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市场调查报告书
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1836342

2032 年多式联运市场预测:按服务类型、解决方案类型、运输方式、货柜类型、最终用户和地区进行的全球分析

Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Forecasts to 2032 - Global Analysis By Types of Service, Solution Type, Mode of Transportation, Container Type, End User and By Geography

出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

根据 Stratistics MRC 的数据,全球多式联运市场预计在 2025 年达到 558 亿美元,到 2032 年将达到 1,406 亿美元,预测期内复合年增长率为 14.1%。

多式联运是指在单一供应链内,利用铁路、公路、空运和海运等多种运输方式进行货物运输。该系统利用标准化货柜来提高效率、降低装卸成本并最大程度减少延误。多式联运结合了不同运输方式的优势,提供了更大的灵活性、环境效益和更高的可靠性。它在全球物流中被广泛采用,因为它可以优化交付时间、降低运输成本,并支援永续的一体化供应链营运。

监管援助和贸易协定

监管支援和贸易协定正在简化海关通讯协定,使不同运输方式之间的货物无缝衔接成为可能。标准化货柜和数位化文件的整合正在提升营运效率。各国政府正奖励模式转换,以减少壅塞和排放。对多式联运枢纽和智慧路线的投资正在提高吞吐量和可靠性。这些发展正在强化多式联运作为全球供应链支柱的地位。

监管和官僚挑战

监管和官僚主义挑战削弱了运输部门和海关部门之间的协调。不一致的文件标准和检查通讯协定减缓了货物运输。基础设施缺口和管辖权重迭阻碍了路线优化。高昂的合规成本和行政管理费用阻碍了中小企业的发展。

政府措施和基础建设发展

政府措施和基础建设正在加速陆港、货运走廊和转运码头的建设。智慧城市框架和产业丛集的整合正在推动对多式联运的需求。货物追踪和清关的数位化正在提高透明度和速度。公共机构与私人物流公司之间的伙伴关係正在促进创新和规模化发展。这些转变正在将多式联运定位为国家物流战略的支柱。

环境和商业风险

环境和营运风险正在降低铁路、公路和海上介面的可靠性。洪水、山体滑坡和极端气温正在损坏货物并延误航班。传统基础设施对气候变迁的抵御能力有限,限制服务的连续性。模式转换期间发生事故和处理不当的风险正在增加责任风险。这些因素使得长期规划和保险可行性面临挑战。

COVID-19的影响:

新冠疫情加速了对增强免疫力和低糖产品的需求,并引发了人们对植物性甜味剂的兴趣。封锁措施和对健康的担忧使消费转向机能饮料和家庭自製食品。供应链中断暂时影响了关键植物成分的可得性和采购。疫情后的復苏正在推动对本地生产和洁净标示创新的投资。数位零售和健康平台正在扩大消费者的获取管道和教育。这场危机推动了天然甜味剂从小众市场走向主流。

预计公路和航空运输业将成为预测期内最大的产业

公路和空运运输因其速度快、灵活性强且适合高价值和时效性货物运输,预计将在预测期内占据最大的市场份额。与快递网路和机场物流区的整合正在加速其应用。电子商务、电子产品和易生鲜产品正在推动混合路线的需求。对自动分类和越库作业设施的投资正在提高吞吐量。对保税卡车运输和空运数位化的监管支援正在提高效率。该领域支持全球走廊的快速反应物流。

预计货物追踪和可视性部分将在预测期内实现最高的复合年增长率

随着数位化转型,多式联运营运模式将发生变革,预计货物追踪和可视性细分市场将在预测期内实现最高成长率。即时监控、预测分析和基于区块链的文件记录正在提升透明度和控制力。与物联网感测器和云端平台的整合正在增强货物安全性和路线优化。合规性、可追溯性和客户保障的需求正在推动各行业的应用。物流供应商正在投资可互通的系统,以集中管理各种运输方式的数据。这个细分市场正在重新定义多式联运的管理和收益方式。

占比最大的地区:

由于基础设施成熟、监管清晰且贸易量高,预计北美将在预测期内占据最大市场份额。美国和加拿大正在扩展其铁路、公路和航空多式联运网络。对内陆港口、智慧码头和数位货运平台的投资正在提高效率。北美自由贸易组织(NAFTA)和美国-墨西哥-加拿大协定框架正在促进跨境整合。零售、製造和能源产业正在推动持续的需求。

复合年增长率最高的地区:

在预测期内,随着各国政府加大对货运走廊和数位基础设施的投资,亚太地区预计将实现最高的复合年增长率。中国、印度、日本和东南亚正在扩大多式联运枢纽,以支持工业和出口成长。监管支援和贸易协定正在加速运输方式的整合和海关协调。智慧追踪、人工智慧路线规划和港口自动化等领域的区域创新正在提高成本效率。对弹性供应链和区域互联互通的需求正在推动快速部署。该地区正在成为下一代货运物流的全球领导者。

提供免费客製化

此报告的订阅者可以使用以下免费自订选项之一:

  • 公司简介
    • 对最多三家其他市场公司进行全面分析
    • 主要企业的SWOT分析(最多3家公司)
  • 区域细分
    • 根据客户兴趣对主要国家进行的市场估计、预测和复合年增长率(註:基于可行性检查)
  • 竞争基准化分析
    • 根据产品系列、地理分布和策略联盟对主要企业基准化分析

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相关利益者
  • 调查范围
  • 调查方法
    • 资料探勘
    • 数据分析
    • 数据检验
    • 研究途径
  • 研究材料
    • 主要研究资料
    • 次级研究资讯来源
    • 先决条件

第三章市场走势分析

  • 驱动程式
  • 抑制因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 最终用户分析
  • 新兴市场
  • COVID-19的影响

第四章 波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买方的议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争对手之间的竞争

5. 全球多式联运市场(依服务类型)

  • 运输
  • 仓库
  • 报关
  • 货物整合
  • 逆向物流

6. 全球多式联运市场(依解决方案类型)

  • 车队管理
  • 多式联运和路线规划
  • 货物追踪和可视性
  • 终端管理
  • 电子资料交换(EDI)

7. 全球多式联运市场(以运输方式)

  • 铁路
  • 陆地和海洋
  • 陆空
  • 航海和航空

8. 全球多式联运市场(依货柜类型)

  • ISO货柜
  • 冷藏货柜
  • 槽式货柜
  • 平板架和开顶货柜

9. 全球多式联运市场(依最终用户)

  • 製造业
  • 零售与电子商务
  • 化学/石化产品
  • 饮食
  • 製药
  • 航太/国防
  • 能源与公共产业
  • 其他最终用户

第十章全球多式联运市场(按地区)

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲国家
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 纽西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 其他南美
  • 中东和非洲
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 卡达
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲地区

第十一章 重大进展

  • 协议、伙伴关係、合作和合资企业
  • 收购与合併
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务扩展
  • 其他关键策略

第十二章 公司概况

  • JB Hunt Transport Services, Inc.
  • Hub Group, Inc.
  • Schneider National, Inc.
  • XPO Logistics, Inc.
  • FedEx Corporation
  • United Parcel Service of America, Inc.(UPS)
  • Amazon.com, Inc.
  • DHL Group
  • Maersk Line
  • CMA CGM Group
  • Hapag-Lloyd AG
  • Matson, Inc.
  • Norfolk Southern Corporation
  • CSX Corporation
  • Canadian National Railway Company(CN)
Product Code: SMRC31466

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market is accounted for $55.8 billion in 2025 and is expected to reach $140.6 billion by 2032 growing at a CAGR of 14.1% during the forecast period. Intermodal Freight Transportation refers to the movement of goods using multiple modes of transport such as rail, road, air, and sea-within a single supply chain, without directly handling the cargo when switching between modes. This system leverages standardized containers to enhance efficiency, reduce handling costs, and minimize delays. By combining the strengths of different transport modes, intermodal freight offers greater flexibility, environmental benefits, and improved reliability. It is widely adopted in global logistics to optimize delivery times, lower transportation costs, and support sustainable and integrated supply chain operations.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Regulatory support and trade agreements

Regulatory support and trade agreements are streamlining customs protocols and enabling seamless cargo transitions between transport modes. Integration with standardized containers and digital documentation is improving operational efficiency. Governments are incentivizing modal shifts to reduce congestion and emissions. Investment in intermodal hubs and smart routing is enhancing throughput and reliability. These developments are reinforcing intermodal transport as a backbone of global supply chains.

Restraint:

Regulatory and bureaucratic challenges

Regulatory and bureaucratic challenges are degrading coordination across transport authorities and customs agencies. Inconsistent documentation standards and inspection protocols are slowing cargo movement. Infrastructure gaps and jurisdictional overlaps are limiting route optimization. High compliance costs and administrative overheads are deterring small and mid-sized operators.

Opportunity:

Government initiatives and infrastructure development

Government initiatives and infrastructure development are accelerating construction of dry ports, freight corridors, and transshipment terminals. Integration with smart city frameworks and industrial clusters is boosting demand for multimodal connectivity. Digitalization of freight tracking and customs clearance is improving transparency and speed. Partnerships between public agencies and private logistics firms are fostering innovation and scale. These shifts are positioning intermodal transport as a pillar of national logistics strategies.

Threat:

Environmental and operational risks

Environmental and operational risks are degrading reliability across rail, road, and maritime interfaces. Flooding, landslides, and extreme temperatures are damaging cargo and delaying schedules. Limited climate resilience in legacy infrastructure is constraining service continuity. Risk of accidents and handling errors during modal transitions is increasing liability exposure. These factors are challenging long-term planning and insurance viability.

Covid-19 Impact:

The Covid-19 pandemic accelerates demand for immunity-supporting and low-sugar products, boosting interest in plant-based sweeteners. Lockdowns and health concerns shifted consumption toward functional beverages and home-prepared meals. Supply chain disruptions temporarily degraded availability and sourcing of key botanical inputs. Post-pandemic recovery is fostering investment in localized production and clean-label innovation. Digital retail and wellness platforms are expanding consumer access and education. The crisis elevated natural sweeteners from niche to mainstream relevance.

The road-air segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The road-air segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the forecast period due to its speed, flexibility, and suitability for high-value and time-sensitive cargo. Integration with express delivery networks and airport logistics zones is accelerating adoption. E-commerce, electronics, and perishables are driving demand for hybrid routing. Investment in automated sorting and cross-docking facilities is improving throughput. Regulatory support for bonded trucking and air cargo digitization is enhancing efficiency. This segment is anchoring rapid-response logistics across global corridors.

The freight tracking & visibility segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the freight tracking & visibility segment is predicted to witness the highest growth rate as digitalization transforms intermodal operations. Real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and blockchain-based documentation are improving transparency and control. Integration with IoT sensors and cloud platforms is enhancing cargo security and route optimization. Demand for compliance, traceability, and customer assurance is driving adoption across sectors. Logistics providers are investing in interoperable systems to unify data across modes. This segment is redefining how multimodal freight is managed and monetized.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, the North America region is expected to hold the largest market share due to mature infrastructure, regulatory clarity, and high trade volumes. United States and Canada are scaling intermodal networks across rail, road, and air corridors. Investment in inland ports, smart terminals, and digital freight platforms is boosting efficiency. NAFTA and USMCA frameworks are fostering cross-border integration. Retail, manufacturing, and energy sectors are driving sustained demand.

Region with highest CAGR:

Over the forecast period, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR as governments invest in freight corridors and digital infrastructure. China, India, Japan, and Southeast Asia are scaling intermodal hubs to support industrial and export growth. Regulatory support and trade agreements are accelerating modal integration and customs harmonization. Local innovation in smart tracking, AI routing, and port automation is improving cost efficiency. Demand for resilient supply chains and regional connectivity is driving rapid deployment. The region is emerging as a global leader in next-generation freight logistics.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Intermodal Freight Transportation Market include J.B. Hunt Transport Services, Inc., Hub Group, Inc., Schneider National, Inc., XPO Logistics, Inc., FedEx Corporation, United Parcel Service of America, Inc. (UPS), Amazon.com, Inc., DHL Group, Maersk Line, CMA CGM Group, Hapag-Lloyd AG, Matson, Inc., Norfolk Southern Corporation, CSX Corporation and Canadian National Railway Company (CN).

Key Developments:

In July 2025, Hub Group acquired the intermodal assets of Marten Transport for $51.8 million, including approximately 1,200 refrigerated containers. This acquisition doubles Hub Group's temperature-controlled container fleet, making it the second-largest provider of temperature-controlled intermodal solutions in North America.

In September 2023, J.B. Hunt announced its acquisition of the brokerage operations of BNSF Logistics. This acquisition enhances J.B. Hunt's service offerings by integrating brokerage capabilities with its existing intermodal and trucking services, providing customers with more comprehensive logistics solutions.

Type of Services Covered:

  • Transportation
  • Warehousing
  • Customs Clearance
  • Freight Consolidation
  • Reverse Logistics

Solution Types Covered:

  • Fleet Management
  • Intermodal Dispatch & Routing
  • Freight Tracking & Visibility
  • Terminal Management
  • Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

Mode of Transportations Covered:

  • Rail-Road
  • Road-Sea
  • Road-Air
  • Sea-Air

Container Types Covered:

  • ISO Containers
  • Refrigerated Containers
  • Tank Containers
  • Flat Rack & Open Top Containers

End Users Covered:

  • Manufacturing
  • Retail & E-commerce
  • Automotive
  • Chemicals & Petrochemicals
  • Food & Beverage
  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Aerospace & Defense
  • Energy & Utilities
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2024, 2025, 2026, 2028, and 2032
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 End User Analysis
  • 3.7 Emerging Markets
  • 3.8 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market, By Type of Service

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Transportation
  • 5.3 Warehousing
  • 5.4 Customs Clearance
  • 5.5 Freight Consolidation
  • 5.6 Reverse Logistics

6 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market, By Solution Type

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Fleet Management
  • 6.3 Intermodal Dispatch & Routing
  • 6.4 Freight Tracking & Visibility
  • 6.5 Terminal Management
  • 6.6 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

7 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market, By Mode of Transportation

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Rail-Road
  • 7.3 Road-Sea
  • 7.4 Road-Air
  • 7.5 Sea-Air

8 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market, By Container Type

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 ISO Containers
  • 8.3 Refrigerated Containers
  • 8.4 Tank Containers
  • 8.5 Flat Rack & Open Top Containers

9 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market, By End User

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Manufacturing
  • 9.3 Retail & E-commerce
  • 9.4 Automotive
  • 9.5 Chemicals & Petrochemicals
  • 9.6 Food & Beverage
  • 9.7 Pharmaceuticals
  • 9.9 Aerospace & Defense
  • 9.10 Energy & Utilities
  • 9.11 Other End Users

10 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market, By Geography

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 North America
    • 10.2.1 US
    • 10.2.2 Canada
    • 10.2.3 Mexico
  • 10.3 Europe
    • 10.3.1 Germany
    • 10.3.2 UK
    • 10.3.3 Italy
    • 10.3.4 France
    • 10.3.5 Spain
    • 10.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 10.4 Asia Pacific
    • 10.4.1 Japan
    • 10.4.2 China
    • 10.4.3 India
    • 10.4.4 Australia
    • 10.4.5 New Zealand
    • 10.4.6 South Korea
    • 10.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 10.5 South America
    • 10.5.1 Argentina
    • 10.5.2 Brazil
    • 10.5.3 Chile
    • 10.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 10.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 10.6.2 UAE
    • 10.6.3 Qatar
    • 10.6.4 South Africa
    • 10.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

11 Key Developments

  • 11.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 11.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 11.3 New Product Launch
  • 11.4 Expansions
  • 11.5 Other Key Strategies

12 Company Profiling

  • 12.1 J.B. Hunt Transport Services, Inc.
  • 12.2 Hub Group, Inc.
  • 12.3 Schneider National, Inc.
  • 12.4 XPO Logistics, Inc.
  • 12.5 FedEx Corporation
  • 12.6 United Parcel Service of America, Inc. (UPS)
  • 12.7 Amazon.com, Inc.
  • 12.8 DHL Group
  • 12.9 Maersk Line
  • 12.10 CMA CGM Group
  • 12.11 Hapag-Lloyd AG
  • 12.12 Matson, Inc.
  • 12.13 Norfolk Southern Corporation
  • 12.14 CSX Corporation
  • 12.15 Canadian National Railway Company (CN)

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Region (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Type of Service (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Transportation (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Warehousing (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Customs Clearance (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Freight Consolidation (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Reverse Logistics (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Solution Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Fleet Management (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Intermodal Dispatch & Routing (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Freight Tracking & Visibility (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Terminal Management (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Mode of Transportation (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Rail-Road (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Road-Sea (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Road-Air (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Sea-Air (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Container Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By ISO Containers (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Refrigerated Containers (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Tank Containers (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Flat Rack & Open Top Containers (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By End User (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Manufacturing (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Retail & E-commerce (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Automotive (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Chemicals & Petrochemicals (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Food & Beverage (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Pharmaceuticals (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Aerospace & Defense (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 32 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Energy & Utilities (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 33 Global Intermodal Freight Transportation Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2024-2032) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.