衝动购物。电子商务平台的便利性，加上更快的配送方式，正在抢走机上销售管道的销售额。消费行为的这些变化对航空公司和零售商调整其机上销售策略提出了挑战。

资料驱动的库存管理和物流增强

先进的分析和预测演算法使航空公司能够准确预测需求、减少过剩库存并最大限度地减少缺货。即时追踪系统简化了物流并确保及时补充在运库存。资料主导的方法也将改善供应商和航空公司之间的协调，改善交货时间表并降低营运成本。透过利用机器学习和物联网技术，航空公司可以更了解存量基准和物流流程，从而提高其可靠性和效率。

产品销售的各项免税规定及安全限制

各种免税和安全规定是机上销售和广告市场产品销售的主要障碍。各国免税限额不一致导致乘客感到困惑，并阻碍他们在飞机上购买物品。对某些物品（例如液体和电子设备）的安全限制限制了可以出售的物品范围。此外，严格的关税政策和合规要求使航空公司的营运变得复杂，影响盈利，进而影响机上零售服务的整体成长。

COVID-19的影响：

新冠疫情导致航空旅行急剧下降，直接影响了机上销售和广告收入。严格的旅行限制和安全通讯协定导致航空公司减少飞行中的互动并限制乘客的购物机会。此外，疫情导致的长期低迷迫使许多航空公司调整零售策略，以适应不断变化的消费者偏好。随着产业復苏，全通路零售解决方案的整合可望推动机上商务的復兴。

预计机上广告市场将成为预测期内最大的市场

由于收益来源的扩大和品牌知名度的增强，预计机上广告领域将在预测期内占据最大的市场占有率。座椅靠背萤幕、机上应用程式和头顶显示器上显示的广告可以吸引观众的注意力并最大限度地提高曝光率。航空公司和品牌之间的策略伙伴关係可以根据乘客属性客製化宣传活动，提高广告效果并促进机上销售和广告服务的永续性。

体验式行销领域预计将在预测期内以最高复合年增长率成长

体验式行销能够促进情感连结和沈浸式体验，预计在预测期内将实现最高的成长率。虚拟实境 (VR) 演示和品牌赠品等互动宣传活动为乘客创造了难忘的时刻，提高了参与度和品牌回忆度。与奢侈品牌合作举办的独家机上活动和品嚐活动将提升乘客体验并增强消费者信心。透过利用飞机的封闭环境，体验式策略可以有效吸引乘客，从而提高品牌亲和力和零售额。

占比最高的地区：

在预测期内，由于航空业的扩张和航空客运量的增加，预计亚太地区将占据最大的市场占有率。中产阶级旅行者数量的不断增长和对奢侈品需求的不断增长正在刺激机上零售的销售。此外，区域航空公司正在大力投资数位 IFE 系统，以增强乘客参与度和购物体验。政府支持旅游业和航空业发展的措施进一步促进了市场的扩张。

复合年增长率最高的地区：

在预测期内，由于数位广告和机上电子商务的快速普及，预计北美将呈现最高的复合年增长率。该地区的航空公司正在利用资料分析和人工智慧定位为乘客提供个人化的购物体验。此外，对无缝非接触式付款解决方案的需求不断增长，进一步推动了机上电子商务的发展。随着航空公司加大对连结性数位化的投资，北美的机上销售和广告预计将大幅扩张。

免费客製化服务

订阅此报告的客户可享有以下免费自订选项之一：

  • 公司简介
    • 对其他市场公司（最多 3 家公司）进行全面分析
    • 主要企业的SWOT分析（最多3家公司）
  • 地理细分
    • 根据客户兴趣对主要国家市场进行估计、预测和复合年增长率（註：基于可行性检查）
  • 竞争基准化分析
    • 根据产品系列、地理分布和策略联盟对主要企业基准化分析

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相关利益者
  • 研究范围
  • 调查方法
    • 资料探勘
    • 资料分析
    • 资料检验
    • 研究途径
  • 研究材料
    • 主要研究资料
    • 次级研究资讯来源
    • 先决条件

第三章市场走势分析

  • 驱动程式
  • 限制因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 产品分析
  • 最终用户分析
  • 新兴市场
  • COVID-19的影响

第四章 波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买家的议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争对手之间的竞争

第五章。全球机上销售和广告市场（依产品类型）

  • 机上销售
    • 免税
    • 饮食
    • 旅行必需品
    • 奢侈品
    • 纪念品和旅游产品
  • 机上广告
    • 数位萤幕和椅背显示器
    • 印刷媒体
    • 头顶行李箱和托盘桌
    • 音讯和视讯
  • 其他产品类型

第六章 全球机上销售与广告市场（依广告类型）

  • 展示广告
  • 原生广告
  • 置入行销
  • 体验式行销
  • 其他广告类型

7. 全球机上销售与广告市场（依航空公司类型）

  • 全方位服务承运商 (FSC)
  • 廉价航空公司（LCC）
  • 包机航空公司
  • 其他航空公司类型

第八章 全球机上销售与广告市场（依舱位划分）

  • 经济舱
  • 豪华经济舱
  • 商务舱
  • 头等舱

第九章 全球机上销售与广告市场（依最终用户划分）

  • 商业航空
  • 公务航空

第十章 全球机上销售与广告市场（按地区）

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲国家
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 纽西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 中东和非洲
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 卡达
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲地区

第十一章 重大进展

  • 协议、伙伴关係、合作和合资企业
  • 收购与合併
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务扩展
  • 其他关键策略

第十二章 公司概况

  • Viasat, Inc.
  • The Emirates Group
  • Thales
  • Spafax Group
  • SmartAds
  • PXCOM
  • Panasonic Avionics Corporation
  • INK-Global.com
  • IMM International
  • EAM Advertising LLC
  • Eagle
  • Capra Robotics
  • Blue Mushroom
  • Aviation OOH
  • Atin OOH
Product Code: SMRC29069

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market is accounted for $3.8 billion in 2025 and is expected to reach $7.3 billion by 2032 growing at a CAGR of 9.8% during the forecast period. Inflight Retail & Advertising involves selling products and promoting brands to passengers during air travel. It includes offering duty-free and duty-paid items like electronics, cosmetics, food, and beverages through onboard catalogs, digital platforms, or direct sales by cabin crew. Advertising is delivered via seatback screens, in-flight magazines, announcements, and digital portals, allowing brands to reach a captive audience throughout the flight. This model helps airlines generate additional revenue while providing brands with unique marketing opportunities.

According to the World Tourism Organization, international arrivals peaked at over 80% in the first quarter of 2023 as compared to the pre-pandemic levels.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Enhanced digital engagement & targeted advertising

Enhanced digital engagement and targeted advertising are reshaping the inflight retail and advertising market by creating personalized and interactive experiences for passengers. Digital platforms enable airlines to analyze passenger profiles and preferences, delivering tailored advertisements and product recommendations during flights. Real-time updates on product availability and seamless payment options enhance convenience and engagement. Targeted advertising increases conversion rates, while interactive seat-back screens and inflight apps foster deeper passenger involvement.

Restraint:

Consumer shift toward online and pre-order shopping

Increasing preference for online shopping before travel is limiting the demand for traditional inflight retail offerings. Passengers are opting for pre-order services that allow them to purchase duty-free products before boarding, reducing impulse purchases onboard. The convenience of e-commerce platforms, combined with faster delivery options, is diverting sales away from inflight retail channels. This shift in consumer behavior is challenging airlines and retailers to adapt their inflight sales strategies.

Opportunity:

Enhanced data-driven inventory management and logistics

Advanced analytics and predictive algorithms enable airlines to forecast demand accurately, reducing overstocking and minimizing stockouts. Real-time tracking systems streamline logistics, ensuring timely replenishment of inventory across flights. Data-driven approaches also enhance coordination between suppliers and airlines, improving delivery schedules and reducing operational costs. By leveraging machine learning and IoT technologies, airlines can achieve greater visibility into inventory levels and logistics processes, fostering reliability and efficiency.

Threat:

Varying duty-free regulations & security restrictions on product sales

Varying duty-free regulations and security restrictions significantly hinder product sales in the inflight retail and advertising market. Inconsistent duty-free allowances across countries create confusion among passengers, reducing their willingness to purchase items onboard. Security restrictions on certain products, such as liquids and electronics, limit the range of goods available for sale. Additionally, stringent customs policies and compliance requirements increase operational complexities for airlines, affecting profitability impacting the overall growth of inflight retail services.

Covid-19 Impact:

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a drastic decline in air travel, directly impacting inflight retail and advertising revenues. With strict travel restrictions and safety protocols, airlines reduced inflight interactions, limiting shopping opportunities for passengers. Moreover, the prolonged pandemic-induced downturn forced many airlines to restructure their retail strategies to adapt to evolving consumer preferences. As the industry recovers, the integration of omnichannel retail solutions is expected to drive the resurgence of inflight commerce.

The in-flight advertising segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The in-flight advertising segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the forecast period due to expanding revenue streams and strengthening brand visibility. Advertisements displayed on seat-back screens, inflight apps, and overhead monitors capture the attention of a captive audience, maximizing exposure. Strategic partnerships between airlines and brands allow for tailored campaigns that align with passenger demographics, enhancing advertising effectiveness contributing to the sustainability of inflight retail and advertising services.

The experiential marketing segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the experiential marketing segment is predicted to witness the highest growth rate fostering emotional connections and immersive experiences. Interactive campaigns, such as virtual reality (VR) demos or branded giveaways, create memorable moments for passengers, boosting engagement and brand recall. Collaborations with luxury brands for exclusive in-flight events or tastings elevate the passenger experience, encouraging higher spending. By leveraging the captive environment of air travel, experiential strategies effectively engage passengers, driving both brand affinity and retail sales.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, the Asia Pacific region is expected to hold the largest market share due to its expanding aviation sector and increasing air passenger traffic. The rising number of middle-class travelers, coupled with the growing demand for luxury goods, is fueling inflight retail sales. Additionally, regional airlines are investing heavily in digital IFE systems to enhance passenger engagement and shopping experiences. Government initiatives supporting tourism and aviation growth are further contributing to market expansion.

Region with highest CAGR:

Over the forecast period, the North America region is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR, driven by the rapid adoption of digital advertising and inflight e-commerce innovations. Airlines in the region are leveraging data analytics and AI-powered targeting to enhance personalized shopping experiences for passengers. Additionally, the rising demand for seamless, contactless payment solutions is further propelling inflight commerce. With increasing airline investments in connectivity and digitalization, North America is set to experience significant expansion in inflight retail and advertising.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Inflight Retail & Advertising Market include Viasat, Inc, The Emirates Group, Thales, Spafax Group, SmartAds, PXCOM, Panasonic Avionics Corporation, INK-Global.com, IMM International, EAM Advertising LLC, Eagle, Capra Robotics, Blue Mushroom, Aviation OOH and Atin OOH

Key Developments:

In March 2025, Emirates introduced Boeing 777s with upgraded cabins to eight more destinations on its route network, as the airline's retrofit programme continues to progress at an impressive pace, with an aircraft receiving its nose-to-tail facelift and rolling out into service every three weeks.

In June 2023, Panasonic Avionics Corporation launched a new digital retail platform aimed at enhancing the inflight shopping experience. This platform integrates with the airline's entertainment systems, enabling passengers to shop from a wide range of products, including luxury goods, electronics, and travel accessories.

Product Types Covered:

  • In-Flight Retail
  • In-Flight Advertising
  • Other Product Types

Advertising Types Covered:

  • Display Advertising
  • Native Advertising
  • Product Placement
  • Experiential Marketing
  • Other Advertising Types

Airline Types Covered:

  • Full-Service Carriers (FSC)
  • Low-Cost Carriers (LCC)
  • Charter Airlines
  • Other Airline Types

Cabin Classes Covered:

  • Economy Class
  • Premium Economy Class
  • Business Class
  • First Class

End Users Covered:

  • Commercial Aviation
  • Business Aviation

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2024, 2025, 2026, 2028, and 2032
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Product Analysis
  • 3.7 End User Analysis
  • 3.8 Emerging Markets
  • 3.9 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market, By Product Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 In-Flight Retail
    • 5.2.1 Duty-Free Products
    • 5.2.2 Food & Beverage
    • 5.2.3 Travel Essentials
    • 5.2.4 Luxury Goods
    • 5.2.5 Souvenirs & Destination Merchandise
  • 5.3 In-Flight Advertising
    • 5.3.1 Digital Screens & Seatback Displays
    • 5.3.2 Printed Media
    • 5.3.3 Overhead Bins & Tray Tables
    • 5.3.4 Audio & Video
  • 5.4 Other Product Types

6 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market, By Advertising Type

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Display Advertising
  • 6.3 Native Advertising
  • 6.4 Product Placement
  • 6.5 Experiential Marketing
  • 6.6 Other Advertising Types

7 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market, By Airline Type

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Full-Service Carriers (FSC)
  • 7.3 Low-Cost Carriers (LCC)
  • 7.4 Charter Airlines
  • 7.5 Other Airline Types

8 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market, By Cabin Class

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Economy Class
  • 8.3 Premium Economy Class
  • 8.4 Business Class
  • 8.5 First Class

9 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market, By End User

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Commercial Aviation
  • 9.3 Business Aviation

10 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market, By Geography

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 North America
    • 10.2.1 US
    • 10.2.2 Canada
    • 10.2.3 Mexico
  • 10.3 Europe
    • 10.3.1 Germany
    • 10.3.2 UK
    • 10.3.3 Italy
    • 10.3.4 France
    • 10.3.5 Spain
    • 10.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 10.4 Asia Pacific
    • 10.4.1 Japan
    • 10.4.2 China
    • 10.4.3 India
    • 10.4.4 Australia
    • 10.4.5 New Zealand
    • 10.4.6 South Korea
    • 10.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 10.5 South America
    • 10.5.1 Argentina
    • 10.5.2 Brazil
    • 10.5.3 Chile
    • 10.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 10.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 10.6.2 UAE
    • 10.6.3 Qatar
    • 10.6.4 South Africa
    • 10.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

11 Key Developments

  • 11.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 11.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 11.3 New Product Launch
  • 11.4 Expansions
  • 11.5 Other Key Strategies

12 Company Profiling

  • 12.1 Viasat, Inc.
  • 12.2 The Emirates Group
  • 12.3 Thales
  • 12.4 Spafax Group
  • 12.5 SmartAds
  • 12.6 PXCOM
  • 12.7 Panasonic Avionics Corporation
  • 12.8 INK-Global.com
  • 12.9 IMM International
  • 12.10 EAM Advertising LLC
  • 12.11 Eagle
  • 12.12 Capra Robotics
  • 12.13 Blue Mushroom
  • 12.14 Aviation OOH
  • 12.15 Atin OOH

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Region (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Product Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By In-Flight Retail (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Duty-Free Products (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Food & Beverage (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Travel Essentials (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Luxury Goods (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Souvenirs & Destination Merchandise (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By In-Flight Advertising (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Digital Screens & Seatback Displays (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Printed Media (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Overhead Bins & Tray Tables (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Audio & Video (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Other Product Types (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Advertising Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Display Advertising (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Native Advertising (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Product Placement (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Experiential Marketing (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Other Advertising Types (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Airline Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Full-Service Carriers (FSC) (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Low-Cost Carriers (LCC) (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Charter Airlines (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Other Airline Types (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Cabin Class (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Economy Class (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Premium Economy Class (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Business Class (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By First Class (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By End User (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 32 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Commercial Aviation (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 33 Global Inflight Retail & Advertising Market Outlook, By Business Aviation (2024-2032) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.